Urinary System Review PDF

URINARY SYSTEM - The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder Unilateral renal agenesis (solitary kidney) - is a rare anomaly that may be associated with a variety of other congenital malformations. Nephron - The functional unit of the kidney Peristaltic waves - force the...

URINARY SYSTEM - The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder Unilateral renal agenesis (solitary kidney) - is a rare anomaly that may be associated with a variety of other congenital malformations. Nephron - The functional unit of the kidney Peristaltic waves - force the urine down the ureters and into the bladder. Supernumerary kidney - is also a rare anomaly. The third kidney is usually small and rudimentary and possesses a separate pelvis, ureter, and blood supply. A small, hypoplastic kidney often appears as a miniature replica of a normal kidney, with good function and a normal relationship between the amount of parenchyma and the size of the collecting system Crossed ectopia - refers to a situation in which an ectopic kidney lies on the same side as the normal kidney and is very commonly fused with it. Horseshoe kidney - is the most common type of fusion anomaly Duplication - is a common anomaly that may vary from a simple bifid pelvis to a completely double pelvis ureter and ureterovesical orifice Ureterocele - is a cystic dilatation of the distal ureter near its insertion into the bladder Posterior urethral valves - are thin, transverse membranes, found almost exclusively in males, that cause bladder outlet obstruction and may lead to severe hydronephrosis, hydroureter, and renal damage. Glomerulonephritis - is a nonsuppurative inflammatory process involving the tufts of capillaries (glomeruli) that filter the blood within the kidney. Pyelonephritis - is a suppurative inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis caused by pyogenic (pus-forming) bacteria Emphysematous pyelonephritis - is a severe form of acute parenchymal and perirenal infection with gas-forming bacteria that occurs virtually only in diabetic patients and causes an acute necrosis of the entire kidney. The hematogenous spread of tuberculosis may lead to the development of small granulomas scattered in the cortical portion of the kidneys. Papillary necrosis - refers to a destructive process involving a varying amount of the medullary papillae and the terminal portion of the renal pyramids. Cystitis - Inflammation of the urinary bladder is more common in women because the urethra is shorter. Urinary calculi - most commonly form in the kidney. They are asymptomatic until they lodge in the ureter and cause partial obstruction, resulting in extreme pain that radiates from the area of the kidney to the groin Urinary tract obstruction - produces anatomic and functional changes that vary with regard to rapidity of onset, degree of occlusion, and distance between the kidney and the obstructing lesion. Renal Cyst ( Simple Renal Cyst ) - are the most common unifocal masses of the kidney. They are fluid filled and usually unilocular, although septa sometimes divide the cyst into chambers, which may or may not communicate with each other. Polycystic Kidney Disease - multiple cysts of varying size cause lobulated enlargement of the kidneys and progressive renal impairment Renal Carcinoma - is the most common renal neoplasm, occurring predominantly in patients older than 40 years Wilms’ Tumor - is the most common abdominal neoplasm of infancy and childhood. Carcinoma of the Bladder ( Bladder carcinoma ) - most commonly originates in the epithelium and is called urothelial carcinoma. Renal vein thrombosis - occurs most frequently in children who are severely dehydrated Acute renal failure - refers to a rapid deterioration in kidney function that is sufficient to result in the accumulation of nitrogen-containing wastes in the blood and a characteristic odor of urine-like or “fishy” breath. Chronic Renal Failure - Like acute renal failure, chronic kidney dysfunction may reflect prerenal, postrenal, or intrinsic kidney disease. Therefore, underlying - causes of chronic renal failure include bilateral renal artery stenosis; bilateral ureteral obstruction; and intrinsic renal disorders, such as chronic glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, and familial cystic diseases