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Philia- Love Sofia- Wisdom SOCRATES (Know thyself, True wisdom ) Acient Greek Philosopher Empasized the importance of Self-Knowledge True wisdom comes from introspection and self examination Socratic method ends by “ignorance” “An unexamined lif is not worth livin...

Philia- Love Sofia- Wisdom SOCRATES (Know thyself, True wisdom ) Acient Greek Philosopher Empasized the importance of Self-Knowledge True wisdom comes from introspection and self examination Socratic method ends by “ignorance” “An unexamined lif is not worth living” “Knowledge is virtue, ignorance is depravity” SOCRATES DIALOGUES ▪ “The Apology” ▪ “The Phaedrus” John is deciding whether to pursue a graduate degree. He reflects on what truly interests him and what will bring him satisfaction in the long term. Despite pressure from his peers to choose a field that promises high earnings, John chooses a program that aligns with his passion for environmental science. This decision demonstrates Socrates' idea of knowing oneself and following one’s true interests. PLATO (Tripartite theory of the soul) ( Self- unified being, connected to Consciousness) Student of Socrates Greek Self is immortal and independent of the body 3 parts of self Reason (Thinking) Spirit (Planning) Appetite (Desire) The harmony among there three parts leads to a virtous life and a just Society. Sarah is deciding whether to spend her evening working on a challenging project or attending a social event. Her emotions pull her towards the event, but her rational side understands the importance of completing her work. She chooses to focus on the project, illustrating Plato’s idea that the rational part of the soul should guide us to act in accordance with reason and our higher goals, even when desires pull us in different directions. ARISTOTLE (hylomorphism/ Matter and form) Student of Plato for 20 years Greek philosopher and polymath Rejected Plato’s theory Self is a composite of body and soul, and these two are inseparable We cannot discuss the self with a soul only or a self with a body only Sofia is painting a mural in her community. According to Aristotle, when Sofia paints, her physical brushstrokes (body) are a manifestation of her creative vision and emotions (soul). This shows how her artistic expressions are a result of the harmonious interaction between her physical actions and her inner emotional and intellectual inspirations. Saint Augustine (Religious) Augustine of Hippo was a theologian and philosopher self as deeply intertwined with God Augustine's concept of the self is rooted in the idea of original sin inherited from Adam and Eve, which leads to a sense of spiritual longing and discontent. Emma is struggling to tell the truth or keep a secret. Part of her feels the urge to be honest, while another part fears the consequences. After reflecting on her values, Emma chooses honesty. This reflects Augustine’s view that our inner conflict between selfish desires and moral convictions influences our choices and shapes our character. REÑE DESCARTES (Dualism) Mind/Body French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician Mind- Consciousness Body- Perception declared, “Cogito, ergo sum” (I think, therefore I am) Locating self in the mind Taylor feels uncertain about the reality of their surroundings and whether they are in a simulation. However, Taylor realizes that their ability to question and reason about their situation is evidence of their own existence. This aligns with Descartes’ “I think, therefore I am,” showing that the act of thinking validates their reality. JOHN LOCKE Causality- past Teleology- Future goal English philosopher and physician Determinism- tukoy na Tabula rasa or a blank slate. Free choice the self based on consciousness and personal identity. self is shaped by our life experiences. He viewed the self as knowing and experiencing our own existence. He thought that as long as you remember being yourself at different times, you're still the same person, even if your body changes. Lisa reviews her journey from childhood hobbies to her current career passion. She sees how her early interests and the skills she developed over time have led her to her current profession. This process illustrates Locke’s idea that personal identity is a continuous narrative built from the accumulation of experiences and memories. DAVID HUME Scottish Enlightenment philosopher, historian, economist, librarian, and essayist self is nothing but a bundle of perceptions, thoughts, and sensations. Hume proposed that the sense of self is an illusion created by the mind from the flow of experiences. Barbara enjoys various hobbies and changes her opinions as she grows older. According to Hume, there isn’t a single, unchanging “self” behind these changes. Instead, our sense of self is like a collection of experiences and feelings that shift over time. This idea means our identity isn’t fixed; it evolves as we go through life’s experiences and learn new things.  IMMANUEL KANT (outer self, physical body, senses) German philosopher and one of the central Enlightenment thinkers. self revolves around the idea of the inner self (transcendental self) The inner self includes our emotions and rational intellect. outer self (empirical self.) The outer self is our physical body and how we engage with the world through our senses. It’s what others can see and perceive about us. In short, the inner self is about our mind and intellect, while the outer self is about our body and how we interact with the physical world. SIGMUND FREUD (Ego) “We are a by product of our past experiences” Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis Id/ instinctual drives (Parang baby, lahat nakukuha or dpt ibigay) Ego/ Reality Principle (Bina balance superego and Id) Super ego/ Societal rules ( aims for perfection) Chester wants to eat a lot of cake but decides to eat a little because he knows it’s healthier. This shows Freud’s idea of the self, where our decisions balance what we want (like eating cake) with what we know is right (like being healthy). Ganto ugali or actions ng isang GILBERT RYLE “Wala lang” (Ghost in the machine) tao kasi eto gusto nya ipakita, no more deeper meaning British philosopher known for his critique of Cartesian dualism behind kaya wala lang Self isn’t a hidden entity inside us. our self is shown through our actions and behaviors. Sarah always helps others without expecting anything in return. According to Ryle, Sarah’s self isn’t some mysterious inner essence; it’s simply her helpful actions and behaviors. So, when we talk about Sarah’s self, we’re really talking about how she behaves and interacts with others, not some hidden part of her. PAUL CHURHLAND (Brain activity) “Eliminative” Canadian philosopher known for his studies in neurophilosophy He believed that science could explain how we understand ourselves by studying the brain. Parang science vs religion, kumbaga lahat ng actions natin connected sa brain, pag na sad daw tayo kasi si brain nag labas ng toxins chuchu to get us triggered to be sad Benedict tries learning how to play the guitar. As he practices, his brain physically changes and adapts. According to Churchland, these changes in the brain shape how the person sees himself and what they’re capable of, showing our sense of self is tied to our brain’s physical processes. MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY ( Regected Rene’s Idea) French philosopher self is shaped by our physical body and howwe experience the world through our senses. He emphasized that our sense of self is connected to our interactions with the environment rather than a separate entity. Descartes emphasizes a clear separation between mind and body, relying on reason as the foundation of knowledge, and views consciousness as distinct from physical existence. Merleau-Ponty critiques this dualism, highlighting that consciousness and perception are deeply rooted in our embodied experience and that the mind and body are intertwined in the act of perceiving and interacting with the world. Sophia is learning to play the guitar. According to Merleau-Ponty, her experience of learning is not just a mental process but is deeply embodied. As she practices, her physical interactions with the guitar—how she positions her fingers, strums the strings, and adjusts her posture—are integral to her developing musical skill. This reflects Merleau-Ponty's idea that perception and learning are grounded in the embodied experience, where her physical engagement with the instrument shapes her musical ability and understanding. This example illustrates how Merleau-Ponty's emphasis on the interconnection between body and perception plays out in practical activities, highlighting the role of bodily experiences in shaping our skills and knowledge. THE SELF FROM SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES Sociology- is the study of of social life, social change and the social cause and consequences of human behavior. Social Causes- Mga issues na kinakaharap ng society natin Social change – Mga issues na onti onti na binibigyan pansin and halaga like LGBtq communities Charles Horton Cooley (1864-1929) “looking-Glass Self” which describes how our self-image is shaped by how we think others see us. It’s like seeing ourselves reflected in a mirror, but the mirror is the opinions and reactions of others. [3 stages] Imagination: We imagine how we appear to others – We envision how others might view our actions and behaviors. Example: Joshua is a student giving a presentation. He imagines how his classmates perceive his body language, tone of voice, and content knowledge. Interpretation: We imagine how others judge us – We consider the reactions and judgments of others towards our behaviors. Example: Joshua imagines his classmates think he is confident or nervous based on his presentation style. Self-feeling: We develop our self-concept – Based on these perceptions, we form an understanding of ourselves. Our self-concept is shaped by the feedback and responses we receive from others. George Herbert Mead (1863-1931) Social Self Theory American philosopher, sociologist, and psychologist personal identity is formed through social interaction and cultural expectations Role-taking We develop a sense of self by imagining How others perceive us The “I” and the “Me” the “I” is the part of you that acts on personal impulse, while the “Me” is how you adapt your behavior to fit into society and meet social expectations. Significant others and generalized others Significant other is family and friends, close family that has direct influence on us Generalized others is society collective STAGE OF SELF DEVELOPMENT 1. Preparatory Stage (Imitation) – The preparatory stage starts from birth to age two (2). Within this stage, children copy others but don’t understand their actions, words, or tone of voice. 2. Play Stage (Taking on Roles) – The play stage occurs from about ages three (3) to six (6). During this period, children engage in imaginative play. They pretend and still do not follow the rules within organized games. Children would ‘pretend’ to be “mother” or “father,” depending on their observation. 3. Game Stage (Understanding Multiple Roles) – The game stage typically begins at age seven (7). Children start to comprehend and follow the rules of games, take on roles independently, and consider others’perspectives, forming the concept of “generalized others.” Biyayan mo tong reviewer sir para pumasa ako