UTS Reviewer - Biological and Physical Self

**LESSON 4: BIOLOGICAL &** **PHYSICAL SELF** our genetic constructs carry 23 pairs of chromosomes that look like hair strands and are found in the nucleus of a single cell. **XX- stands for female.** **XY- Male** **Age of Menarche** **Early Maturer-** 11yrs experience menopause at an early age...

**LESSON 4: BIOLOGICAL &** **PHYSICAL SELF** our genetic constructs carry 23 pairs of chromosomes that look like hair strands and are found in the nucleus of a single cell. **XX- stands for female.** **XY- Male** **Age of Menarche** **Early Maturer-** 11yrs experience menopause at an early age before 52 years old as well. **Late Maturer- 17 yrs old-** menopause beyond 52 years old. **\"Growth** is the spurt from the human body after undergoing a series of changes to biological build-ups and developmental processes. **Maturation** is the readiness of an individual to accept and perform a certain task out of learning. **Development** is a lifetime and a continuous process. There is a genetic transmission of traits and characteristics, physical and mental attributes. This period of life we call adolescence (teenagers) is traditionally labeled as \"coming of age\", a changeover or transition. **LESSON 5: THE GENDERED SELF** **SEX- refers to the biologically based categories of female and male** **GENDER- refers to culturally constructed distinctions between femininity and masculinity** **GENDER DIFFERENCES -** Actual disparities between the sexes in typical behavior or average ability. -are shaped by socialization processes -Roles and Responsibilities -Access to Opportunities -Communication Styles -Behavior and Attitudes **Main Sources of Gender-role Socialization** **-FAMILY** -Gender socialization starts at home. Parents don\'t treat boys and girls very differently (Lytton & Romney, 1991) -Fathers roughhouse more with sons (McBride-Chang & Jacklin, 1993). \- Boys and girls are encouraged to play with gender-appropriate toys (Etaugh & Liss, 1992). **SCHOOL** -Teachers and educational materials reinforce gender roles. Teacher Behavior: Teachers reward sex-appropriate behavior and pay more attention to males (Sadker & Sadker, 1994). Career Socialization: Boys are encouraged toward STEM careers, girls toward caregiving roles (Read, 1991) **MEDIA** television: depicts men and women in stereotypical ways: \- Men as independent, assertive, and competent \- Women as submissive, emotional, and focused on physical appearance \- MTV and other media reinforce these stereotypes through sexual objectification. GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT (GAD) -Silva (2005) suggests that Gender and Development (GAD) programs should be integrated into guidance services to address gender issues, roles, and needs. HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF GENDER IN PSYCHIATRY DSM - (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). Published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) criteria for diagnosing mental health disorders **1952 DSM-I** Homosexuality was classified as a \"sociopathic personality disturbance, \" viewed as a mental illness and socially deviant. 1968 - DSM-II Homosexuality was listed under \"sexual deviations, \" alongside other nonnormative sexual behaviors 1973 DSM-III was reclassified as \"egodystonic, \" indicating that homosexual individuals could be diagnosed if they experienced significant distress about their orientation. 1994 It is called \"Sexual Disorder Not Otherwise Specified". 2000 - DSM-IV categorized homosexuality as "Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders (GID)\" CURRENT DSM-V homosexuality category now is called \"Gender Dysphoria\" According to Haley (2004, p. 196), there is no standard for being normal or abnormal in homosexuality, however, there are four criteria to consider. Statistical infrequency, Personal distress, Maladaptiveness, Deviation from social norms DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GAY AND HOMOSEXUAL LESBIAN- woman whose enduring physical, romantic, and/or emotional attraction is to other women. Some lesbians may prefer to identify as gay or as gay women. GAY- The adjective used to describe people whose enduring physical, romantic, and/or emotional attractions are to people of the same sex. Sometimes lesbian is the preferred term for women. BISEXUAL- a person who can be physically, romantically, or emotionally attracted to people of the same or different genders. TRANSGENDER-A term for people whose gender identity or expression differs from the sex they were assigned at birth. Some transgender people take hormones or have surgery. QUEER- refers to people who do not fit into traditional ideas of gender and sexuality. It includes anyone who identifies as LGBTQ+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, etc.) and emphasizes that identities can be diverse and flexible. QUESTIONING- This term describes someone who is questioning their sexual orientation or gender identity. CHEMISTRY OF LOVE HEART STRUCK SYNDROME- the blushing of the face goes to sweating; and the whatnots go where due to the wonder chemicals that a physical body can produce (Matteo, 2017) LOVE CHEMICALS term: Neurochemicals, produced in the brain, plays a key role in love and relationships by influencing neural activity. While they affect other parts of the body, it all starts in the brain. **PHENYLETHYLAMINE**- release of norepinephrine and dopamine -boosts physical and emotional energy and releases more dopamine -is also found in chocolate (Liebowitz, in his 1983 book "Chemistry of Love") **\"Chocolate Theory of Love"** **NOREPINEPHRINE** Stimulates the production of adrenaline, which makes our hearts race, and our palms sweat. **DOPAMINE-**, when we feel good, for instance, by the influence of good food or reading a fascinating book, makes people more \"talkative\" and excitable **OXYTOXIN-** stimulated by touch, and by social trust. In animals, touch and trust go together. Oxytocin is stimulated by everything from holding hands to feeling supported to intense pleasure. **SEROTONIN** according to (Wu, 2017) "a hormone that's known to be involved in appetite and mood" Conclusively, the five chemicals all together stimulate this **"chemistry" of love.** Gender and Development (GAD) is defined as an approach that focuses on the socially constructed basis of differences between men and women and emphasizes the need to challenge existing gender roles and relations. Republic Act 9262 is the anti-violence against Women and Their Children Act of 2004. It seeks to address the prevalence of violence against women and children **FORMS OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN** **PHYSICAL ABUSE**-acts that include physical harm against the victim. **SEXUAL ABUSE**-acts which are sexual done by force or against the will of the victim. **PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE**- acts or omissions causing mental or emotional suffering to the victim. **ECONOMIC ABUSE**-irregular, insufficient, or no support, or deprivation of financial resources. **HUMAN TRAFFICKING**- "the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of persons by improper means, such as force, abduction, fraud, coercion, for an improper purpose, including forced labor or sexual exploitation. **SEXUAL HARASSMENT-** It is an act or series of acts involving unwelcome sexual advance, request, or demand for a sexual favor, or other verbal or physical behavior of a sexual nature; whether the demand or request is accepted or not **LESSON 6: MATERIAL AND ECONOMIC SELF** ***Material Self*** - refers to the [physical objects] or [places] that convey, resemble, and assert oneself as an extension of identity. **Bodily self** means a personal spot of the material self. According to William James whatever is attached to you, your cellular phone, wallet, and your office uniform may have deeper meaning. **Extracorporeal self -** means the self-identity outside the physical body that describes the extended self. Theory and Meaning of Material Possession (Dittmar, 1992, 2004) 1\. **Instrumental functions -** a particular material has been purchased and acquired as a useful tool. 2\. **Social Symbolic Functions -** a particular possession that resembles an individual\'s social standing in society, group membership, and position. **3. Categorical Functions** - a material possession used to promote, and advertise one\'s self in a crowd or established groups. **4. Self-expressive Functions -** a material possession utilized out of one\'s values, attitudes, and hobbies, e.g. collecting calathea, episcia, or aglaonema plants just to lessen one\'s pandemic tensions and pressures. Differentiation between Needs and Wants - **Need** - Goods that are necessary for survival - **Want** - Goods and services that people consume beyond what is necessary for survival -The utility is concerned with how things serve a practical purpose. -Significance is concerned with the meaning assigned to the object. -Objects are not just things but are reflections of the wider lives of communities and individuals, the things people possess are also in sync with what is valued by their community. -The basic assumption in terms of economic self is that both producers and consumers in a certain culture act rationally and in our self-interest. LESSON 7: SPIRITUAL SELF -is one of the oldest beliefs that comes from the Latin word "anima" meaning *breath or soul.* -Worshipped the natural objects they saw around them. -Worshipped "Bathala"-the ancient Tagalog's Supreme Being and lived in "Langit" or heaven. According to *Magos,* "Dungan\" was "a life force", an energy, as well as an ethereality, a spirit with a will of its own that resides in the human body and provides the essence of life." The \'soul\' or spirit in the different regions of the Philippines: - Kaluluwa by the Tagalogs - Gimokud by the Bagobos - Makatu by the Bukidnons - Dungan by the Ilonggos when the person is alive; \"kalag\" or \"detached\", \"free\" when he is dead. - Ikaruruwa by the Ibanags - Kadkadduwa by the Ilokanos when the soul is in the physical and it is seen as a constant companion; karuruwa when it departs. Kaluluwa, Ikaruruwa, or Kararuwa- it is a soul according to the Indigenous Filipino comes from the root word *duwa* means *two*. **Tagalog's** **Belief on the Soul**- Kaluluwa and Kakambal' *Kaluluwa* is the Tagalog people\'s *concept of the soul.* However, it refers more to the **soul of the deceased**. The soul of a living person is called a **\"kakambal\"**. The \"kakambal\" leaves the physical body at night to roam, and *any bad encounter causes bangungut* (nightmare). **Bagobo-- 'Gimokud'** - The **right hand gimokud** represents life, health, and joy, staying with the body throughout life, and signals impending death by appearing as an insect. - The **left hand gimokud** is linked to illness, lethargy, and pain, leaving the body at night and causing physical effects, like shivers, if it visits the sea. - After death, the **left-hand gimokud** becomes a ***busaw*,** a spirit that digs up dead bodies. - The **makatu** (soul) exists before birth, separate from the body. - At birth, the **makatu** is breathed into the child by **Miyaw-Biyaw**. If all parts of the soul are present, the person is healthy; if one or more wander, illness, irritability, and sadness occur. If the entire soul leaves, the individual dies. **Ilonggo Beliefs and the Dungan** - The Ilonggo soul, the dungan is not seen by the human eye. Sometimes it goes out of the body and takes on visible forms as insects or small animals. - According to the Bisayans, the Dungan can leave the body during sleep, and seeing oneself in dreams signifies the soul\'s departure. Ancient Filipinos believed a sleeping person should not be awakened abruptly to allow the soul to return gradually. **The soul provides direction and wholeness but can experience material wants and needs separately from the body** - The Ibanag have a distinction between *body* **(baggi)** and *soul* **(ikaruruwa). **Ikarurua means ***'a companion of the body***'. Mekararuanan (me + kararua -- to be rid of the soul) is a phenomenon where the soul can leave the body but it is without sense. - The ***Ibanags*** describe *mekararuanan* as a state where the soul leaves the body due to shock, leaving the body alive but directionless. **Involuntary Departure of the Soul (Bisayan Belief)** - The soul can be captured by bad spirits **(engkantu)** and imprisoned in a spirit cave, guarded by **Tan Mulong** and **his spirit dog.** - If the imprisonment is temporary, the person becomes listless or sick, and a skilled shaman is needed to retrieve the soul (Dungan). - Permanent loss of the soul results in death, with sickness representing a temporary loss of the soul (Magos). The Dungan is an ethereal spirit that travels with the wind, inhabiting the region above the earth until it enters a human body, usually choosing to inhabit the unborn child of a relative. The Bisayans believe that the Dungan, or soul, is not located in any specific part of the body and grows proportionately with the person\'s body. The Bisayan Dungan represents the intellectual and psychological capacity to influence others. A strong Dungan signifies willpower. In the Philippines, some communities still practice rituals offering to spirits. Rituals involve a sequence of gestures, words, and objects, performed according to set traditions, often in religious contexts. Christian rituals, known as sacraments, are sacred rites that convey God\'s grace, with Baptism and Eucharist being the most important. The introduction of Christianity to the Philippines and the conversion of the majority of the population is a significant achievement of Christian missionary activity **Contemporary Religious Groups in the Philippines** **Below are the religious groups that reflect the historical circumstances which led to the introduction of various faiths.** a\. Islam b\. Roman Catholicism c\. Buddhism d\. Aglipayan e\. Protestantism Methodist United Church of Christ f\. Iglesia ni Kristo g\. Moncadistas h\. others Strong faith brought all Filipinos together and even mediated the EDSA revolution in 1986. **Magic or Sorcery** In the book (Ariola, 2018) as quoted, \"magic or sorcery is the use of rituals, symbols, actions, gestures, or language to utilize supernatural forces." - Magic- is the power of apparently influencing the course of events by using mysterious or supernatural forces. - Sorcerer- carries ideas about medicine, magic potions, drugs, and poison. **Witchcraft or witchery** - Witchcraft is the practice of magical skills and abilities by both solitary practitioners and groups. It varies culturally and socially and is often involved in religious, divinatory, or medicinal roles. - The most widely known characteristic of a witch is the ability to cast spells, which can involve words, formulas, rituals, or objects. - \"Many people think that spirituality and religion are the same thing, and so they bring their beliefs and prejudices about religion to discussions about spirituality. **Nature of the Self with Society and Culture** WHAT IS SOCIALIZATION? **Theories of Socialization** -Social experts believe that human behavior is deeply rooted and acquired from a practical experience from others and is biologically identified. **1. Reinforcement theory** - claims that the individual can be conditioned to act in any way if the appropriate rewards and punishment are repeatedly applied as described by Thorndike and Skinner. **2.** **Cognitive theory -** is concerned with the internal state of the individual, his perceptions, and his increasing abstract reasoning ability as he learns at varying ages, to participate in society. **3. Symbolic interaction -** the theory that is given the most attention by sociologists. It claims those individuals who are capable of creating their own solutions to life\'s problems. It emphasizes the role of language in socialization and focuses on the individual\'s self-concept arising from his/her interaction with others. 4\. **Interpersonal theory -** complementarity, vector length, and circumplex structure. It uses behavioral cues and actions to communicate, diagnoses personality disorders, and measures statistical deviations in personality investigation. **Factors Affecting Small Group Interaction** **1. Size -** The smaller the size of the group, the higher the interaction, and the bigger the size, the lesser the interaction. With the increase in size, each member has fewer opportunities to share opinions and contribute to decision-making. As the group gets larger, interactions become more impersonal, more structured, and less personally satisfying. **2. Proximity -** The closer the distance of people the more the interaction; and the farther the distance, the lesser the interaction. In general, the greater the physical distance, the less likely friendships were to be formed. **3. Communication patterns-** Interaction of group members can either be facilitated or retarded by patterns of communication. **All Channel Networks -** in this pattern, each person can interact with every other person with approximately the same ease. Each participant has an equal ability to become the focus of attention. **Circle Pattern -** In this type of communication pattern, interaction is reduced. People can only speak to their neighbors. However, it does not give one person more power than others. **Wheel Pattern -** In this kind of pattern, not only is interaction reduced, but also a single pivotal individual gains greater power in the group. **Agents of Socialization** **Family** is the basic agent of socialization since it is the first social structure with firsthand support to an individual on how to interact with society. They principally provide social information on what society looks like and help educate an individual on the what, and whys of the societal world. **Right to life of the unborn from conception and of the mother** Human life commences at conception when the female egg and male sperm merge. The unborn human embryo in the womb is considered a separate, defenseless human with a basic human right to life, which the State is obligated to protect, along with infants and children. **SCHOOL**- In an individual\'s moral, social, mental and vocational development, part is the formal training to be acquired from school. According to de Leon & de Leon Jr. in Article II, Declaration of Principles and State Policies of the Philippine Constitution, under 1. Parents and the government have a duty to ensure the proper education and training of children for the common welfare of society and individual well-being. Government should support parents in preparing their children for future responsibility and leadership positions. 2. The state cannot force parents to teach their children in public schools, as this is an unreasonable interference with their liberty to direct their children\'s education, as the child is not a mere creation of the state. 3. The State has the authority to regulate schools, teachers, and pupils, ensuring proper attendance, moral character, and patriotic disposition, and teaching essential subjects for good citizenship and public welfare. **Anti-Bullying Law** Several reported cases in school about bullied children, not just in the elementary, secondary but in tertiary levels. Some forms gravely affected the academic performance, personal and social relations of students. The Philippine Constitution defines bullying as the severe or repeated use of written, verbal, or electronic expressions or physical acts directed at another student, causing fear of harm, damage, hostile environment, infringing on rights, or disrupting the orderly operation of a school. **Effects of Bullying** There are reported investigations of bullying and some effects of it are suicide, declined mental health and even the use of drugs. Bullied individuals I students are those who are witnesses of bullying and there is a need to explain to them and even to parents the extent and limitations of bullying. - Depression and anxiety - Increased feelings of sadness and loneliness - Changes in sleep - Loss of interest in activities they used to enjoy **Peer-** Closed family tie is eventually one of the primary strengths of the Filipinos with its members at home. **Parental Absenteeism -** this occurs when one of the parents, or maybe both have transitory absence for years or months that reasonably works away to find a living or for whatever intentions. This is largely become one of the chief reasons why the youth will turn to their peers or \'barkadas.\' **Barkadas - a** group of people from where an individual gets emotional support, safety, and approval. This group could also become influential in one\'s life and could even lead to juvenile delinquency. The most common reason why they engaged in sexual intercourse was to prove love for partner with 44.59% or almost half of the respondents choosing it\" **Other reasons why adolescents engaged in sexual intercourse** a\. early dating b\. search for intimacy and closeness c\. money and drugs d\. alcohol intoxication e\. fun or enjoyment **Mass Media -** are the various forms of communication that reach a large audience without any personal contact between the senders and the receivers of the messages. They include newspapers, magazines, books, television, radio, movies, videos and the internet. The media function as socializing agents in several ways: 1. They inform us about events. 2. They introduce us to a wide variety of people 3. They provide an array of viewpoints on current issues. 4. They make us aware of products and services, that if we buy them, will supposedly help us to be accepted by others **Social Responsibility** As a young Filipino learner, scholar, and citizen, one has full obligations and responsibilities, including honesty, loyalty, collective pride, and national identity. This prepares them to become future leaders and help prevent the spread of coronavirus disease. Expressing collaboration and social responsibility involves wearing face masks and staying at home when not important. **LESSON 11: GOAL SETTING** What\'s common is \"feelings, that there is happiness, joy, love, peace of mind, self-respect, greatness, freedom from worry, anxiety, fear, and failures. In short, positive feelings. BEING SUCCESSFUL means not just being able to achieve fulfillment or excellence in your goals but also having the kind of FEELINGS. **Wealth** is just one dimension of success, after you reach a certain point, money becomes unimportant. It only means that WEALTH is part of SUCCESS, but we should not fall prey to the idea that wealth is a success. Riches can help you gain a happier life, but money can\'t buy you real happiness. Know yourself. According to a Spanish writer Baltasar Gracian knowing yourself is knowing your character, intellect, judgment, and emotions. You cannot master yourself if you do not understand yourself Goal. A result toward which effort is directed or a point, end, or place that one is striving to reach, Overall goals need to be broken up into specific goals for each aspect of your life such as health, career, relationship, etc. Goals must be realistic but at the same time should be attractive enough to excite you about achieving them. \"A PIZZA PIE THAT\'S CUT INTO EIGHT SLICES REPRESENTS A PARTICULAR SUCCESS, AND WHEN ALL EIGHT SLICES ARE TOGETHER, YOUR SUCCESS COMES IN FULL CIRCLE" 1. Mental/emotional success 2. Spiritual success 3. Personal success 4. Career success 5. Financial success 6. Social success 7. Physical success 8. Family success **Commit your life to your goals** Mohandas K. Gandhi was born in 1869 to Hindu parents In India. As a young lawyer in South Africa, Gandhi was a witness to the discrimination practiced against the immigrant Indians in the country. He worked ceaselessly to improve the rights of his countrymen, developing satyagraha, or truth force, his creed of passive resistance against injustice. It was his goal to see all people, not just Indians, free from injustice and bondage THE START OF SOMETHING BIG As you start your journey to success, remember that goals, specific goals when performed can unlock your potential, just do something big by starting a small beginning. Remember your checklist; Know what you want in life. Know your kind of personality. Establish your major goals. Make a personal mission statement. Set specific and workable goals