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Rene Descartes (1596 - 1650) often Socrates believes that understanding credited with being the "Father of Modern yourself leads to better, and more moral Philosophy”, is a mathematician, scientific choices. thinker and metaphysician. He made his break with...

Rene Descartes (1596 - 1650) often Socrates believes that understanding credited with being the "Father of Modern yourself leads to better, and more moral Philosophy”, is a mathematician, scientific choices. thinker and metaphysician. He made his break with traditional Self-reflection gives life and meaning. Scholastic-Aristotelian philosophy. Body is the physical and tangible part of His perspective on the self is rooted humans. This is the mortal part that is in his famous latin statement “cogito constantly changing. ergo sum” meaning “I think, therefore I am". Soul is the immortal part of humans. He Descartes argues that the self can be believes that the human soul is unwavering correctly considered as either a mind across all realms. or human being. He believed that the origin of the self came from the St. Augustine mind and that the body could exist St. Augustine’s Perspective on Self without the mind. Descartes believed that the mind and Relational Self - true identity forms through body are distinct, a concept known a relationship with Trinitarian God. as mind-body dualism. Thus, the self, according to Inner vs. Outer Self Descartes, is defined by its capacity Inner self soul, mind, and consciousness is to think, doubt, reason and reflect. eternal and linked to God; Outer Self (body) is temporary and ever Body = Matter - spatially extended, changing non-thinking thing (res extensa) Mind = it think, no physical space (res Inward Journey cogitans) Introspection leads to spiritual growth and aligning desires with the good. Plato Plato saw the self as made up of rational, Excess of the Self spirited, and argued appetitive parts. He for - Our identity extends beyond the dominance of rationality, with spirited ourselves, shaped by love and and appetitive aspects in support, stressing relationships with God and others. harmony, self-knowledge and moral integrity essential for a good life. noverim te, noverim me: “I would know you God, I would know myself” - St. Augustine The self, according to Plato. is an immortal soul with three parts: rational, spirited, and Sigmund Freud appetitive. - An Austrian Neurologist born in 1856, ‘Father of Modern True understanding of the self is achieved Psychology‘ and ‘Father of through knowledge of the Forms, which Psychoanalysis’. In the Victorian transcend physical reality. times, people believed psychological "The Republic" (circa 380 BCE) problems = Impiety of Religion "Phaedrus" (circa 370 BCE). "Phaedo" (circa 360 BCE) Elements of Personality "Symposium" (circa 385-370 BCE) ID - present ever since the birth of a Socrates person. - Greek philosopher from Athens and - Deals with the primitive and founder of Western Philosophy. instinctive needs and wants. - Driven by the pleasure principle, which means that if want is not met  immediately, a negative effect will Bundle of Impression - immediate sensory arise. experience through direct contact (senses of - With time, the Ego and Superego touch, hear, etc) will develop controlling the urges of Impression - immediate experience the Id. Ideas - thought about those experiences EGO - operates on the Reality Principle John Locke - Mediator between the unrealistic - Was born on August 29, 1632, in demand of Id and Moralistic Wrighton, Somerset, England, and constraints of the superego died on OCtober 28, 1704, in High - Responsible for ensuring that the Laver, Essex, England. impulses of the Id are expressed in a socially accepted manner. John Locke’s Concepts about Self SUPEREGO Tabula Rasa - Human Mind at birth is - Deals with morality principles Tabula Rasa. - Personality governed by morals and societal norms Memory - the great reservoir of our - Function is to control impulses of Id thoughts and experiences, the Foundation of Parts of Superego: personal identity. Ego Ideal - represents the ideal self; and Consciousness - the perception of what made up all of our passes in a Man’s own mind. rules for good behaviour. Knowledge and Experience - “no man’s Conscience - focus knowledge can go beyond his experiences.” on things that are viewed as bad and Immanuel Kant that we should not do. - A German Philosopher and one of the Central Enlightenment Thinkers. David Hume - A Scottish enlightenment Concept of Self philosopher, economist, historian, - Humans have both an inner and an essayist, and empiricist. outer self which unify to give us - Empiricist - person who consciousness. supports theories based on - Inner self is composed of our experience derived from senses. psychological state and our rational intellect. Theory of Self - Outer self includes our senses and The self consists of nothing but the physical world. perceptions and therefore that any knowledge about the nature of mind and its Transcendental Idealism identity that go beyond the bundle of - Our knowledge of the world is perception cannot be justified. shaped by the way our mind structures experience. The self is not Bundle of Theory - he proposed that self is merely a passive receiver of sensory like a ‘bundle’ of perceptions that come and data but an active participant in go. organizing that data through categories of understanding. Bundle of Perception - helps us think from Transcendental Self our experiences allowing us to come up w/ - the self that has consciousness and is complex thoughts and understanding. called the "I” who processes all the information that we experience  through perception, understanding, and reason. Gives us a sense of identity in a specific space, and time. Kant distinguishes between the noumenal self (the thing-in-itself, which we cannot know directly) and the phenomenal self (the self as it appears in experience). Empirical Self - is influenced by personal experiences, emotions, and social interactions “We are one accumulated experience” - Immanuel Kant Gilbert Ryle - British philosopher, born on August 19, 1900, and died on October 6, 1976. Best known for: Criticism of the “Official Doctrine” of “Cartesian Dualism” as a theory of mind. His book: “Concept of Mind” opposes Descartes dualism. Main Idea of the Philosophy of Gilbert Ryle: 1. The self is best understood as a pattern of behavior, the tendency or disposition for a person to behave in certain circumstances. 2. Differences of Ryle & Descartes: a. RYLE - "I act, therefore, I am” b. DESCARTES - “I think, therefore I am" 3. Contradicts "Mind-Body Dualism” of Descartes 4. Ryle holds that the mind is not a separate entity, but a set of capacities and abilities belonging to the body. 5. Behaviorism