Urinary_system.pdf

Urinary System  Urinary System The urinary system, also known as (renal system or urinary tract)consists of: (‫)اﻟﺠﮭﺎا زﻟﺒﻮﻟﻲ ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ‬ 1. Two kidneys (‫)ﻛﻠﯿﺘﯿﻦ‬ 2. Two ureters (‫)ﺣﺎﻟﺒﯿﻦ‬ 3. Urinary bladder (‫)اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻧﺔا ﻟﺒﻮﻟﯿﺔ‬ 4...

Urinary System  Urinary System The urinary system, also known as (renal system or urinary tract)consists of: (‫)اﻟﺠﮭﺎا زﻟﺒﻮﻟﻲ ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ‬ 1. Two kidneys (‫)ﻛﻠﯿﺘﯿﻦ‬ 2. Two ureters (‫)ﺣﺎﻟﺒﯿﻦ‬ 3. Urinary bladder (‫)اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻧﺔا ﻟﺒﻮﻟﯿﺔ‬ 4. Urethra (‫)اﻹﺣﻠﯿﻞ‬ The kidneys and ureters are retroperitoneal organs. (‫)اﻟﻜﻠﻰاو ﻟﺤﺎﻟﺐھ ﻲأ ﻋﻀﺎء ﺧﻠﻒا ﻟﺼﻔﺎق‬ The urinary bladder is covered by peritoneum from the superior surface only. (‫)اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻧﺔا ﻟﺒﻮﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﻐﻄﺎة ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻔﺎق ﻣﻦا ﻟﺴﻄﺢا ﻟﻌﻠﻮي ﻓﻘﻂ‬  Urinary System Function of the urinary system : (‫)ظوﯿﻔﺔا ﻟﺠﮭﺎا زﻟﺒﻮﻟﻲ‬ kidneys: - regulate blood volume and its composition (‫)ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﺣﺠﻢا ﻟﺪو مﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﮫ‬ - help regulate blood pressure, pH, and glucose levels. (‫ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﯾﺎا تﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮز‬، ‫ مﺟﺔا ﻟﺤﻤﻮﺿﺔو‬، ‫)ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﺿﻐﻂا ﻟﺪردو‬ - produce hormones (renin, calcitriol, and erythropoietin) ((‫)إﻧﺘﺎا جﻟﮭﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎت )اﻟﺮﯾﻨﯿﻦاو ﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﯿﺘﺮﯾﻮاو لﻹرﯾﺜﺮوﺑﻮﯾﺘﯿﻦ‬ - excrete wastes in urine. (‫)اﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦا ﻟﻔﻀﻼت ﻓﻲا ﻟﺒﻮل‬ Ureters - transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder. (‫)ﻧﻘﻞا ﻟﺒﻮل ﻣﻦا ﻟﻜﻠﻰإ ﻟﻰا ﻟﻤﺜﺎﻧﺔا ﻟﺒﻮﻟﯿﺔ‬ Urinary bladder - stores urine and expels it into urethra (‫)ﯾﺨﺰا نﻟﺒﻮل ﯾﺨﺮﺟﮫإ ﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﺮا ىﻟﺒﻮل‬ Urethra - discharges urine from body. (‫)ﯾﺨﺮا جﻟﺒﻮل ﻣﻦا ﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ In case of renal failure, the kidneys are not able to do its function so the patient undergoes dialysis. (‫ ي ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊا ﻟﻜﻠﻰا ﻟﻘﯿﺎم ﺑﻮظﯿﻔﺘﮭﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﯾﺨﻀﻊا ﻟﻤﺮﯾﺾ ﻟﻐﺴﯿﻞا ﻟﻜﻠﻰ‬،‫)ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔا ﻟﻔﺸﻞا ﻟﻜﻠﻮ‬  Kidneys The kidneys are two bean-shaped, reddish-brown organs within the abdomen (‫ ﺑُﻨﻲ ُﻣﺤﻤﺮاد ﺧﻞا ﻟﺒﻄﻦ‬،‫)اﻟﻜﻠﻰ ﻋﺒﺎةر ﻋﻦ ﻋﻀﻮﯾﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺒﺔ ﻓﺎﺻﻮﻟﯿﺎ‬ Situated on the posterior abdominal wall one on each side of. the vertebral column, behind the peritoneum (Retroperitoneal) ((‫ ي ﺧﻠﻒا ﻟﺼﻔﺎق )ﺧﻠﻒا ﻟﺼﻔﺎق‬،‫)ﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺪا راﻟﺒﻄﻦا ﻟﺨﻠﻔﻲاو ﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻦا ﻟﻌﻤﻮا دﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬ The kidneys Covered by: Fibrous capsule, Renal fat,Renal fascia. (‫ ﻏﺸﺎا ءﻟﻜﻠﻮﯾﺔ‬،‫ ﻮن ﻛﻠﻮﯾﺔ‬، ‫ ﻛﺒﺴﻮل ﻟﯿﻔﻲھد‬: ‫)اﻟﻜﻠﻰ ﻣﻐﻄﺎة ﺑـ‬  Kidneys Each kidney presents the following external features: (‫)ﺗﻘﺪم ﻛﻞ ﻛﻠﯿﺔا ﻟﻤﯿﺰا تاﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿﺔا ﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ Two poles (superior and inferior). ((‫)ﻗﻄﺒﯿﻦ )أﻋﻠﻰدأو ﻧﻰ‬ Two surfaces (anterior and posterior). ((‫)ﺳﻄﺤﺎن )أﻣﺎﻣﻲو ﺧﻠﻔﻲ‬ Two borders (medial and lateral). ((‫)ﺣﺪنا )وﺳﻄﻲو ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬ A hilum (‫)اﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞا ﻟﻜﻠﻮي‬ Ant. View Post. View  Kidneys Poles of the kidney : 1. The superior (upper) pole. ((‫)اﻟﻘﻄﺐا ﻟﻌﻠﻮي )اﻟﻌﻠﻮي‬ - thick and round and related to the suprarenal gland. (‫)ﺳﻤﯿﻜﺔو ﻣﺴﺘﺪﯾﺮتاذو ة ﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺪة ﻓﻮق ﻛﻠﻮﯾﺔ‬ 2. The inferior (lower)pole. ((‫)اﻟﻘﻄﺐا ﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ)اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬ - thin and pointed and lies 2.5 cm above the iliac crest. (‫ ﺳﻢ ﻓﻮق ﻗﻤﺔا ﻟﺤﺮﻗﻔﺔ‬٢.٥ ‫)رﻗﯿﻘﺔو ﻣﺪﺑﺒﺔو ﺗﻘﻊ‬ Borders of the kidney : 1. The medial border. (‫)اﻟﺤﺪا دوﻹﻧﺴﯿﺔ‬ - convex above and below the poles / concave in the middle. (‫ ﻣﻘﻌﺮ ﻓﻲا ﻟﻤﻨﺘﺼﻒ‬/.‫)ﻣﺤﺪب ﻓﻮأو قﺳﻔﻞا ﻟﻘﻄﺒﯿﻦ‬ - presents a vertical fissure in its middle part called hilum(‫ﺷﻘ ُﺎ ﻋﻤﻮدﯾ ُﺎ ﻓﻲا ﻟﺠﺰا ءﻷوﺳﻂ ﯾﺴﻤﻰا ﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫)ﯾﻘﺪم‬. 2. The lateral border. (‫)اﻟﺤﺪا ﻟﻮﺣﺸﻲ‬ - it is convex. (‫)إﻧﮫ ﻣﺤﺪب‬  Kidneys Surfaces of the kidney : 1. The anterior surface. (‫)اﻟﺴﻄﺢا ﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ‬ - convex and faces anterolaterally., related to the abdominal viscera (‫ جر ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘ ُﺎ ﺑﺄﺣﺸﺎا ءﻟﺒﻄﻦ‬،‫و ﯾﻮاﺟﮫ ﻟﻸﻣﺎاو مﻟﺨﺎ‬ ‫)ﻣﺤﺪب‬ 2. The posterior surface. (‫)اﻟﺴﻄﺢا ﻟﺨﻠﻔﻲ‬ - flat and faces posteromedially, lies on the posterior abdominal wall ‫ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺪا راﻟﺒﻄﻦ‬،‫)ﻣﺴﻄﺤﺔو ﯾﻮاﺟﮫ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻒاو ﻟﺪاﺧﻞ‬ (‫اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻲ‬  Kidneys Hilum of the kidney : It is a vertical slit on the medial concave border, transmits, from before backward, the following structures : (‫ ﻟﮭﯿﺎﻛﻞا ﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬، ‫ ﻣﻦا ﻷﻣﺎإ مﻟﻰا ﻟﺨﻠﻒا‬،‫ ﯾﻨﻘﻞ‬،‫)إﻧﮫ ﺷﻖ ﻋﻤﻮيد ﻋﻠﻰا ﻟﺤﺪا دوﻟﻤﻘﻌﺮا ةﻹﻧﺴﯿﺔ‬ 1. Renal vein, exits from the hilum ( ‫)اﻟﻮرﯾﺪا ﻟﻜﻠﻮي ﯾﺨﺮج ﻣﻦا ﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞا ﻟﻜﻠﻮي‬ 2. Renal artery, enters into the hilum exits from the hilum (‫)اﻟﺸﺮﯾﺎا نﻟﻜﻠﻮي ﯾﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲا ﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞا ﻟﻜﻠﻮي‬ 3. Ureter, exits from the hilum ( ‫)اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺐ ﯾﺨﺮج ﻣﻦا ﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞا ﻟﻜﻠﻮي‬ The most posterior structure in the hilum is the ureter: (‫)اﻟﮭﯿﻜﻞا ﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﻌﺪا ﻓﻲا ﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞا ﻟﻜﻠﻮھ يﻮا ﻟﺤﺎﻟﺐ‬  Kidneys Macroscopic Structure When the kidney is split longitudinally, it presents The kidney proper and The renal sinus. (‫ ﻓﺈﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﻈﮭﺮا ﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔا ﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔاو ﻟﺠﯿﻮا بﻟﻜﻠﻮﯾﺔ‬،‫)ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢا ﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔط ﻮﻟﯿ ُﺎ‬ Kidney Proper : (naked eye examination will present ). (‫)ﺳﻮف ﯾﻈﮭﺮا ﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﯿﻦا ﻟﻤﺠﺮةد‬ 1. Dark brown outer Cortex (‫)ﻗﺸﺮة ﺧﺎرﺟﯿﺔ ﺑﻨﯿﺔاد ﻛﻨﺔ‬ 2. Light brown inner Medulla (‫)ﻟﺐاد ﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﻨﯿﺔ ﻓﺎﺗﺤﺔ‬ The Cortex - located just below the renal capsule. (‫)ﺗﻘﻊأ ﺳﻔﻞا ﻟﻜﺒﺴﻮﻟﺔا ﻟﻜﻠﻮﯾﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة‬ - extends into the medulla, dividing it into triangular shapes known as (Renal pyramids) (.(‫)ﯾﻤﺘﺪإ ﻟﻰ ﻟﺐا ﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔو ﯾﻘﺴﻤﮫإ ﻟﻰأ ﺷﻜﺎل ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺔ ﺗﻌﺮف ﺑﺎﺳﻢ )اﻷھﺮاﻣﺎا تﻟﻜﻠﻮﯾﺔ‬ The Medulla - It is composed of 5–11 dark masses called (Renal pyramids). ((‫ ﻛﺘﻠﺔاد ﻛﻨﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ )ھأﺮاﻣﺎا تﻟﻜﻠﻰ‬١١-٥ ‫)ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ‬ - The apices of renal pyramids form nipple-like projections called (Renal papillae) which invaginate the minor calyces. ‫)ﺗﺸﻜﻞأ ﺳﻤﺎك‬ ‫اﻷھﺮاﻣﺎا تﻟﻜﻠﻮﯾﺔإ ﺳﻘﺎطﺎت ﺗﺸﺒﮫا ﻟﺤﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ )اﻟﺤﻠﯿﻤﺎا تﻟﻜﻠﻮﯾﺔ(ا ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻐﺰو‬ (‫اﻟﻜﺆا سوﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮة‬  Kidneys Macroscopic Structure Renal Sinus : It is a cavity, contains: (‫ ﯾﺤﺘﻮي‬،‫)إﻧﮫ ﺗﺠﻮﯾﻒ‬ 1. Renal Pelvis (‫)اﻟﺤﻮا ضﻟﻜﻠﻮي‬ 2. Major Calyx (‫)اﻟﻜﺄا سﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ‬ 3. Minor Calyx (‫)ﻛﺄس ﺻﻐﯿﺮ‬ - Each renal papilla indent a structure known as (The minor calyx), which collects urine from the pyramids. ‫)ﻛﻞ ﺣﻠﯿﻤﺔ ﻛﻠﻮﯾﺔ ﺗﺒﺮا زﻟﻰاد ﺧﻞ ﺑﻨﯿﺔ ﯾﻌﺮف ﺑﺎﺳﻢ )اﻟﻜﺄا سﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮ(ا ﻟﺬي ﯾﺠﻤﻊ‬ (.‫اﻟﺒﻮل ﻣﻦا ﻷھﺮاﻣﺎت‬ - Several minor calyces (5-11)merge to form a (Major calyces 2-3) (٣-٢‫ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﯾﻦ)ﻛﺆر سوﺋﯿﺴﻲ‬١١-‫ة‬٥ ‫)ﺗﻨﺪﻣﺞ ﻋﺪة ﻛﺆسو ﺻﻐﯿﺮ‬ - Urine passes through the major calyces into (The renal pelvis), a flattened and funnel-shaped structure. (‫ ﻮ ﻋﺒﺎةر ﻋﻦھ ﯿﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻗﻤﻊ‬، ‫)ﯾﻤﺮا ﻟﺒﻮل ﻋﺒﺮا ﻟﻜﺆا سوﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔإ ﻟﻰ )اﻟﺤﻮا ضﻟﻜﻠﻮي(ھو‬ - From the renal pelvis, urine drains into the ureter, which transports it to the bladder for storage. (.‫ ﻟﺬي ﯾﻨﻘﻠﮫإ ﻟﻰا ﻟﻤﺜﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﺰﯾﻦ‬، ‫)ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﺮﯾﻒا ﻟﺒﻮل ﻣﻦا ﻟﺤﻮا ضﻟﻜﻠﻮإ يﻟﻰا ﻟﺤﺎﻟﺐاو‬  Kidneys Microscopic Structure The functional unit of the kidney is The Nephron. (‫)اﻟﻮﺣﺪا ةﻟﻮظﯿﻔﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻰھ ﻲا ﻟﻜﻠﯿﻮن‬ - The number of nephrons in each kidney is about 1–3 million. (‫ ﻣﻠﯿﻮن‬٣-١ ‫)ﯾﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺪا دﻟﻨﯿﻔﺮنو ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻛﻠﯿﺔ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬ - Each nephron consists of: Renal corpuscle and Tubule system. (‫ا ﻟﻜﺮﯾﺔا ﻟﻜﻠﻮﯾﺔو ﻧﻈﺎا مﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ ﺻﻐﯿﺮه‬:‫)ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻛﻞ ﻛﻠﯿﻮن ﻣﻦ‬ Renal corpuscle: - Has a tuft of capillaries called (Glomerulus) surrounded by fibrous capsule called (Bowman’s capsule) ‫)ﻟﺪﯾﮭﺎ ﺣﺰﻣﮫ ﻣﻦا ﻟﺸﻌﯿﺮا تاﻟﺪﻣﻮﯾﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ )اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺒﺔ( ﻣﺤﺎطﺔ ﺑﻜﺒﺴﻮﻟﺔ ﻟﯿﻔﯿﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ((‫)ﻛﺒﺴﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﻮﻣﺎن‬ Tubule system - consists of : Proximal Convoluted Tubule 1. Proximal Convoluted Tubule. (‫)اﻧﺒﻮب ﻣﻠﺘﻮي ﻗﺮﯾﺐ‬ 2. Loop Of Henle ( ‫)اﻟﺘﻔﺎھ فﻨﻠﻲ‬ 3. Distal Convoluted Tubule. (‫)اﻧﺒﻮب ﻣﻠﺘﻮي ﺑﻌﯿﺪ‬ 4. Collecting Duct (‫)اﻟﻘﻨﻮا تاﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ - All parts of nephron are in the cortex except the loop of Henley and the collecting ducts in the medulla (‫)ﺟﻤﯿﻊأ ﺟﺰا ءاﻟﻜﻠﯿﻮن ﻓﻲا ﻟﻘﺸﺮة ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﺣﻠﻘﺔھ ﻨﻠﻲو ﻗﻨﻮا تاﻟﺘﺠﻤﯿﻊ ﻓﻲا ﻟﻠﺐ‬  Kidneys Microscopic Structure The wall of loop of Henley and bowman's capsule lined by simple squamous epithelium ( ‫)ﺟﺪرا ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﻛﺒﺴﻮﻟﺔھ ﻨﻠﻲو ﺑﻮﻣﺎن ﻣﺒﻄﻨﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﯿﺞط ﻼﺋﻲ ﻣﻔﻠﻄﺢ‬ Collecting ducts, proximal tubule, distal tubule lined by simple cuboidal epithelium (‫ ﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐا ﻟﺒﻌﯿﺪة ﻣﺒﻄﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﯿﺞا ﻟﻤﻜﻌﺒﺔا ﻟﺒﺴﯿﻄﺔ‬، ‫ ﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐا ﻟﻘﺮﯾﺒﺔا‬، ‫)ﻗﻨﻮا تاﻟﺘﺠﻤﯿﻊا‬ The juxtaglomerular apparatus: (‫)اﻟﺠﮭﺎا زﻟﻤﺠﺎرو ﻟﻠﻜﺒﯿﺒﺎت‬ - It is a part of the kidney nephron, next to the glomerulus. (‫ﺑﺠﺎﻧﺐا ﻟﻜﺒﯿﺒﺔ‬ ،‫)ھوﻲ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦا ﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ‬ - It is found between afferent arteriole and the distal convoluted tubule of the same nephron. (‫)ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﯿﻦا ﻟﺸﺮﯾﺎا نﻟﻮا و دراﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐا ﻟﻤﻠﺘﻔﺔا ﻟﺒﻌﯿﺪة ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲا ﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ‬ - Function : produce renin which has role in (regulates the arterial blood pressure). ((‫إ ﻧﺘﺎا جﻟﺮﯾﻨﯿﻦا ﻟﺬي ﻟﮫرود ﻓﻲ )ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﺿﻐﻂا ﻟﺪا مﻟﺸﺮﯾﺎﻧﻲ‬:‫)اﻟﻮظﯿﻔﺔ‬  Ureter It is a narrow muscular tube which extend from the kidneys (renal pelvis) to the posterior surface of the urinary bladder (trigone). ((‫)ھﻮأ ﻧﺒﻮب ﻋﻀﻠﻲ ﺿﯿﻖ ﯾﻤﺘﺪ ﻣﻦا ﻟﻜﻠﻰ)ا ﻟﺤﻮا ضﻟﻜﻠﻮي(إ ﻟﻰا ﻟﺴﻄﺢا ﻟﺨﻠﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺜﺎﻧﺔا ﻟﺒﻮﻟﯿﺔ )اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ‬ Each ureter measures about 10 in. (25 cm)long. ((‫ت ﺳﻢ‬٢٥ ‫ ﺑﻮﺻﺎ‬١٠ ‫)ﯾﺒﻠﻎط ﻮل ﻛﻞا ﻟﺤﺎﻟﺐ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬ Transport urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. (‫)ﻧﻘﻞا ﻟﺒﻮل ﻣﻦا ﻟﻜﻠﻰإ ﻟﻰا ﻟﻤﺜﺎﻧﺔا ﻟﺒﻮﻟﯿﺔ‬ Lined by Transitional epithelium (‫)ﻣﺒﻄﻨﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﯿﺞط ﻼﺋﻲ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬ Stone clogging can occur at: (‫)اﻧﺴﺪا داﻟﺤﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺼﻮة ﯾﻤﻜﻦنأ ﯾﺤﺪث‬ 1. Pelvi-ureteric junction (‫)ﺗﻘﺎطﻊ ﺣﻮا ضﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﻊا ﻟﺤﺎﻟﺐ‬ 2. Inlet of pelvis (‫)ﺑﺪاﯾﺔا ﻟﺤﻮض‬ 3. Ischial spines (‫)اﻟﺒﺮا زوﻹﺳﻜﻲ‬ 4. Intramural part (‫)ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪا راﻟﻤﺜﺎﻧﺔ‬ 5. Opening of urinary bladder (‫)ﻋﻨﺪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔا ﻟﺤﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﻲا ﻟﻤﺜﺎﻧﺔ‬  Urinary Bladder It is a muscular reservoir of urine situated immediately behind the symphysis pubis within the pelvis. (‫)ھوﻮ ﺧﺰنا ﻋﻀﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻮل ﯾﻘﻊ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﺧﻠﻒا ﻻرﺗﻔﺎا قﻟﻌﺎﻧﻲاد ﺧﻞا ﻟﺤﻮض‬ It stores urine and in the adult has a maximum capacity of about 500 mL extends to 1.5 liter. (‫ ﻟﺘﺮ‬١.٥‫ﻣﻞو ﺗﻤﺘﺪإ ﻟﻰ‬٥٠٠ ‫اﻟﺒﻮو لﻓﻲا ﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﯿﻦ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﺳﻌﺘﮫا ﻟﻘﺼﻮى ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬.‫)ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﺨﺰﯾﻦ‬ Lined by Transitional epithelium (‫)ﻣﺒﻄﻦ ﺑﻨﺴﯿﺞ ﺻﻼﺋﻲ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬ The bladder is pyramidal in shape presents: (: ‫ ﺗﻈﮭﺮ‬،‫)اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻧﺔھ ﺮﻣﯿﺔا ﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ 1. Apex. (‫)ﻓﻤﺔ‬ 2. Base (posterior surface) (‫)ﻗﺎﻋﺪا وآ ةﻟﺴﻄﺢا ﻟﺨﻠﻔﻲ‬ 3. Neck. (‫)رﻗﺒﺔ‬ 4. Three surfaces : (superior and two inferolateral surfaces) ((‫)ﺛﻼﺛﺔأ ﺳﻄﺢ)ﺳﻄﺤﺎن ﻣﻤﺘﺎو نازﺳﻄﺤﺎن ﺟﺎﻧﺒﯿﺎن‬  Urinary Bladder The Apex: - located superiorly, points anteriorly and behind the the symphysis pubis (‫ﺗﺸﯿﺮإ ﻟﻰا ﻷﻣﺎو مﺗﻘﻊ ﺧﻠﻒا ﻟﺤﺪا ﻟﻌﻠﻮي ﻣﻦا ﻻرﺗﻔﺎا قﻟﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬، ‫)ﺗﻘﻊ ﻟﻸﻋﻠﻰو‬ The neck : - lies inferiorly and rests on the upper surface of the prostate. (‫)ﺗﻘﻊا نود ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮو ىﺗﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﻋﻠﻰا ﻟﺴﻄﺢا ﻟﻌﻠﻮي ﻟﻠﺒﺮوﺳﺘﺎﺗﺎ‬ The base or Posterior surface: - faces posteriorly and is triangular in shape (‫)ﯾﺘﺠﮫ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻒو ﻣﺜﻠﺜﻲا ﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ - The superolateral angles are joined by the ureters and the inferior angle gives rise to the urethra. ‫)اﻟﺰاوﯾﺎا ﻟﻌﻠﻮﯾﺔا ﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿﺔ ﯾﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﮭﺎا ﻟﺤﺎﻟﺐاو ﻟﺰواﯾﺔا ﻟﺴﻔﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﺆإ يدﻟﻰ‬ (‫اﻹﺣﻠﯿﻞ‬ - It has relation with Vas Deferens and Seminal Vesicles. (‫)ﻟﮭﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﻊا ﻷﺳﮭﺮاو ﻟﺤﻮﯾﺼﻼا تﻟﻤﻨﻮﯾﺔ‬ Post. View  Urinary Bladder Microscopic Structure The bladder wall composed of from inside to outside: (‫)ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﺟﺪا راﻟﻤﺜﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻦا ﻟﺪاﺧﻞإ ﻟﻰا ﻟﺨﺎجر‬ 1. Mucous membrane (‫)اﻟﻐﺸﺎا ءﻟﻤﺨﺎطﻲ‬ 2. Muscular coat (‫)ﻣﻌﻄﻒ ﻋﻀﻠﻲ‬ 3. Adventitia (‫)اﻟﻐﻼﻟﮫا ﻟﺒﺮاﻧﯿﺔ‬ Mucous Membrane (‫)اﻟﻐﺸﺎا ءﻟﻤﺨﺎطﻲ‬ - In an empty bladder, the mucosa shows irregular folds (rugae). ((‫ ﯾُﻈﮭﺮا ﻟﻐﺸﺎا ءﻟﻤﺨﺎطﻲ ﺛﻨﺎﯾﺎ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ )رﺟﺎوﯾﺔ‬،‫)ﻓﻲا ﻟﻤﺜﺎﻧﺔا ﻟﻔﺎرﻏﺔ‬ - The mucosal area covering the internal surface of the base of the bladder is called (Trigone) ((‫)ﺗﺴﻤﻰا ﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔا ﻟﻤﺨﺎطﯿﺔا ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻐﻄﻲا ﻟﺴﻄﺢا ﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪا ةﻟﻤﺜﺎﻧﺔ )اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ‬ The superior angles of the trigone correspond Rugae to the openings of the ureters, and the inferior angle to the internal urethral orifice ‫)ﺗﺘﻮاﻓﻖا ﻟﺰاوﯾﺎا ﻟﻌﻠﻮﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺜﻠﺚ ﻣﻊ ﻓﺘﺤﺎا تﻟﺤﺎﻟﺐاو ﻟﺰواﯾﺔا ﻟﺴﻔﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔا ﻹﺣﻠﯿﻞ‬ (‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ‬  Urinary Bladder Microscopic Structure Muscular Coat (‫)ﻣﻌﻄﻒ ﻋﻀﻠﻲ‬ - contains specialized smooth muscle known as detrusor muscle. ‫)ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰا ﻟﻌﻀﻼا تﻟﻤﻠﺴﺎا ءﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔا ﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻋﻀﻠﺔ‬ (‫دﯾﺘﺮوﺳﺮ‬ - consists of three layers of smooth muscle fibres ( outer longitudinal, middle circular, inner longitudinal). ،‫)ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼط ثﺒﻘﺎت ﻣﻦأ ﻟﯿﺎا فﻟﻌﻀﻼا تﻟﻤﻠﺴﺎء )اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿﺔا ﻟﻄﻮﻟﯿﺔ‬ ((‫ ﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔا ﻟﻄﻮﻟﯿﺔ‬، ‫اﻟﺪاﺋﺮﯾﺔا ﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰا‬ - It receives innervation from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. (‫)ﯾﺘﻠﻘﻰا ﻟﺘﻌﺼﯿﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦا ﻟﺠﮭﺎا زﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲا ﻟﺴﻤﺒﺜﺎاو يوﻟﺒﺮﺳﻤﺒﺘﺎيو‬ Sympathetic innervation: causes relaxation of the detrusor muscle, responsible for the filling of the bladder. (‫ﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻞا ءﻟﻤﺜﺎﻧﺔ‬، ‫)ﯾﺴﺒﺐا ﺳﺘﺮﺧﺎا ءﻟﻌﻀﻼد تﯾﺘﺮوﺳﺮا‬ Parasympathetic innervation: causes contraction of the detrusor muscle, responsible for the emptying of the bladder. (.‫ﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋﻦإ ﻓﺮا غاﻟﻤﺜﺎﻧﺔ‬، ‫)ﯾﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻘﻠﺺا ﻟﻌﻀﻠﺔد ﯾﺘﺮوﺳﺮا‬  Urethra It is tubular passage, that transmits urine from the bladder to the out side. (‫)ھوﻮ ﻣﻤﺮأ ﻧﺒﻮﺑﻲ ﯾﻨﻘﻞا ﻟﺒﻮل ﻣﻦا ﻟﻤﺜﺎﻧﺔإ ﻟﻰا ﻟﺨﺎجر‬ Male urethra : (‫)اﻹﺣﻠﯿﻞا ﻟﺬﻛﻮر‬ - It is a tube transmits urine and seminal fluid (‫)ھوﻮأ ﻧﺒﻮب ﯾﻨﻘﻞا ﻟﺒﻮاو لﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞا ﻟﻤﻨﻮﯾﺔ‬ - divided into three parts : Prostatic, membranous, and penile urethra. (‫ ﻟﻘﻀﯿﺒﻲ‬، ‫ ﻟﻐﺸﺎﺋﻲاو‬، ‫)ﻣﻘﺴﻤﺔإ ﻟﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔأ ﺟﺰا ءاﻹﺣﻠﯿﻞا ﻟﺒﺮوﺳﺘﺎﺗﻲا‬ - it is about ( 22 cm +- 2 cm ) long. (‫ ﺳﻢ‬٢ +- ٢٢ ‫)طﻮﻟﮫ ﺗﻔﺮﯾﺒﺎ‬ Female urethra : (‫)اﻹﺣﻠﯿﻞا ﻹﻧﺎث‬ - transmits only urine (‫)ﯾﻨﻘﻞ ﻓﻘﻂا ﻟﺒﻮل‬ - Has very short membranous urethra. (‫)ﻟﺪﯾﮫ ﻣﺠﺮا ىﻟﺒﻮا لﻟﻐﺸﺎﺋﻲا ﻟﻘﺼﯿﺮ ﺟ ُﺪا‬ - it is about ( 4 to 5 cm ) long. (‫ ﺳﻢ‬٥-٤ ‫)طﻮﻟﮫ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ ﻣﻦ‬ At the beginning the urethra lined by transitional epithelium then became as stratified squamous epithelium ( ‫)ﻓﻲا ﻟﺒﺪاﯾﺔا ﻹﺣﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﺒﻄﻨﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﯿﺞط ﻼﺋﻲ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺛﻢ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻧﺴﯿﺞط ﻼﺋﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﺪا دﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎا تﻟﺤﺮﺷﻔﯿﺔ‬