Urinary System Anatomy & Physiology PDF

Urinary System Kidneys................................. retroperitoneal organs, at about the T12-L3 level, the right kidney is slightly lower than the left kidney Renal hilus (or hilum).......... the medial, concave region where blood vessels, lymphatics...

Urinary System Kidneys................................. retroperitoneal organs, at about the T12-L3 level, the right kidney is slightly lower than the left kidney Renal hilus (or hilum).......... the medial, concave region where blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves, and the ureter enter or exit Renal sinus........................... space around the renal pelvis and major calyces occupied by blood vessels, nerves, and adipose tissue Renal capsule....................... connective tissue covering the surface of the kidney Renal cortex......................... the outer portion of the kidney Renal columns (of Bertini). extensions of the renal cortex located between the renal pyramids Renal medulla...................... the portion of the kidney deep to the cortex, composed of renal pyramids Renal pyramids................... cone-shaped structures within the medulla Renal papilla...................... the tip of a renal pyramid that extends into a minor calyx Minor calyx (pl. calyces)..... a cup-shaped structure surrounding and draining urine from a renal papilla Major calyx (pl. calyces)...... a structure formed by the union of two or more minor calyces Renal pelvis.......................... the funnel-shaped region formed by the union of the major calyces Ureters................................... muscular tubes connecting the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder Urinary Bladder..................... the muscular organ for urine storage Ureteral or ureteric orifices.. openings of the ureters into the bladder Internal urethral orifice........ opening of the urethra leaving the bladder Trigone................................. the smooth, triangular region between the ureteral orifices and the internal urethral orifice Bladder rugae....................... folds or ridges of the mucosa in the empty bladder Median umbilical ligament.. the fibrous structure (the remnant of the urachus) at the apex of the bladder Urethra.................................. the tube that transports urine from the bladder to the outside of the body Female urethra...................... shorter than the male, the external urethral orifice is anterior to the vagina Male urethra......................... longer than the female, it passes through the prostate gland and the penis Prostatic urethra.................. the portion of the male urethra passing through the prostate gland Membranous urethra........... the short, intermediate portion of the male urethra between the prostatic and spongy urethra passing through the external urethral sphincter Spongy (penile) urethra....... the portion of the male urethra passing through and surrounded by the corpus spongiosum External urethral orifice...... the external opening of the urethra, also referred to as the urethral or urinary meatus Internal urethral sphincter..... smooth muscle at the junction of the urinary bladder and the urethra External urethral sphincter.... skeletal muscle in the perineal membrane at the distal inferior end of the bladder in females and at the level of the membranous urethra in males Akash Garg,M.S.,D.C. Anatomy and Physiology  Urinary System Nephron....................................... the structural and functional unit of the kidney Renal corpuscle.......................... spherical structure composed of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule Glomerulus................................ a network of branching and anastomosing fenestrated capillaries Cortical glomerulus.................. glomerulus located in the superficial cortical area Cortico-medullary glomerulus. glomerulus located in the middle region of the cortex Juxtamedullary glomerulus...... glomerulus located near the medulla with long loops of Henle Mesangial cells......................... specialized phagocytic, contractile cells associated with the glomerulus Bowman's capsule..................... two-layered epithelial capsule enclosing the glomerulus Visceral layer........................... simple squamous epithelium covering the glomerular capillaries Podocytes................................ specific name for the cells of the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule Pedicles or foot processes...... podocyte projections that wrap around the glomerular capillaries Filtration slits........................ gaps between the pedicels of adjacent podocytes Parietal layer............................ simple squamous epithelium forming the wall of Bowman’s capsule Bowman’s space...................... region between the visceral and parietal layers of Bowman’s capsule Renal tubules.............................. tubular structures that transport and modify the glomerular filtrate Proximal convoluted tubule...... convoluted tubule attached to Bowman's capsule Loop of Henle........................... tubule segment loop that extends into and out of the medulla Thick descending limb............. thick-walled part of the loop of Henle that descends into the medulla Thin descending limb............... thin-walled part of the loop of Henle that descends into the medulla Thin ascending limb................. thin part of the loop of Henle that ascends to the cortex Thick ascending limb............... thick part of the loop of Henle that ascends to the cortex Distal convoluted tubule........... convoluted tubule between the loop of Henle and collecting duct Collecting duct......................... collects urine from several nephrons, terminates as a papillary duct that empties into a minor calyx Juxtaglomerular apparatus........ region of specialized cells of the distal convoluted tubule and the afferent and efferent arterioles Macula densa............................ a group of specialized cells (osmoreceptors or chemoreceptors) in the wall of the distal convoluted tubule that communicate chemically with juxtaglomerular cells Juxtaglomerular cells............... specialized cells in the walls of the afferent and efferent arterioles that release renin Akash Garg,M.S.,D.C. Anatomy and Physiology  Urinary System Blood Vessels (right and left) Renal artery........................... arises from the abdominal aorta, inferior to the superior mesenteric artery, and divides into 4-5 branches before reaching the renal hilus Segmental artery................... a branch, usually 5, of the renal artery Lobar artery.......................... a branch, usually 2-3, of the segmental artery Interlobar artery.................... a branch of a segmental artery extending between the pyramids (lobes) Arcuate artery....................... a branch of an interlobar artery that arcs across the base of a pyramid Interlobular artery................. or Cortical radiate artery, branches from the arcuate artery and radiate into the cortex Afferent arteriole.................. a branch from an interlobular artery that enters Bowman’s capsule Glomerulus.......................... a ball-shaped cluster of capillaries covered by the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule Efferent arteriole.................... exits Bowman's capsule, usually has a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole Peritubular capillaries........... branches of the efferent arteriole surrounding the renal tubules Vasa recta.............................. peritubular capillary that follows the path of a loop of Henle (branches of the efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary glomeruli that empty into arcuate veins) Interlobular vein................... or Cortical radiate vein, collects blood from the peritubular capillaries and connects the peritubular capillaries to an arcuate vein Arcuate vein.......................... collects blood from the interlobular veins and arcs across the pyramids Interlobar vein..................... collects blood from the arcuate veins, extends between the pyramids Lobar vein............................ collects blood from the interlobar veins Segmental vein.................... collects blood from the lobar veins Renal vein............................. collects blood from the segmental veins, exits and connects the kidney to the inferior vena cava Adrenal vein Right renal vein Left renal arteries Right kidney Left renal vein Right ureter Left ureter Urinary bladder Middle umbilical ligament Akash Garg,M.S.,D.C. Anatomy and Physiology  Urinary System Kidney model with Pyramid and Renal Corpuscle Interlobular or cortical radiate vein Renal corpuscle Interlobular or cortical radiate artery Minor calyx Arcuate vein Major calyx Arcuate artery Interlobar vein Interlobar artery Lobar artery Segmental artery Renal pyramid Segmental vein Renal artery Renal vein Renal pelvis Renal papilla Renal papilla inside a minor calyx Renal sinus Ureter Renal column (of Bertini) Identify: Renal cortex Renal medulla Renal hilus Akash Garg,M.S.,D.C. Anatomy and Physiology  Urinary System Kidney model with Pyramid and Renal Corpuscle Proximal convoluted tubule Distal convoluted tubule Renal corpuscle Afferent arteriole Efferent arteriole Peritubular capillaries Interlobular or cortical radiate artery Interlobular or Glomerulus cortical radiate vein Arcuate artery Interlobar vein Arcuate vein Interlobar artery Thick descending limb Thin descending limb Thick ascending limb Vasa recta Thin ascending limb The four limbs make up the Loop of Henle Collecting duct Papillary duct Renal papilla Akash Garg,M.S.,D.C. Anatomy and Physiology  Urinary System Kidney model with Pyramid and Renal Corpuscle Distal convoluted tubule Macula densa Juxtaglomerular cells Efferent arteriole Afferent arteriole Fenestrated glomerular Parietal layer of capillaries (the visceral Bowman’s capsule layer of Bowman’s capsule is removed) Podocytes with pedicels (the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule) Podocyte nucleus Bowman’s space Proximal straight tubule Akash Garg,M.S.,D.C. Anatomy and Physiology  Urinary System Kidney model with Adrenal Gland Adrenal gland cortex Adrenal gland medulla Interlobular or cortical radiate artery Interlobular or cortical radiate vein Renal corpuscle Arcuate vein Collecting duct Arcuate artery Interlobar artery Segmental vein Interlobar vein Renal artery Renal column (of Bertini) Renal vein Major calyx Segmental artery Minor calyx Renal pelvis Renal papilla inside a minor calyx Ureter Adipose tissue in Renal sinus Renal pyramid Renal capsule Renal papilla Identify: Renal cortex Renal medulla Renal hilus Akash Garg,M.S.,D.C. Anatomy and Physiology  Urinary System UIrinary Bladder (Male) Bladder Ureter Vas deferens or Ductus deferens Median umbilical ligament Seminal vesicle (cut) Prostate gland Lateral view Ureter Ureter Ampulla of the Ampulla of the vas deferens vas deferens Seminal vesicle Seminal vesicle Prostate gland Posterior view Trigone Bladder rugae Vas deferens Vas deferens or Ductus deferens or Ductus deferens Ureter Ureter Ureteral or ureteric orifice Ureteral or ureteric orifice Internal urethral orifice Prostate gland (leads into prostatic urethra) Seminal colliculus Interior view Akash Garg,M.S.,D.C. Anatomy and Physiology  Urinary System Kidney. whole mount Kidney. From left to right - renal papilla, medulla, cortex Akash Garg,M.S.,D.C. Anatomy and Physiology  Urinary System Kidney. whole mount Kidney. medulla and cortex Akash Garg,M.S.,D.C. Anatomy and Physiology  Urinary System Kidney Cortex. renal corpuscles, proximal and distal convoluted tubules Kidney Medulla. loops of Henle and collecting ducts Akash Garg,M.S.,D.C. Anatomy and Physiology  Urinary System Kidney Cortex. renal corpuscle, macula densa, an arteriole, proximal and distal convoluted tubules Akash Garg,M.S.,D.C. Anatomy and Physiology  Urinary System Kidney Cortex. proximal and distal convoluted tubules Kidney Cortex. proximal convoluted tubules and microvilli Akash Garg,M.S.,D.C. Anatomy and Physiology