US History Typed Notes (Connor Notebook) PDF

Creating a constitution: First thing you have to do after independence is make a government. First government of the United States was the Articles of confederation. This did not work because the absolute government had no power, so it was basically like 13 different countries who had to ag...

Creating a constitution: First thing you have to do after independence is make a government. First government of the United States was the Articles of confederation. This did not work because the absolute government had no power, so it was basically like 13 different countries who had to agree on one thing. Nation: People - with something in common (can be on a small or really large scale) - it can be on such a small scale (like Raider nation) Nationalism - Pride or love of your nation or your group - patriotism (all states are nations) State: People, Government, Sovereignty(meaning they have absolute control of themselves.) (united states is technically a state) , california is not a state because sovereignty is not granted Plans for the new constitution: (different proposals different states had regarding rules) Virginia Plan: 692,00 Big State Plan Branches of Government: 3 branches; legislative (makes laws), Executive (uses laws), Judicial(judge the laws) House of legislature: Bicameral (two-house legislature) How they wanted to distribute the representation -Based on population -Based on the amount of money given to the government. Legislators are who the people vote for, and legislators choses presidents. New Jersey Plan: 184000 Small state plan 3 branches of government Separate branches - Legislative ,judicial, and executive House of legislature: Unicameral (1 house) Equal representation for all states (because that is the best thing that they smaller states could wish for) Power of legislator: Wanted much weaker central government. The largest argument was how to divide power: People wanted to compromise: Connecticut compromise(The great compromise) The legislator would be bicameral House of representatives: based on population, The senate: Equal representation among states COmpromises; 3/5th Compromise: (people who liked slavery wanted this compromise) Northern slaves did not want to count slaves Southern states: Wanted to count slaves (virginia - slaves are 42% of population) Compromise: All free people and 3/5ths of slaves Commerce and slave trade compromise: What was made in the north was used in the north. What was grown in the south was imported out of the plantations The south feared that the north would impose rules regarding slaves and tobacco Compromise: Congress could not tax exports. No laws restricting slavery for 20 years. 2 parties: Federalist: Wanted a strong central (federal) government.(big state) Anti-federalist: Want a weaker central government and power to remain with the states and people. Compromise: A bill of rights would be added to the constitution. Bill of rights: The supreme court determines what the Bill of Rights mean -It can change a lot over time ex) The right of abortion has changed, according to the court **Start of first amendment First amendment: -Freedom of speech -freedom of (form) religion -Freedom of press -Freedom of assembly -Right to petition the government. Religion comes first(two clauses) -Establishment clause -free exercise clause Can: Teach about religions in school (history, culture) Cannot: Set a state religion, government cannot order a prayer, teach religious doctrine in school, teach creationism Free speech- allows a individual to: -Say any political belief -Protest -Say things about someone that are true -burn the flag -Say racist and hate slogans -Free speech means someone will say something you disagree with. Free speech ---Limits on the person -Threaten to commit a violent act -Sexual harassment -Extremely crude language in a public form Freedom of press Can: Print any political position -make fun of people, especially politicians -Expose wrongs by the government Cannot: Libel - intentionally injuring a person’s reputation with lies Disclose defense - security secrets Freedom of Assembly -Protest -Parade (with a permit) - shutting down a public space for a protest Cannot -Gang members can congregate in public -Hang out on private land against owners will----Loitering -Teen curfew Petition the government: “Congress shall make no law stopping people, to petition the government for a redress of grievances **End of 1st amendment. Second amendment -- Right for a well armed militia to bear arms -”A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to bear arms shall not be infringed” -You can put limits on who has guns, or the requirements it takes to get a gun. Third amendment -The government cannot force you to shelter soldiers in your home without your consent in times of war or peace Fourth amendment: Protection against illegal searches and seizures What does a policeman need in order to search your home? ---A warrant given to him by a judge ---Probable cause Without a warrant, or your permission police can not search Fifth amendment -You cannot be tried for the same crime twice- called” Double jeopardy” -You do not have to testify against yourself.”I plead the fifth”, Right to remain silent -You must have Due Process of law before you are convicted -The government cannot take your land unless it pays, Eminent Domain 6th(criminal) & 7th(civil) Amendments -You must be told of charges (criminal) -You must be provided a lawyer if you cannot afford one (criminal) -Speedy public trial -Impartial Jury trial -Confront witnesses -Due to processes of the Law 8th amendment -No excessive bail No cruel and unusual punishment 9th amendment -Just because a right is not listed in the Bill of Rights does not mean that you do not have that right ex) If someone says I have the right of privacy, the other person can’t use the argument. It does not say it in the bill of rights. 10Th The powers not granted to the United States government (written in the constitution) is reserved to the States or the people. Westward expansion -Manifest destiny, The idea that the US was a superior country and had the trite (even the duty) to invade, conquer, and occupy the North American continent and beyond. -Most of the native american died by diseases Louisiana Purchase (1803) President Jefferson buys Louisiana territory from Napoleon (France) for $15 Million. The land purchased is a really big piece of land, and it doubled the size of america. 830,000 square miles of land Jefferson sends Lewis and Clark to explore new territory. - they were looking for a passage that doesn't exist. -Needed to make amends with the native americans. - no one dies and no native americans die until they go to the organ. War of 1812: Us Vs the british The British burned the white house. The birished ate in the white house then burned it down. The US ended up winning the war. By the end Britten became friends with the US. Monroe Doctrine: 1823 US declares that it will not tolerate European interference in the western hemisphere. (If you're already here in the western hemisphere, it's okay but don't try to take things over, stay out. -Was backed up by Britten Mexican american war: Events that led up to it Mexico wins independence from spain in 1821 Mexico won independence from Spain in 1821, worked hard to put together a stable government and hold on to all territories. The texas revolution: In 1836 Texas rebels against Mexico - becomes an independent country. Texas becomes an independent country. However in 1845 Texas became part of the United states. Immediately becomes a state (mexico is not happy about this) How people established mexico; Mexico wanted to keep Texas, so they gave incentive to people to move to mexico. However native americans were mad at the mexicans who Why the US wanted to expand: They really wanted to expand, so they decided they wanted California, because it would allow them access to Asian trade. The US was looking to start a war. In 1846 the US declared war against Mexico, with little provocation. -The US wins the war in 1848 -The US could have taken over all of mexico but they did not like the people (because they were brown skinned, and catholic) The mexicans and americans got in a war, ending in a treaty The Treaty of guadalupe hidalgo, the US pays 15$ million for what is now california, arizona, new mexico, utah, nevada, and part of colorado and wyoming Side note, after this happened the gold rush happened when california became part of the US, this helped boost the US economy, and allowed for leverage for trade. Other addition of lands, origin country (acquired in 1846) California and Britten negotiated and agreed on an organ border of where it is today (between organ and canada. Gadsden purchase (1853) Bought to build a railroad for the gold rush, never happened , 15 million Alaska was purchased from russia in 1867 For 15 million dollars. (valuable because of the fish and the oils) When it became a territory. Hawaiian Islands 1895 became a territory. As of 1818: There are 11 free states (north) and 11 slaves (south) in 1818 They want the senate to be balanced so they keep adding a state to one side, and balancing out the change by adding another. Missouri In 1820 Missouri wanted to be a state, however because Missouri wanted to be a slave state, the north did not want Missouri to become a state because it would grant the southerners more power. This resulted in congress in 1820 adding Maine as a state, however Maine wasn't ready to become a state as they did not have enough people etc, this resulted in the process of Maine becoming a state being rushed. Missouri Compromise: Als in 1820, congres drew a line at 39 degrees 30 seconds north latitude. Slavery allowed south of the line - not allowed north of the line. 1848: The north (free states) added: wisconsin, michigan, Iowa The south (slave) added: texas, arkansas, florida (15 each) Compromise of 1850: California asked to be admitted - disturbs balance between slave and free states. Compromise of 1850: 1)Congress agrees to admit California as a free state. 2)New mexico and utah territories are created, they decide to be slave or free. 3)Slaves could not be traded in D.C slaves could still be owned. 4)Fugitive Slave law makes it easier to capture runaway slaves. So if you want to be free as a slave, you have to go all the way to canada. Uncle Tom’s cabin: Very important novel Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852. Sold 300,000 copies. Changed the way many northerners view of slavery, first northerners exposed to slavery. Kansas Nebraska act 1854: Two new territories created, Could choose to be slave or free. Kansas is expected to be slave whereas Nebraska is expected to be free. Destroys Missouri Compromise. Bleeding Kansas: Pro-slavery and Anti - slavery moved to kansas leading to violent clashes. They did not make good neighbors with each other John Brown; serial killer, who was against slavery, he would do psychotic things, and was brutal to the people. Dred Scott Case (1856): (story similar to Tom from uncle Tom’s cabin -Slave brought to Wisconsin (free state) for 5 years When the owner died he was sold to a new owner in New York. This new owner was a slave broker. Sues for his freedom Missouri Compromise makes him trying to sue illegal - takes the slave owner’s property away. (because they consider slaves property) John Brown Raid 1859: Abolitionist - uses violence Capture arsenal (place to hold weapons) at Harper’s Ferry planned to start slave revolt. HIs plan did not work, he got captured, hung, and it angered southerners. Abraham Lincoln is the first republican candidate to run for president. Presentation notes: Group 1: Union contained a population of 22 million people. Including immigrants and free slaves. They were in the north and had resources like Confederate: 9 million people (3 million did not fight because they were slaves) Naval power: Union had a small navy around 40 usable ships, confederacy had no navy, they only had a handful of ship-headers. Advantages of the north: Resources, steel mills, iron mines, industry, railroads (70% of the railroads were in the north) Disadvantages of the north: They had less military experience. More people South advantages: They had experience from Mexican American war veterans. Presentation #3 Gettysburg address and barrel: The battle of Gettysburg was a battle between the confederates and the union. With the ultimate defeat of the south. Battle: The battle of Gettysburg Pennsylvania lasted 3 days, it was the second invasion of confederacy into the union, bloodiest battle in the civil war, estimated 50,000 casualties. Female soldiers joined. Lincoln's Guettysburg address: Mentioned importance of equality, need to maintain the union. Turning point in the war. Speech was a dedication to the lives of the people who died, memorial to people who died there. It was a really short speech, Prior to the speech, lincon’s purpose of the war was to preserve the union, however the speech changed what the war is about, which was freedom. Emancipation: The liberation of slavery -lincoln pressured to end slavery by abolitionists, arguing that there would be more recruits for war. Proclamation - did not express lincoln's personal views of slavery Lincon avoided the issue of slavery because if he got rid of it he would lose 4 states out of the union. Freed 0 slaves, because he said slaves are free in rebel territory, however he does not have control over that. New Roles During the civil war women were able to take new roles that included supplying food, 3k women served as nurses in the war. Women took responsibility for doing labor things in the city as the men where out to do war Clara Barton - Founder of red cross, nurse who went on battlefield without permission. War changed women's lives: participates more in the local economy, she takes care of for example the farm, a lot where nurses The Road to Surrender: Appointing a commander of all union forces,Lincon was often disappointed with his commander. Robert lee’s army virginia (wanted richmond 3 battles would take place, and Grant would lose many soldiers. Significance of the march to the sea, Successful y disrupted the flow of supply of confederate forces Sherman led march to the sea War ends:The surrendering of Lee and the confederates led to the war's end. Lee surrendered because confederates felt lost, 3 days for confederates to leave the area Surrendered on april 12th The union destroyed the capital of the confederates in richmond virginia, they burned it 360 k union died 260k confederates died 375k wounded Lincoln as commander in chief: Lincoln was a republican president, during his time his main goal was to preserve the union, he said that he was going to deal with the south peacefully, however he was killed, by John Wilkes Booth, killed Lincoln because he thought that they put the rights to slaves at risk. ------------------------------------------------END of 8th grade content--------------------------------------------- Rise of industry in the united states: Brookland bridge (NYC) - Opened in 1883, a lot of people were doubting people had the technology to make the bridge happen before they made it. Mix of old (stone) and new practices (cables) , longest suspension bridge in the world at the time. The bridge was needed because it allowed more foot-traffic and a lot of the people were working in the city or factory that the bridge brought them to. Symbol of transition from a rural to an urban nation. Techniques of it were not that modern. Manufacturing during the rise of industry was in the Northeast and the Midwest Midwest (chicago) Large volumes of manufacturing. The two largest industries: Oil and steel were the two largest industries at the time, it was needed to build a lot of things. However steel mills did not provide a good environment for the workers Henry Besssemer invented the Bessemer Process - allowed large quantities of steel to be produced cheaply - (he created a good efficient recipe to allow steel to be made at a cheaper price and larger quantity. Why steel? Because steel is flexible, due to this pliability, it is better for building larger infrastructures. It's a lot lighter than iron so you can It's really hard, so there are no indentations when you hit it. ex) When you use iron for railroad tracks they will get worn down eventually, however if you use steel it will be ok. Lighter, stronger, flexible Steel production in 1867 (right after the civil war) was 2000 tons Steel production in 1900 was 7,000,000 tons Steel was used to make train tracks, girders for skyscraper, beams, cables, etc First skyscraper, the Flatiron Building, New York, 1901 Skyscrapers could not be built with iron or wood, steel was needed They invented the elevator, because it was needed to travel the new skyscraper buildings, people don't want to walk for example, 12 stories, to get to your business. Why build a skyscraper: -Space in cities is expensive (they save a lot of space) -Mor offices, less space taken up, larger profits Andrew Carnegie was the godfather of modern steel crafting. One of the wealthiest men at the time because of steel. Created the steel industry in homestead pennsylvania He donated a lot of his wealth, and still does today, made Carnegie Mellon university. (CMU) First successful oil well at Titusville, Pennsylvania in 1859 However the extraction came to a halt next year because of the civil war. Oil became a big business - Automobiles (not yet but later), Locomotives, and turbines replaced horse and steam powered machines. John D. Rockefeller -Owned Standard Oil -He eliminated competition (he's about owning everything! He wants no middle man) -By 1879 owned 90% of oil refining in the United States (he was rich) This is called a monopoly. The Railroad industry - Important for shipping throughout the United states (shipping product allowed for better sales) Cornelius Vanderbilt -Controlled most of the important railroad line in the United States -Created a standard size for a railroad that everyone had to use. -Created inexpensive and fast shipping. -Drove small companies out of business Company town: -There is a large factory, were the company also builds housing, for the workers because it is in -the middle of nowhere -Many workers lived in employer owned villages. -Company made money from rent. -Isolated from schools and shopping, you are separated from the rest of society -Factories paid their workers in script, script is just company money, this company money -should be used to pay rent, buy things in the company store, etc. -The workers worked 12 hours a day, 6 days a week in dangerous conditions for little pay. Assembly line, allowed for products to be cheaper because more could be made in less time, however there were drawbacks, because the people did not like their jobs and they were made of worst materials Dangerous factory conditions: -Factories poorly lighted, bad ventilation, hot, hazardous -Dust and fibers fill the air - White lung. Factories had two shifts a day, factories run 24 hours a day. Coal mining ( we really needed it back then because a lot of things relied on the coal energy) Black lung -Coal miners work deep underground, explosions and cave ins (a lot of kids did coal mining, because they could fit into the spots). Boys as young as 10 work in the mines, they wore helmets with candles. Many families are forced to send children to work. In 1900 2 million children between 10 and 15 were working. Workers banded together in UNIONS to improve working conditions -Workers work together collectively to try and get something. Strength in numbers Early unions: Knights of labor - founded by Terence Powderly Wanted 8 hour work days, safer working conditions, compensation for injury, and equal pay for men and women Open to everyone-unskilled, women, African Americans, and immigrants. Ends up dying thanks to their too broad representation. American federation of labor (AFL): - Founded in 1881 by Samuel Gompers -Wanted 8 hour work days, unions to represent workers, union only open to european skilled workers They had 1 million members by 1904. (survives gets the good more powerful workers) Thomas Edison (he created ideas, and had other people work on it in his lab) -Inventions: lightbulb (it was a really good invention at the time) Movie Camera , has a lot of film, takes pictures at many moments. Photograph - same concept of records, like pointing a needle to project sound. Had over 1,000 patents Thomas edison Proponent of Direct Current (DC) Helped develop an Electric chair using Alternating Current (AC) to show how lethal it was (comes in little bursts). Alexander G. Bell - invented the telephone By 1900 there were 1 million miles of wire. Nikola Tesla: Started working for edison Immigrated from eastern europe Invented the electric dynamo allowing cheap production of energy (coil of wires that spins and creates electricity) In favor of AC (short spurts of energy, not consistent) Made the tesla coil. Wilbur and Orville Wright: Invented airplane - first flight 1900 They were first to get something in flight, and be able to maneuver it. Gustavus Swift: Developed refrigerated rail cars- changed the way people eat. You are able to kill animals, and bring it far away This made the price of meat a lot cheaper. This was additionally applicable to vegetables (you can have vegetables when they are out of season) Changed the american diet Christopher Sholes; Set up layout of keys on the typewriter. QWERTY. Speed up typing by slowing it down - speeding up business. Heinrich Hertz: Discovered radio waves. Conducted experiments leading to radio and x-rays. George Eastman: Partner with kodak Eastman Kodak Designed the first camera available to the public. Plastic roll film. Accessibility of photos. ------------------------------------------------------Imigration--------------------------------------------------- From 1865-1900 13.5 million immigrants came to the United states. Most were of European descent. Hard for immigrants because you have to spend your life savings to get there, you probably won't see your family again. Reasons to come to america, Wars, famine (lack of food), Religious persecution (pogroms, violent attacks on certain religious groups), overpopulation Ex of famine: The irish potato famine, potatoes were the primary diet of the irish, however there happened a potato famine, and that caused a lot of irish to immigrate out. Most “new” immigrants from southern and eastern europe as opposed to the old ones from north and western europes. Odd chemistry though because some of the old immigrants were protestants, However some of the new people coming in were catholic. Additionally, most people spoke languages other than English. How did people get here (different styles of commuting): Steerage class (travel by self) - shoved into the boat like cattle, poor conditions for 2-3 weeks. Cheapest and least comfortable way to travel to the US. -Cost many families life savings to send one member -Dirty,sticky, very hot, or very cold, smells really bad. Cabin Class (with family): In 1905 cabin class was 20$ more than steerage class Get own room, get access to better things on the ship Luxurious way of traveling to the United States. Quick release from Ellis Island (that one island in new york near the statue of liberty) Ellis Island: Maintain a healthy workforce, because they want to keep a good environment. Immigrants went through a process of being checked, and inspected. They had medical inspections, medical, names where also often changed Immigrants would have tags on their jackets that tell them where they came from, when, and what they are doing there. Deported: Suspected of being criminals, even though they don't have a record, they would just assume someone is a criminal and send them back. Political cartoons - to show an idea and get you to believe something. Nativism/Nativist: “native born” feared and resented new immigrants (where born here) - fear that the immigrants are going to compete for jobs. -Immigrants accepted lower wages and worse working conditions. Most immigrants settled in big cities. ex) chicago, new york, cincinnati. Immigrants had their own neighborhood, ex) china town, japan town etc…. Positives of living in an immigrant neighborhood: You know the people, no language barrier. Food is the same, clothing,culture, support network, Negatives of living in an immigrant neighborhood: Takes longer to learn English, increase of prejudice, Increased stereotypes, Five-cent-a-spot lodging: Many young immigrant men did not have a place to stay, they would do this to save money so they could send it back home. Up to 12 people in a 13x13 room - very uncomfortable, dirty, crowded. How did immigration change from 1880 to 1910 Increase from eastern and southern europe For the Chinese, their goals were different. The Chinese wanted to make money in the US then bring it back to China, because their money is more valuable in china. -Chinese had to go through the immigration station at Angel Island The Chinese worked on the transcontinental railroad. Where they were not treated that well or payed that well Mostly men - most planned on returning home - preserved culture By 1877 chinese made up 17% of the population of california, The nativist dislike the chinese The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 tried to end all Chinese immigration to the United states. They tried to stop all chinese immigration Exceptions: Close families could come (you could bring your son) The Irish did not like the Chinese because they worked for the same jobs. The Irish beat up the Chinese people. Jaboc Riis took powerful photographs of the conditions immigrants lived in -----------------------------------------------After 1st test----------------------------------------- Muckraker: Groups of men and women who exposed problems created by industrialism and immigration ex) Jacob Riis - wrote “how the other half lives” Tammy Hall - democratic political machine that dominated new york city politics led by “Boss” Tweed (they walked up to every new irish person in ellis island) ---------------------------------------------Progressive---------------------------------- Ida Minerva Tarbell Background: Born in pennsylvania. And my father was a carpenter. Influenced by feminist ideas growing up. Dad made storage barrels for oil Graduated from college, became teacher for a little, and became a journalist Moved to Paris, to study the role of women in the French revolution. Wrote book, was very successful Exposed unfair practices of standard oil’s railroad agreements and unfair practices. Expose how they give discounts when they weren't allowed to Muckraker - journalist who focused primarily on negative aspects instead of positive changes. Ida tarbell was She was successful because the supreme court broke down standard oil. Broke up standard oil, successful reform of breaking down Wrote book called the history of standard oil company (which was critical of standard oil) Upton Sinclair: Unique lifestyle: lived in both poverty and wealthy, his mom was poor and was a alcoholic, wealthy lifestyle when living with his mom Fought in the Navy Joined confederate service made EPIC and poverty in california got the support of democrats not conservatives The election of 1934 motion picture propaganda (spreading word to Worth fighting for -Upton sinclair wrote a book called the jungle Opened the public's eyes about safety in factories, forcing change by revealing these things. Impact of the jungle on food safety His novel The Jungle shocked America by revealing harsh conditions. Brought idea to the Aimed for heart hit stomach, wanted to get them to care about immigrants, ended up having them care about the food they were making (like the sausages) Ran for president, made money for the campaign by writing books Wrote The jungle 1906 - shows the life of recent immigrants working in the meat packing industry in chicago. - He exaggerated how bad the conditions in the industry were. Because there was no regulation on it. Made people not want to eat it. Regulation of drugs - ex) soothing syrup - given to teething babies, worked well, however it worked because there was opium in it. This was really dangerous. Had all kinds of crazy stuff in it, however a lot of it was dangerous. (one year after the jungle was published) Pure food and Drug act of 1906 - Barred the use of harmful additives in food, and forbid the use of misleading statements in the advertisement of drugs. -Set up the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to make sure that food and drugs are safe. Alice paul: Early life: Quaker parents, big on equality for women, parents influenced the idea of women’s rights. Attend women suffrage meetings. Constitutionalists and militants. Militants(of britten) - Militants where willing to use violence to get their point, (ex they would set themselves on fire) She went on hunger strikes, where they didn't eat food, however they forced her to eat by tieing her to a chair, and using a hose to feed them. Militant suffrage group (she joined) - they were a lot more hard core, they would use violence to get their way. She created the congressional union, for women's suffrage She dedicated her life to make sure that women gained the same rights as men. Advocated for the equal rights amendments. Set up a women’s suffrage parade in Washington DC. Successful in passing the 19th amendment, allowed all genders the opportunity to vote. The 19th amendment guarantees women the right to vote, because most western states allowed them to She succeeded in including a women's rights statement in the UN charter. Largest failure - wasn’t about to get the equal rights amendment passed before she died, it would have amended the US constitution saying that everyone is equal. William Du bois Raised by a single mother, showed early talent as a writer. When he went to Nashville and found identity being surrounded by black people. Went to uPenn, studied black community of philadelphia, The atlanta conference, purpose for the study of negro problems, study how much of natural law here is in human conflict, Founding member of NAACP (association of colored people) Alienated for declaring sympathy with communist, was revoked passport, however given back but he didn't want to stay in the US Sociologist, (studied the behaviors of people with each other) Wanted to find out why african americans stayed poor but other groups did not Did not receive reforms he wanted, however created stepping stones for it Theodor roosevelt: Had asthma and poor eyesight taught him to be more determined Moved to open area in dakotas from area from NYC Be transpired of things he saw Conservationist - love nature Wanted to regulate big businesses. Major success in conservation -Continued to fight for reforms after presidency -created commissions for investigating issue on conservation - Enlarged forest reserves He was a trust buster Trust - When a companies controlled most of the industry and worked together to get what they wanted (monopoly) Fought for : regulation of big businesses, and as a conservationist Elected vice because they didn't want him to have that much power, however the other president at the time mckinney was assassinated so Roosevelt became president. “Speak softly, but carry a big stick” First president to set aside land for national parks. Conservationist. Fought for regulation of Big business limiting monopolies and trusts. Federal trade commission act of 1914: Prevents companies from becoming monopolies and breaking laws protecting small businesses Robert Marion LaFollette -Lived in rural poverty Attended Uwisconson madison Started career of lawyers, first election as a district attorney -He canvassed, meaning that he looked for votes himself In 1890 democratic party swept the government. Was able to make reforms with support of his people Made newspapers that aided in spreading ideas. Created his change List of reforms that he fought for - Wisconsin idea Many reforms were passed by his voters. Wisconsin idea: -Elections should be accomplished by direct voter primaries (makes it more democracy) -property owned by bag business should be taxed at the same rate property owned by individuals -Regulation of railroad rates (gov can tell them how much they must pay for railroad was considered that it was a natural monopoly) -Helped get 17th amendment to the constitution; allowed for direct election of US senators by the voters Views on war, opposed US entry into WWI ________________________US expands as a world power____________________________ Vocab: Isolationism - when a nation keeps itself separate from other nations. To Stand alone. To not get involved with other nations.; No alliances or agreements; No international,political or economic relations. Imperialism - Extending the power of one nation over another nation or territory. Taking advantage of a weaker nation. Taking control over a country against their will. (getting involved with another country) During the 1800’s the United States doubled in size. Territories were acquired from Britain, France, Mexico, Spain, Russia and native americans. The US got involved in latin america The United States was involved in Latin America, Hawaii, and Samoa All this contributed to war with Spain - the United States was becoming a world power -spain hurt their own economy because they took all the gold and therefore there was no market. -Cuba was a Spanish Colony The US had economic ties with Cuba - Sugar plantations Many Cubans hated the Spanish Cruelty Falling sugar prices led to revolution against Spanish rule; As a result of the revolt, Spain increases brutality and imprisonment; Cubans leave to seek a better life and go to New york. In New York spread publicity for the rebel cause. -Cubans compare their struggle to the british rule of america to americans; because the people of the US sided with the cubans, it started a war between spain and the US -President McKinley ordered the battleship Maine into Havana Harbor, in Cuba, “ to protect American citizens and properly against the Cuban uprising and Spain. In Cuba, Explosion destroyed an American battleship - killing 260 sailors; Spain was blamed for the explosion (with little evidence, because Spain probably had nothing to do with it.) Yellow Journalism (like propaganda but with a different goal) - Reports that purposely try to stir up the emotions of the readers without paying much attention to facts done to sell newspapers. (to increase sales) -Created anti-spanish feeling and publicized the cause of the cuban rebels Joseph Pulitzer of “The World” and William Randolph Hearst of “The Journal” tried to outdo each other with more spectacular stories of Spanish Cruelty (To get people to want to join the war, they made propaganda that would make people want to) McKinley opposed military action against Spain - Newspapers and the public pushed him to war Spanish American War begins May 1, 1898 - Battle of Manila in the Philippines. The US won this battle because American ship technologies were way better. Entire spanish fleet was sunk and only one US casualty - Commodore George Dewey leads U.S fleet Filipino patriot - Emilio Aguinaldo helps Dewey by leading an Filipino uprising against Spain. Aguinaldo gave the impression that the US would grant Philippines independence when Spain was defeated. Dewey denies he made this promise. Theodore Roosevelt - War hero - becomes president - led by a group called rough riders - took over San Juan Hill in Cuba. 9th and 10th colored cavalry crucial to battle of san juan Hill - received little recognition Spanish war. Theodore roosevelt = TR Theardor roosevelt thought the was a ‘splendid little war’ Battle casualties were low 5000 soldiers died from typhoid, yellow fever, and effects of tainted meat. Us wins the war with Spain Results: -Cuba forced the US to send troops and set up Naval bases. Platt amendment - cuba can't make negotiations with other countries -US gains control over Puerto Rico and influences throughout central america -US gains control over Philippines and guam (don't let them become a independent country) Filipinos fight back against them, leading to the Philippines war. -Theodore Roosevelt becomes President. - france tried to build a canal across the isthmus of Panama and failed because they tried to build through area with a mountain Battleship oregon: Left seattle for cuba at the beginning of the spanish american war By the time I got there the war was over. From San Francisco to NYC it used to take 20900 km, however after the construction it was 8370 km. Panama was part of Columbia, They would not sell land to the US to build a canal. -US gives money and guns to the Panamanians, -The rebels win - from panama. -Panama allows the US to build a canal. Construction begins on the panama canal in 1904 Took 10 years to build - 43000 workers -Disease kills many workers The Panama canal provides the US navy easy passage from the Atlantic to the pacific. Asia: European countries had spheres of influence in Asia Spheres of influence - foreign country controls the government and money of another country US - wanted an open door policy (equal opportunity to trade) in Asia. Use the Philippines to gain influence. Chinese nationalist, called the Boxers, try to kick out all foreigners in 1900 Boxer’s used martial arts US sends troops - helps end rebellion in 7 weeks Roosevelt believed that the US had the right to impose its values on weaker nations to protect the interest of the US. -Roosevelt wins Nobel peace prize for helping negotiate peace between Japan and Russia. (roosevelt likes war) ----------------------------------The great war - World war I---------------------------------------------------- Prior to the US joining the war it was called the european war, First war for people to use poison gas, first people were germans (used chlorine gas) War has started Allied powers - Britain, France, Russia, etc Central powers - Germany, Austria-hungary , ottoman empire, etc The united states: US proclaims that it would be neutral in the war - People in the US feel connection with Britain and France (this is who the US really wants to win) The US bankers lend large amounts of money to allied countries Types of war: Germans were known as technological powerhouses of the world) Germany uses submarines; Germany states that it will try not to sink neutral ships, but that mistakes will happen. President willson warns Germany that it will be held responsible for any US ships sunk - Submarines use surprise attack, easy to sink if seen International law: Ships may only be sick if passengers and crew are given safe passage off ship. Having a submarine conflicts with the laws of war.- germany ignores international law Arabic ship - sunk by german submarine - 1 american killed ‘Sussex’ sunk by german submarines - americans seriously injured Germany agrees to stop sinking passenger liners, because they are worried that such a strong power if they keep doing the US would join the war in anger. Zimmerman telegram - 1917 British agents intercept this telegram from German foreign secretary Authur Zimmerman to the German Minister in Mexico. Someone sent the message saying - ‘Ask mexico if they want to join the war, and to pay them back we well help them attack US and get their stuff they lost in mexican american war” However because the British tapped the line, they were able to leverage it and use it as leverage in the US, to piss off the US people. The US president wants to be in the war, because they want to shape how the world is in the future, and want to make sure Britain wins. The US could use the message as a reason to join the war. President wilson ask congress to declare war - april 1917, to “ make the world safe for democracy” -Wanted to make this the war that ends all wars. Set the world up in a way that will make it so a war like this could happen. -War was declared US unprepared for war - needed draft However draft did not make sense because they drafted people by location Sulivan brothers- all 5 of them died and they had to tell mother that all of her sons died Military equipment was needed By late 1917, 50,000 US troops landed in France each month - a refreshing boost to the war. US military segregated, black infantry unit 369 awarded Croix de Guerre -+ Highest honor from French military When the black people come, the French people are so happy to see them and this changes the perspective of how the world treats them. - tell their kids that there is something different, it’s their kids in the civil rights movement. -----------------------------------------------World war I end -------------------------------------------------------- Germany surrenders on november 11th, 1918 - the war ends President Woodrow Wilson: -Hoped that WWI would be “The war to end all wars” -Designed the 14 points - hoped that they would prevent war from ever happening again The 14 points where - Freedom of the seas (don't attack neutral vessels, it's what started the war for america) - No secret agreements (agreements between counties must be public; so have all information when making a decision - Equal economic opportunity for all nations.(you can't force people to pay damages) - Fair handling of border disputes - Self determination (counties should give up their colonies, people who live in their own places should be able to self govern themselves). - Group of nations to insure world peace - called “League of Nations” World leaders meeting; All allied power world leaders meet in versace. Woodrow Wilson (US) David Lloyd George(Briten), Georges Clemenceau (France), Vitorio Orlando(Italy) European leaders wanted to punish Germany. -They wanted payment for damages (wilson was against it) -Wanted “Buffer Zone” between Germany and France ( A military free zone) -Take over German Colonies. (wilson doesn't like because he thinks that they should be free) Treaty of versailles: -Germany given full blame to the war (european leaders win) -Germany lost colonies (european leaders win) (maily to france and england) -Return Alsace-Lorraine to France (european leaders win) -Almost no military in Germany (european leaders win) -Germany had to pay 33 billion dollars (to mostly france) (european leaders win) -Austria-Hungary divided into smaller counties (wilson wins) -League of nations (wilson wins) Wilson gave up a lot just to get the league of nations. Wilson returns home and he is happy because he got the league of nations - The league of Nations was defeated in U.S congress November 1919 (because they were feeling isolationist) -Congress defeats the one thing that Wilson thought would save the world. Leads to our ‘first’ female president, Woodro Wilson had a heart attack, and his wife Ellen had control. Final , first part common : 20 question mcq about readings (given beforehand) 2nd part his final: General of what he's done this whole year, 90 questions. Day 1 : Common final and 20 questions of his final (please dont show up late ) YOU CAN'T BE LATE TO THE FINAL, you will not get credit for notebook IF YOU FINISH THE REVIEW SHEET, you can get 2-3 points extra credit on the final, YOU JUST NEED TO ATTACH THE DOCUMENT TO THE NOTEBOOK (this doc) IF YOU DO IT ON PAPER JUST TURN IT IN ON PAPER