UTS Reviewer - Introduction to GE101 PDF

**[INTRODUCTION TO GE101]** **Self-understanding** - To have a sense of meaning/purpose - To foster healthier relationships - To utilize one\'s natural strength - To boost confidence **Determinants of Personality** - Environmental determinants - Biological determinants - I...

**[INTRODUCTION TO GE101]** **Self-understanding** - To have a sense of meaning/purpose - To foster healthier relationships - To utilize one\'s natural strength - To boost confidence **Determinants of Personality** - Environmental determinants - Biological determinants - Intellectual determinants - Psychological determinants **Types of Personality** - Sanguine: Characterized by sociability, enthusiasm, and a lively disposition. - Phlegmatic: Known for being calm, reliable, and thoughtful, often avoiding conflict. - Melancholic: Tends to be introspective, sensitive, and detail-oriented, often experiencing deep emotions. - Choleric: Dominant and goal-oriented, often exhibiting leadership qualities and decisiveness. **The Big Five/The Five-Factor Model** **Openness:** Degree of intellectual curiousity, creativity and a preference for novelty **Conscientiousness:** Tendency to be organized and dependable **Extraversion:** Tendency to seek the company of others and talk **Agreeableness**: Measure of one's trusting and helpful nature **Neuroticism:** Predisposition to psychological stress **Personality Traits** - It is characterized by consistency, stability, and individual differences. - It is what differentiates you from other people. It is what makes you unique. **Self-concept** is an overarching idea we have about who we are --- physically, emotionally, socially, spiritually, and in terms of any other aspects that make up who we are (Neill, 2005). **[SELF ACCORDING TO PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE]** **Philosophy** - It means love of wisdom. - It is an activity people undertake when they seek to understand fundamental truths about themselves, the world in which they live, and their relationships to the world and to each other. **Socrates** - He was the first philosopher who ever engaged in a systematic questioning about the self. - The true task of a philosopher is to know oneself. - He thought that this is the worst that can happen to anyone: to live but die inside. - Every man is dualistic -- composed of body and soul. - The body signifies the imperfect and impermanent aspect of man, WHILE the soul signifies otherwise. **Plato** - He said that there are three components of the soul: The rational soul is forged by reason and intellect. The spirited soul is the one in charge of emotions and should be kept at bay. The appetitive soul is in charge of base desires like eating, sleeping, drinking, and having sex. - When this ideal state is attained, then the human person\'s soul becomes just and virtuous. **St. Augustine** - His view of the human person reflects the entire spirit of the medieval world when it comes to man. - He believed that an aspect of man dwells in the world. It\'s imperfect and continuously yearns to be with the Divine AND the other is capable of reaching immortality. - The body is bound to die on earth and the soul is to anticipate living eternally in a realm of spiritual bliss in communion with God. **Thomas Aquinas** - Man is composed of two parts: matter and form. Matter refers to the communion stuff that makes up everything in the universe. Form refers to the essence of a substance or thing. - The soul is what animates the body. It is what makes us humans. Rene Descartes - Self is a combination of two distinct entities: The cogito or the thing that thinks (the mind). The extenza or the extension of the mind (the body). - The body is nothing else but a machine that is attached to the mind. The human person has it but it is not what makes a man a man. - cogito ergo sum or \"I think therefore, I am\" **David Hume** Empiricism -- knowledge can only be possible if it is sense and experienced. - The self is a bundle/ collection of different perceptions, which succeed each other with an inconceivable rapidity and are in a perpetual flux and movement. - Impressions are the basic objects of our experience or sensation. It forms the core of our thoughts. It is the products of our direct experience with the world. - Ideas are copies of impressions. It is not as lively and vivid as impressions. **Immanuel Kant** - Without the self, one cannot organize the different impressions that one gets in relation to his own existence. - The self is an actively engaged intelligence in man that synthesizes all knowledge and experience. - The self is not just what gives one his personality but it is the seat of knowledge acquisition for all human persons. **Gilbert Ryle** - What truly matters is the behavior that a person manifests in his day-to-day life. - The self is not an entity one can locate and analyze but simply the convenient name that people use to refer to all the behaviors that people make. **Maurice Merleau-Ponty** - The mind and body are so intertwined that they cannot be separated from one another. - One cannot find any experience that is not an embodied experience. All experience is embodied. One\'s body is his opening toward his existence to the world. Because of these bodies, men are in the world. **[THE SELF AS COGNITIVE CONSTRUCT]** Psychology is the scientific study of how people behave, think, and feel. **Self** - "It is the sense of personal identity and of who we are as individuals" **William James** - the father of American psychology - Founder of functionalism - He was one of the earliest psychologists to study the self and conceptualized the self as having two aspects -- the \"I\" and the \"me\". The \"I\" is the thinking, acting, and feeling self. The \"me\" is the physical characteristics and psychological capabilities that makes who you are. - Me-self -- is the phenomenal self, the experienced self or the self that is "known". It is the self that has experience the phenomena and who had known the situation. - I-Self -- the self-thought or the self-knower. **The dimensions of the me-self include:** 1.Material- physical appearance and extensions of it such as clothing, immediate family, and home. 2.Social- social skills and significant interpersonal relationship. 3.Spiritual- personality, character, defining value. **Carl Rogers** (1902-1987) \- was a humanistic psychologist who agreed with the main assumptions of Abraham Maslow, but added that for a person to \"grow\", they need an environment that provides them with genuineness (openness and self-disclosure), acceptance (being seen with unconditional positive regard), and empathy (being listened to and understood). - Founder of client-centered therapy. His therapy aimed to make the person achieve balance between their self-concept (real-self) and ideal self. - The real self refers to the attributes that an individual is aware of. Meanwhile, the ideal self refers to the self that we wish to be. A wide gap between the ideal self and the self-concept indicates incongruence and an unhealthy personality. - Identity is composed of one's personal characteristics, social roles and responsibilities as well as affiliations that defines who one is. (Elmore, Oyserman and Smith 2012, 69) - Self-concept is basically what comes to your mind when you are asked about who you are. (Elmore, Oyserman and Smith 2012,69) **Abraham Maslow** Self-Actualization - a person's motivation to reach his/her own potential. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - a person's basic needs must be met before self-actualization can be achieved. **Sigmund Freud** The Father and Founder of Psychoanalysis. The unconscious self serves as the repository of past experiences, repressed memories, fantasies, and urges. **The three levels of the mind:** Id (pleasure principle), Ego(reality principle) and the Superego (moral principle). The motivation for behavior is sex (eros) and aggression(thanatos). The energy of eros is called libido and such includes urges necessary for survival like thirst, hunger, and sex. Meanwhile, thanatos is directed towards destruction in the form of aggression and violence. - Id - is the impulsive(and unconscious) part of our psyche which responds directly and immediately to the instincts. - Ego - is the decision-making component of personality. - Superego - incorporates the values and morals of society which are learned from one's parents and others. **George Mead** Theory of Symbolic Interactionism -- the self is created and developed through human interaction. Society helped in creating the foundations of who we are. We need others to affirm and reinforce who we think we are. - Social interaction and group affiliation are vital factors in creating our self-concept. - When we are aware of our self-concept, it is called self-awareness. Two Types of Self-Awareness 1\. Private Self 2\. Public Self **Leon Festinger** Social Comparison Theory -- we learn about ourselves, the appropriateness of our behaviors as well as our social status by comparing aspects of ourselves with other people. **Types of Social comparison** - Downward social comparison is comparing ourselves with others worse off than us to create a positive self-concept and raise self-esteem. - Upward social comparison is comparing ourselves with those who are better off than us. **Abraham Tesser** - Self-evaluation MaintenanceTheory -- we can feel threatened when someone out-performs us, especially when that person is close to us. **Albert Bandura** Known for his theory of social learning by means of modeling. Famous for his proposed concept of self-efficacy. The Social Cognitive Theory asserts that a person is both proactive and agentic, which means that we have the capacity to exercise control over our life. This theory emphasized that human beings are proactive, self-regulating, self-reflective, and self organizing. - He believes that through our agency we humans are perceived as proactive agents of experiences. Through this agents or agency we humans play a big role in our self-development, adaptation and self-renewal. - Self-efficacy beliefs determine how people feel, think, motivate themselves and behave. **[THE SELF, SOCIETY,]** **[AND CULTURE]** **Society** - People are in general, thought of as living together in organized communities with laws. - People who are fashionable and wealthy - Grouping of people having common traditions. **Culture** - Beliefs - Particular society that has its own beliefs - Way of thinking - Set of shared attitudes The Self - Unitary, private, and distinct from the other selves. The self is ever-changing and dynamic. Social Constructionist Perspective -- A merged view of the persona and their social context where the boundaries of one cannot easily be separated from the boundaries of the other. **Marcel Mauss** said that the self has two faces: 1\. Moi -- person\'s sense of who he is, his body, and his basic identity, his biological givenness. This is a person's basic identity 2\. Personne -- the social concepts of what it means to be who he is. **George Mead & Lev Vygotsky** - The cognitive and emotionaldevelopment of a child is always a mimicry of how it is done in the social world, in the external reality where he is in. NATURE -- refers to all of the genes and hereditary factors that influence who we are -- from our physical appearance to our personality characteristics. NURTURE -- refers to all environmental variables that impact who we are, including our early childhood experiences, how we were raised, our social relationships, and our surrounding culture. - Heteronormativity - The assumption that all people are heterosexual and that is the norm. - Gender-binary - This is the classification of sex and gender into two distinct and disconnected states of male/masculine and female/feminine. - Cisnormativity - The assumption that everyone's gender aligns with the cultural expectations of sex assigned at birth(cisgender) and that this is the norm. - Cisgender - a term that means whatever gender you are now is the same as what was presumed for you at birth. - Gender identity - is our personal sense of what our gender is. - Gender expression - how a person publicly expresses or represents their gender. - Biological sex or birth - assigned srx - Sexual Orientation - the emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction that a person feels toward another person. - Heterosexual - person whose sexual orientation is toward another of the opposite sex. - Homosexual - person whose sexual orientation is toward another of the same sex. - Bisexual - person who may be sexually oriented to both men and women. - Transsexual - people experience a gender identity that is inconsistent with - Asexual - people who do not experience sexual attraction. - Non-binary/genderqueer - they may have define their gender as falling somewhere in between man and woman. - Gender non-conforming - people whose gender expression is different from conventional expectations of masculinity and femininity. - Pansexual- persons who are sexually attracted to people regardless of their sex or gender identity. - Sapiosexual - a person who finds intelligence the most sexually attractive feature. - Code-switching - modifying one's behavior to adapt different sociocultural norms. - They - the singular gender neutral pronoun. - Gender-fluid -a gender identity that is constantly shifting. - Bigender - a person who identifies as having two distinct genders. - Drag queens - are men. Typically gay men, who dresses like women for the purpose of entertainment. **ALLY CONTINUUM** Apathetic - no understanding of the issues Aware - knows basic concepts, not active on behave of self or others Active -well-informed, sharing and seeking diversity when asked/prompted Advocate - committed, routinely and proactively championing inclusion **[THE SELF IN WESTERN AND]** **[EASTERN THOUGHTS]** **EASTERN VS WESTERN** - EASTERN -- also called as Oriental; represents Asia. - WESTERN - represents Europe and Northern America. - Western culture - focus on oneself and personal needs (egoism) - Eastern culture is about focus on others and the feelings of others (collectivism) - Western culture is obsessed with being successful - Eastern culture is more inclined towards long life; for the Eastern culture long life isequated with wealth. **CONFUCIANISM** - Confucianism is a system of ethics devised by the Chinese scholar K'ung Fu-tzu (latinized to Confucius) in sixth century BC China. - Self is characterized by relational identity which means that a person is defined by his/her significant relationships. - Self-cultivation or self-realization is seen as the ultimate purpose of life. - The chun-tzu (man of virtue or noble character; commonly translated as "gentleman" or "superior man") is above all, or a man of self-cultivation. **To be a chun-tzu, man has to live by these principles**: - Li is the principle of self-restraint and sense of propriety. It includes following social etiquette and mannerisms. - Cheng means sincerity and unwavering devotion to good. - Hsiao is love for the immediate family and then society. - Yi is the principle of righteousness. - Xin is the principle of honesty in life. - Jen is the most important of all principles. It means being kind and humane to your fellow beings. It is about helping out others. - Chung is loyalty to one's family and to one's country. The self in Confucianism is a subdued self. **TAOISM** - Taoism is living the way of the Tao or the universe. - They adopt a free-flowing, relative, unitary, as well as paradoxical view of almost everything. - Taoism rejects the hierarchy and strictness brought by Confucianism and would prefer a simple lifestyle and its teachings thus aim to describe how to attain that life (Ho, 1995). - The self is not just an extension of the family or the community; it is part of the universe, one of the forms and manifestations of the Tao (Ho, 1995). - The ideal self is selflessness but it is not forgetting about the self, it is living a balanced-life with society and nature, being open and accepting to change, forgetting about prejudices and egocentric ideas and equality. **BUDDHISM** The Buddha taught that an individual is a combination of five aggregates of existence, also called as The Five Skandhas or the Five Heaps. **The Five Skandhas or the Five Heaps** - Form -- our physical form - Sensation -- made up of our feelings -- both emotional and physical -- and our senses -- seeing, hearing, tasting, touching and smelling. - Perception -- means thinking -- conceptualization, cognition, reasoning. - Mental Formations -- includes habits, prejudices, and predispositions, and volition or willfulness. - Consciousness -- awareness of our sensitivity to an object, but without conceptualization. The doctrine of anatman (Sanskrit; anatta in Pali) is the core teaching of Buddhism. - According to this doctrine, there is no "self" in the sense of a permanent, integral, autonomous being within an individual existence. - What we think of as our self, the "me" that inhabits our body, is just an ephemeral experience. - The self is seen as an illusion, born out of ignorance, of trying to hold and control things, or human-centered needs; thus, the self is also the source of all these sufferings (Ho, 1995). - The ultimate of goal is Nirvana (enlightenment). The English word enlightenment sometimes refers to heighten intellect and reason. - The original Buddhists used the word bodhi, which means "awakened". The word "Buddha" is derived from bodhi and means "the awakened one". - Transgender women - individuals who identify as women but were assigned male at birth. - Cross-dressers - individuals who wear clothing typically associated with the opposite gender. -