Understanding The Self Reviewer Module 1 PDF

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF REVIEWER MODULE 1 PHILOSOPHICAL VIEW OF THE ‘SELF’ > agrees that man is a bifurcated nature PHILOSOPHY ST. THOMAS AQUINAS...

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF REVIEWER MODULE 1 PHILOSOPHICAL VIEW OF THE ‘SELF’ > agrees that man is a bifurcated nature PHILOSOPHY ST. THOMAS AQUINAS > comes from the Greek word philos which means love, > begins his theory of self-knowledge from the claim Sophia that means wisdom. that all our self-knowledge is dependent on our - love of wisdom experiences of the world around us - study of general and fundamental problems that are > he pictures the mind as a sort of undetermined mental connected to existence, beliefs, knowledge, mind, putty that takes shape when it is activated when reason, and language knowing something. - mother of all sciences > argues that our awareness of ourselves is triggered - without philosophy, life would be meaningless and shaped by our experiences of objects in our DIFFERENT PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS OF ‘THE SELF’ environment SOCRATES: “Know Thyself” > rejects the view that the mind is always on > one of the most egalitarian of philosopher > believes that man is composed of two forms: > believes that anyone could do philosophy and we all 1 MATTER (HYLE) - common stuff that makes up had an obligation to use philosophy to examine our own everything in the universe lives 2 FORM (MORPHE) – essence of a substance or a thing > socratic – role of a questioner ata. > soul animates the body which what makes us a human ^ Socrates questions because he knows nothing, has RENE DESCARTES: “I Think therefore, I am” nothing to learn, but can help followers to discover the > believes that the mind is the seat of our consciousness truths TWO DISTINCT ENTITIES OF SELF: SELF IS COMPOSED OF TWO THINGS: 1 COGNITO - mind 1 PHYSICAL REALM – consist of anything we sense, 2 EXTENZA – body changing, and deteriorating > in his view, body is nothing else but a machine that is - body – imperfect and perfect aspect attached to the mind 2 IDEAL REALM – concept of beauty, truth, and DAVID HUME goodness, that’s unchanging & eternal > believes that all knowledge comes from the senses and - soul – perfect and permanent aspect experiences (empiricism) ! every man is composed of body & soul > defines self as a bundle or collection off different ! worst thing that can happen to anyone is to live, but perceptions ang impressions die inside. - impressions – basic object of our experiences or PLATO: “The Ideal Self, The Perfect Self” sensation. it is the core of our thoughts > asserts that societies have a tripartite class structure: - ideas – copies of impressions 1. appetite IMMANUEL KANT: “Respect for Self” 2. spirit > believes that “all men are persons gifted with the 3. reason same basic rights and should treat others as equal” > justice in the human person can only be attained if the > morality – respect for persons three parts of the soul are working harmoniously with > asserts that consciousness is the central feature of the one another and supported the idea that man is a dual self. it is divided into: nature of body and soul. 1 INTERNAL SELF -composed of psychological THE HOLY BIBLE states and informed decisions > Genesis 1:23-28 2 EXTERNAL SELF – made up of ourselves and the ST. AUGUSTINE physical world where the representation of objects > emphasizes that loving God means loving one’s (nuraw?) fellowmen; and loving one’s fellowmen… nakakatamad, ^pasok dito yung equality – same amount & equity – basta related ‘to sa golden rule enemerut based on needs > he approaches the issue of human nature from the JOHN LOCKE: “Personal Identity” perspective of existential philosophy > personal identity is founded on the consciousness > approaches the theme of humanity with particular (memory), and not on the substance of either the soul tools that include experience, reason, and language or body UNDERSTANDING THE SELF REVIEWER MODULE 2 ANTHROPOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE ‘SELF’ GENDER AND THE SELF ANTHROPOLOGY – study of humans, human behavior, BIOLOGICAL SEX - assigned at birth, depending on and societies in the past and present the appearance of the genitals CULTURE – how we act, think, and behave based on the GENDER IDENTITY – gender that a person shared values of our societies. it’s the customary beliefs, “identifies” with or feel themselves to be social forms, and material traits… GENDER – term used to denote the public lived role 3 MAIN ELEMENTS OF CULTURE as a boy or girl, man or woman, but in contrast to 1 SYMBOLS – anything that carries a specific meaning 2 VALUES – cultural standards that people use to decide certain social constructionist theories, biological what’s good or bad, what’s right or wrong. it serves as factors as seen as contributing, in social and the ideas and guidelines that we live by psychological factors to gender development 3 NORMS – rules and expectations that guide behavior GENDER ASSIGNMENT – refers to the initial within a society assignment as male or female. occurs usually at THE SELF IN DIFFERENT CULTURAL CONTEXT birth and, thereby, yields the “notal gender” COLLECTIVIST (selfless) – prioritization of the group over GENDER REASSIGNMENT – denotes an official legal the self or individuals change of gender INDIVIDUALIST (selfish) – emphasis or prioritization of GENDER IDENTITY – category of social identity and the individual over the entire group refers to an individual’s identification as male, 2 FACES OF SELF ACCORING TO MARCEL MAUSS female, or occasionally, some categories other male MOI – person’s sense of who he is, his body, his basic identity, his biological givenness and female PERSONNE – social concepts of what it means to be who GENDER DYSPHORIA – refers to an individual’s he is affective/cognitive discontent with the assigned SOCIETY – group of individuals involved in persistent gender but is more specifically defined when used social interaction, on a large social group sharing the as a diagnostic category. it refers to the distress same geographical or social territory,… that may accompany the incongruence between - FAMILY – smallest unit of society one’s experienced or expressed gender and one’s THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF THE SELF IN WESTERN assigned gender THOUGHT TRANSGENDER – refers to the broad spectrum of SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION is a shared assumption or individuals who transiently or persistently identify perception of the people in a society with a gender different from their natal gender 1 INDIVIDUALISTIC SELF – always conceived as the autonomous bounded entity. from one to be TRANSSEXUAL – denotes an individual who seeks or autonomous, one must be able to show independence had undergone, a social transition from male to 2 SELF SUFFICIENCY – self must be able to supply one’s female and vice versa needs without external assistance TRANSVETISM – where a person occasionally wears 3 SELF BEING RATIONAL – there’s no time to be weak clothes typically associated with the opposite and emotional. self mustn’t waste the resources on gender for a variety of reasons meditation and other metaphysical cognitions but be GENDER QUEER – an umbrella term used to constantly rational and reasonable. everything must be describe gender identities other than man and explained by logic and reason woman FAMILY STRUCTURES DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS NUCLEAR FAMILY – traditional type of family structure. NON-CONFORMITY TO GENDER ROLES - strong consists of two parents and one child SINGLE PARENT FAMILY – consists of one parent raising desire to be another gender than the assigned one one or more children on his/her own and by the extent and pervasiveness of gender EXTENDED FAMILY – consists of two or more adults who variant activities and interests. are related, either by blood or marriage, living in the TRANSVETIC DISORDER – occurs in heterosexual or same home bisexual adolescents and adult males (rarely in CHILDLESS FAMILY - sometimes the “forgotten family”. females) for whom dressing-code behavior consists of two partners living and working together. generates sexual excitements STEP FAMILY – blended family which involves two BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER - focuses on the separate families merging into one unit alternation or removal of a specific body part because it is perceived as abnormally formed, not because it represents a repudiated assigned gender. UNDERSTANDING THE SELF REVIEWER MODULE 3 SOCIOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE ‘SELF’ > maintains that the conception of a person who holds THE SELF AS A PRODUCT OF MODERN SOCIETY AMONG himself/herself in his/her mind emerges from social OTHERS interaction with others CLIFFORD GEERTZ (1973) believes that the struggle for > self is constructed and reconstructed in the process of one’s individuality is only possible in modern society social experience and activity where regional-theological traditions are gradually TWO COMPONENTS OF SELF ACCORDING TO MEAD: replaced by rational and scientific calculations, and the 1: “ME” intimate personal affiliations are replaced by > expectations and attitudes of others organized into exceedingly impersonal associations brought about by social self urbanized way of life > self as ‘object’ MODERNIZATION or DESTRUCTION OF TRADITIONAL > organized set of attitudes of others WAY OF LIFE delocalizes the self. this poses certain 2 “I” problems such: > reponse to the “me” or the person’s individuality 1 new found freedom threatens the very authenticity of > self as ‘subject’ the ‘self’ > response to an individual to the attitude of others 2 ALIENATION – human beings haunted by the very MEAD’S STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF SELF images they’ve created PREPARATORY STAGE – children mimic those around 3 objectification of the body them 4 dehumanization of self PLAY STAGE – children play, pretend, and do not adhere ! and for the solution: for an individual to discover the to the rules in organized games true/authentic part of them is a need to abolish GAME STAGE – begin to understand and adhere the repressive social constraints rules of games.t they begin to play more formalized SELF AS NECESSARY FICTION games because they begin to understand people’s for Nietzsche, self is the sum of an individual’s actions, perspectives thoughts, and feelings. it is nothing more than a LOOKING GLASS SELF metaphor, a representation of something abstract, > part of how we see ourselves comes from our symbolic. perceptions of how others see us (Charles Horton POSTMODERN VIEW OF THE SELF Cooley) > complicated with electronic mediated-virtual SOCIAL COMPARISON THEORY: our sense of self is interaction of cyber self, such as change in appearance influenced by comparisons with others > according to N. Green, self is digitalized in cyberspace, SOCIAL COMPARISON – we learn about our abilities and a virtual version of who we are skills, about the appropriateness and validity of our THE FOLLOWING ARE THE MANIFESTATIONS: behaviors with others 1 info tech dislocates the self , thus the self is SELF-LABELING – when we adopt others’ labels explicitly ‘digitalized’ into our self-concept 2 global migration produces multicultural identities INTERNALIZE PREJUDICE – individuals turn prejudice 3 post-modern selves are “pluralized selves” directed toward them by others onto themselves SELF CONSTRUCTION OF THE SELF > self is not discovered, it’s made of socialization process > ikaw ang gumagawa ng kung sino ka > ‘self’ is acquired thru language REWRITING THE SELF AS AN ARTISTIC CREATION > unity of the self is not pre-given but accomplished thru conscious effort (Nietzsche) > individuals must fashion care for and cultivate themselves SELF CREATION AND THE STRUGGLE FOR CULTURAL RECOGNITION > challenge of self-identity amidst the recognition of racial and ethnic identities > self creation is grounded on collective solidaritieis MEAD’S THEORY OF ‘SELF’ GEORGE HERBERT MEAD (1863-1931) – American sociologist best known as the founder of american pragmatism, a pioneer of symbolic interaction theory, and as one of the founders of social psychology UNDERSTANDING THE SELF REVIEWER MODULE 4 PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE SELF latency 6- Playing socializatio Resolution of SIGMUND FREUD’S CONCEPT (three parts of mind): puberty game/so n the Oedipus CONSCIOUS – thoughts of which you are currently cializing and elektra aware complex PRECONSCIOUS – all thoughts you could bring into genital adultho Genital Heterosexu od regions al consciousness, thoughts that can be easily recalled relationship without special techniques ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES UNCONSCIOUS – material that we have no immediate Stage age Features consciousness to, and sometimes we can’t bring into 1 trust vs mistrust Birth – 1 Whether a child consciousness (infancy) come to trust or FREUD’S CONCEPT OF ANXIETY mistrust sex and aggression share the center of Freudian themselves… Dynamic Theory with the concept of anxiety 2 autonomy vs 2–3 Society creates on >> Freud defines anxiety as a felt, affective, unpleasant shame and doubt children a new state accompanied by a physical sensation that warns (early childhood) conflict the person against impending danger 3 initiative vs guilt 3–5 Gain a greater DEFENSE MECHANISM – thoughts to safeguard the mind (play age) freedom in against feelings and thought that is difficult for the exploring 4 industry vs 6 – 12 Determination of conscious mind to cope with inferiority (school the child to master DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY age) what they are Freud used the german word TRIEB – drive or stimulus doing within the person. it operates as a constant motivational 5 identity cohesion 12 – 18 Seek force, including sex drive (libido) and aggression drive vs role confusion independence A. SEX (Eros) – aim of the drive is pleasure (adolescence & from parents a NARCISSISM – primarily self-centered infant, libido’s puberty) invested only on their ego 6 intimacy vs 19 – 30 Reach out & make b LOVE – people invest their libido in an object or person isolation contact with other other than themselves 7 generativity vs 31 – 60 Sense of c SADISM (pananakit sa iba) – sexual pleasure by stagnation productivity and (adulthood) creativity inflicting pain or humiliation on another person 8 integrity vs 60 - death Facing reality, d MASOCHISM (pananakit sa sarili) - sexual pleasure despair (old age) recognizing, and from suffering pain and humiliation inflicted by accepting other themselves or others WILLIAM JAMES’ CONCEPT B. AGGRESSION (Thanatos) – destructive drive. TWO ASPECTS OF THE SELF: aim is to return the organism to an organic 1 “I SELF” – reflects what people see or perceive state. themselves doing in the physical world a EROGENOUS ZONE – part or area of one’s body that >> for James, “I” part of self was the thinking self, which will satisfy the activity’ couldn’t be further divided b FIXATION – arrest on the development on which the >> linked this part of the self to the person’s soul, or person doesn’t progress normally from stage to stage what’s now thought of as the mind but remains overly involved in one particular stage 2 “ME SELF” – individual’s reflection about themselves FREUD’S STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT THREE COMPONENTS OF “ME SELF” stage Age Erogenou actuvities Personality MATERIAL SELF – tangible object or possessions we range s zone characteristics collect for ourselves/things that belong to a person oral Birth - Pang- Suck, bite, Excessive 2 sense lick smoking… - body is the core of the material self anal 2-3 Anal/ Toilet Stubborn/perf SOCIAL SELF – how we interact and portray ourselves; buttocks training ectionist it’s who we are in a given situation phallic 3-6 Penis and Sex Attraction for SPIRITUAL SELF – internal dispositions, it is who we are clitoris attraction a man and at our core to opposite woman w CARL ROGER’S CONCEPT sex: father/mother SELF CONCEPT – individual’s perceptions of his/her odeipus characs: abilities,… someone’s beliefs of who he/she is &Elektra Castration - REAL SELF – self as a result of experiences compex anxiety and - IDEAL SELF – self the person would like to be penis envy UNDERSTANDING THE SELF REVIEWER MODULE 5 THE PHYSICAL SELF: HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT Late Most Increase Stormy and More Basic GROWTH VS. DEVELOPMENT childho dramati in in conflict time w needs od (10- c knowledg friends GROWTH 16) e and than > process of physical maturation, increasing the size of skills family body and various organs Early Enterin Cant Roller Expand > it is the quantitative changes of the self adolesc g consider coaster, their DEVELOPMENT ence puberty the long- low self social term esteem, interact > process of functional and physiological maturation conseque mood ions to > progressive increase in skills and capacity to function nces swings,… group > changes in psychological, emotional, and social Mid Reach Ability to Weird Finding changes adol. their think & emotional peer adult solve time groups > qualitative changes of self height problems and FOUR MAIN TYPES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT friends 1 PHYSICAL –body growth (height & weight changes) Late More Better Develop Circles 2 MENTAL – intellectual development (problem-solving) adol. interest undestan more begin 3 EMOTIONAL – refers to feelings (dealing with ed in ding confidence to fitness.. expand emotions) Mid Hair Understan Period of His 4 SOCIAL – interaction and relationship with other adultho begins d life and contentme parent people od to learned to nt or crisis become MATURATION gray… cope ill,… has >> completion of growth and development within the to fulfill duties organism Late Is on Alzheimer’s >> unfolding of an individual’s inherent traits or adultho decline. disease can potentials od affecte lead … TYPES OF MATURATION d lahat emerut ng body PHYSICAL MATURATION – refers to physical changes systems that occur as we age COGNITIVE MATURATION - the way we change our COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT thinking patterns throughout the life span and our - Jean Piaget principles in life SCHEME – concept or idea how the world works. it FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL SELF describes a pattern of thought or behavior that HEREDITY (nature) – transmissions of traits or organizes knowledge… characteristics from parents to offspring. it’s through the ASSIMILATION – individual’s adaptation process where genes, heredity potentials like mental, physical, … we take in new infos and experiences and incorporates ENVIRONMENT (nurture) – forces or experiences that a them into our existing ideas person undergoes from very stages of life. it refers to all ACCOMODATION – changing something in a schema to the environmental variables that impact who we are fit a new experience. happens when schema(knowledge) STAGES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT doesn’t work and needs to be changed Stage/a Physical Mental Emotional Social Needs ge dev. dev. dev. dev. PIAGET’S COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY Infancy Most Make Love 1 SENSORI-MOTOR STAGE – develop through (birth – dramati their and experiences and movement of our 5 senses 1) c and needs securit 2 PRE-OPERATIONAL STAGE – have lots of fantasies and rapid known by y believed objects. we become curious and ask many change crying s questions. we want to know everything happen 3 CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE – discover the logic during and develop concrete cognitive operations st 1 year 4 FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE – think rationally Early Verbal More Basic about abstract concepts and hypothetical events.we can childho growth frustrate necessi od (1 – progress/s when they ties philosophize 6) hort life cant span,… perform as desired Middle preadol Centers Fear of Same childho escence on the surroundin with od (6- school g infancy and 10) early childhoo d UNDERSTANDING THE SELF REVIEWER MODULE 6 THE SEXUAL SELF MISCONCEPTIONS OF HAVING SEX >> part of yourself where you learn and understand your >all teens are having sex sexual development > having sex makes you mature and adult HUMAN SEXUALITY > a girl can’t get pregnant if she’s menstruating SEXUALITY- more than sexual feelings/intercourse. > oral sex is not sex includes feelings, thoughts, and behaviors FACTORS THAT ENCOURAGE HAVING A PREMARITAL SEXUAL ORIENTATION – enduring pattern of emotional, SEX romantic, and/or sexual attractions. refers to sexual > lack of parental supervision identity > sexually active friends THE CIRCLES OF SEXUALITY > unsupportive family relationships SENSUALITY – awareness and feeling about your own > poor spiritual exercises body and other people’s body SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STD) SEXUAL INTIMACY – ability to be emotionally close to CHLAMYDIA - caused by a bacteria called chlamydia another human being and to accept closeness in return trachomatis SEXUAL IDENTITY – person who understands who HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV) – most common he/she is sexually, how each person sees himself/herself sexually transmitted infection. harmless and goes away REPRODUCTION AND SEXUAL HEALTH – capacity to by itself, pero minsa, it can lead to cancer reproduce and the behaviors and attitudes that make HERPEX SIMPLEX VIRUS (HSV) - infection that causes sexual relationships healthy and enjoyable herpes. herpes can appear in various parts of the body, SEXUALIZATION – people behave sexually to influence, most commonly on genitals or mouth manipulate, or control other people HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) AND AIDS THE CHEMISTRY OF LUST, LOVE, ATTRACTION, AND > attacks the immune system leaving its host much more ATTACHMENT vulnerable to infections and diseases LOVE VS LUST > lifelong condition and no cure > driven by the sex hormones testosterones and > it’s possible to manage HIV and live with the virus for estrogen many years with the help of antiretroviral therapy > stage of lust - you feel physically attracted and drawn > without treatment, a person with HIV is likely to to the object of your attention develop a serious condition called ACQUIRED IMMUNE ATTRACTION – being obsess about your lover and crave DEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS). his/her presence. you feel the urge to extra energy and excitement as you fantasize about the things you’ll do ! having sex isn’t always a healthy choice together (being delulu it is) ! abstinence is an option ATTACHMENT – bond helping the couple to take their relationship to advanced levels. it instigates the feeling of bearing children and falling in love. involves wanting to make a more lasting commitment to your loved one JOHN LEE’S LOVE STYLES 1 EROS – strong sexual and emotional component that quickly faded 2 AGAPE – selfless love that doesn’t expect love in return 3 STORGE – love-related friendship, perceive love as a slow process and don’t suddenly fall in love 4 LUDUS – love is just a game/entertainment. they don’t value relationships 5 MANIA – obsessive and possessive love due to intense feelings SOCIOSEXUAL BEHAVIOR – involves more than one person and is expressed thru heterosexual and homosexual behavior SOLITARY BEHAVIOR – involves only one indiv utilizing masturbation SEXUAL INTERCOURSE – one of the most common behaviors among humans. behavior that may producw sexual pleasure that often culminates in orgasm