Review on Urology and Nephrology PDF

Review on urology and nephrology Mention the types of glomerulonephritis: Primary Glomerulonephritis: Limited to the Kidneys Secondary Glomerulonephritis: Kidneys & other systems affected: SLE, DM List the essential features of NephrOtic Syndrome ▪ MOre P...

Review on urology and nephrology Mention the types of glomerulonephritis: Primary Glomerulonephritis: Limited to the Kidneys Secondary Glomerulonephritis: Kidneys & other systems affected: SLE, DM List the essential features of NephrOtic Syndrome ▪ MOre PrOteinuria: > 3,5 g/day. ▪ Hypoalbuminemia: serum albumin < 3gm. ▪ Edema: generalized & pitting. ▪ Hyperlipidemia & Lipiduria. List the primary and secondary causes of Nephrotic Syndrome I. Primary glomerulonephritis (3M) 1. Minimal change glomerulonephritis 2. Membranous glomerulonephritis 3. Membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis II-Secondary glomerulonephritis: (SAD) 1. Systemic lupus erythematosus 2. Diabetes Mellitus 3. Amyloidosis. List the essential features of NephrItic Syndrome 1. Hematuria 2. Oliguria 3. LIttle proteinuria 4. Hypertension 5. Mild Oedema List three causes of nephritic syndrome: 1. Acute diffuse Proliferative poststreptoccocal GN 2. Crescentic GN 3. Membrano-proliferative GN Give short account on chronic diffuse GN: Etiology& pathogenesis: END STAGE of most glomerular diseases Pathology: Gross ✓ Size: bilateral symmetrically CONTRACTED kidneys ✓ Capsule: adherent ✓ Outer surface: finely granular ✓ Cut section: atrophy of cortex and medulla not demarcated from each other, ✓ Peri-pelvic fat: relative increase ✓ Prominent vessels , cysts Micro ✓ Glomeruli: are fibrosed, hyalinosed and shrunken ✓ Tubules: atrophy, compensatory cystic dilatation ✓ Interstitium: chronic inflammation, fibrosis, thick arterioles EAO C/P, Fate: hypertension, CRF, death 1