UPSC IAS Handbook PDF

 TABLE OF CONTENT ӺWhat is UPSC Exam ӺPattern ӺAge Limit ӺEligibility Criteria ӺEligibility based on Medical Criteria ӺNumber of Attempts ӺUPSC Prelims Syllabus ӺUPSC Mains Syllabus WHAT IS UPSC? UPSC is India’s central agency which conducts exams like Civil Services Exam (CSE) to recru...

 TABLE OF CONTENT ӺWhat is UPSC Exam ӺPattern ӺAge Limit ӺEligibility Criteria ӺEligibility based on Medical Criteria ӺNumber of Attempts ӺUPSC Prelims Syllabus ӺUPSC Mains Syllabus WHAT IS UPSC? UPSC is India’s central agency which conducts exams like Civil Services Exam (CSE) to recruit candidates into top government services like IAS, IPS, IFS etc. UPSC recruits candidates to both civil services as well as defence services like National Defence Academy (NDA) & Combined Defence Service (CDS). UPSC Civil Services Exam (CSE) consists of 3 stages. The stages are: 1) Prelims (MCQ) 2) Mains (Descriptive type) 3) Personality Test (Face to Face interview) This exam usually from June month of a year to June month next year when the results are announced). Model Of this Exam STAGES NAME NO.OF PAPERS Question pattern Total marks 1st Prelims 2 Objective Type 400 2nd Mains 9 Descriptive Type 1750 3rd Interview ------- ------- 275  Age Limit Category Maximum Age (Years) General and EWS 32 OBC 35 PwBD 42 SC and ST 37 Ex-Servicemen 37 Disabled Defence Services Personnel 35 General/OBC/EWS PwBD candidates See below Description SC/ST categories PwBD candidates See below Description Age Relaxation for PWD Candidate The prescribed upper age-limit of an examination (wherever applicable) is relaxable up to a maximum of 10 years in the case of candidates belonging to PwBD categories as below a. low vision and blindness; b. deaf and hard of hearing; c. Locomotor disability including cerebral palsy, leprosy cured, dwarfism, acid attack victims and muscular dystrophy; d. Autism, intellectual disability, specific learning disability and mental illness; e. Multiple disabilities from amongst persons under clauses (a) to (e) including deaf, blindness. PwBD candidates, who also belong to either SC or ST or OBC or Ex- servicemen, are eligible for grant of cumulative age-relaxation under both categories. Eligibility UPSC Eligibility Criteria 2024 Type of Eligibility Details Age 21 to 32 years (relaxation available) Number of Attempts 6 for General (relaxations available) Educational Qualification Graduate Nationality Citizen of India for IAS and IPS Physical Standards Required for IPS Eligibility based on Medical Criteria For serving as IPS officers for districts, Indian Railway services, and the police services of Pondicherry, candidates need to have the necessary eyesight, height, and chest measurements. The details of this UPSC eligibility 2024 in terms of medical requirements are as below. Physical Feature Requirement 165 cm for males and for females it is Height 150 cm (Relaxation applicable) Minimum 84 cm and Expansion 5 cm Chest for males. For females, it is Minimum 79 cm and Expansion 5 cm. Eyesight 6/6 or 6/9 distant vision for good eye Physical Standards Required for IPS Number of Attempts The UPSC imposes a limit on the number of times a candidate can appear for the IAS Examination. This number varies according to the category of the candidate. The UPSC eligibility 2024 based on attempts is given below. Category Number of Attempts General and EWS 6 OBC 9 PwBD 9 SC and ST Unlimited Ex-Servicemen 9 Disabled Defence Services Personnel 9 General/OBC/EWS PwBD candidates 9 SC/ST categories PwBD candidates Unlimited https://t.me/upsc UPSC Preliminary Examination Syllabus Paper I - (200 marks)  Current Events of National and International Importance.  History of India and Indian National Movement.  Indian and World Geography-Physical, Social, Economic Geography of India and the World.  Indian Polity and Governance-Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues, etc.  Economic and Social Development-Sustainable Development, Poverty, Inclusion, Demographics, Social Sector Initiatives, etc.  General issues on Environmental ecology, Bio-diversity and Climate Change - that do not require subject specialization.  General Science. Paper II - (200 marks)  Comprehension; Interpersonal Skills including Communication Skills.  Logical Reasoning and Analytical Ability.  Decision Making and Problem Solving.  General Mental Ability.  Basic Numeracy (Numbers and their Relations, Orders of Magnitude, etc.) (Basic Level).  Data Interpretation (charts, graphs, tables, data sufficiency etc. ( Baisc level) Note :- For Paper 1 100 questions every questions carry 2 Marks and there will be aNegative Mark for each wrong answer you will get penalty of 0.66 Marks. Paper 2 80 questions every questions carry 2.5 Marks and there will be a Negative mark for each wrong answer you will get penalty of 0.83 For example, in paper 1 you got 70 right answers and 10 wrong answers and in paper 2 you got 35 right an- swers and 10 wrong answers. Paper 1 Marks : Rights Answers : 70 x 2 = 140 Marks Wrong Answers : 10 x 0.66 = 6.6 Marks Your Score : 140 – 6.6 = 133.4 Marks So, Your Score for Paper 1 is 133.4 Marks. Paper 2 Marks : Rights Answers : 35 x 2.5 = 87.5 Marks Wrong Answers : 10 x 0.83= 8.3 Your Score : 87.5 – 8.3 = 79.2 Marks. Preferable Standard Books For Civil Service 1) Arts & Culture – Nitin Singhania 2) Modern History –Spectrum (Rajiv Ahir) 3) Environment – Shankar Environment Book 4) Economics – Vivek Singh 5) Polity – M. Laxmikanth 6) Geography – Goh Cheng Leong UPSC GS MAINS SYLLABUS & STRUCTURE The mains exam tests the IAS aspirants’ knowledge on a wide range of topics, including General Studies, Indian Polity and Governance, Indian Economy, and International Relations. The Civile Service Main examination is designed to check the the critical thinking ability and ability to present the knowledge in a comprehensible and need to give well defined analysis for a questions that been asked it’s needs to be constructive and balanced answer. And also it plays a vital role in deciding the service of the aspirant.  PAPERS MARKS SUBJECTS Indian Language (Mandatory) I 300 English (Mandatory) II 300 Essay Paper 1 250 General Studies (GS) Paper 2 250 General Studies (GS) Paper 3 250 General Studies (GS) Paper 4 250 General Studies (GS) Paper 5 250 Optional Subject Paper 6 250 Optional Subject Paper 7 250 Total 9 1750 PAPER-I Essay: Candidates will be required to write an essay on a specific topic. The choice of subjects will be given. They will be expected to keep closely to the subject of the essay to arrange their ideas in orderly fashion, and to write concisely. Credit will be given for effective and exact expression. English Comprehension & English Precis will be to test the English language Comprehension and English précis writing skills (at 10th standard level). PAPER-II General Studies - I: Indian Heritage and Culture, History and Geography of the World and Society.  Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.  Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues  The Freedom Struggle - its various stages and important contributors /contributions from different parts of the country.   Post-independence consolidation and reorganization within the country.  History of the world will include events from 18th century such as industrial revolution, world wars, redrawing of national boundaries, colonization, decolonization, political philosophies like communism, capitalism, socialism etc.- their forms and effect on the society.  Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.  Role of women and women’s organization, population and associated issues, poverty and developmental issues, urbanization, their problems and their remedies.  Effects of globalization on Indian society  Social empowerment, communalism, regionalism & secularism.  Salient features of world’s physical geography.  Distribution of key natural resources across the world (including South Asia and the Indian subcontinent); factors responsible for the location of primary, secondary, and tertiary sector industries in various parts of the world (including India)  Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc., geographical features and their location- changes in critical geographical PAPER-III General Studies - II: Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International relations.  Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure.  Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein.  Separation of powers between various organs dispute redressal mechanisms and institutions.  Comparison of the Indian constitutional scheme with that of other countries  Parliament and State Legislatures - structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these.  Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity.  Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act.  Appointment to various Constitutional posts, powers, functions and responsibilities of various Constitutional Bodies.  Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies  Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.  Development processes and the development industry- the role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and associations, donors, charities, institutional and other stakeholders  Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States and the performance of these schemes; mechanisms, laws, institutions and Bodies constituted for the protection and betterment of these vulnerable sections.  Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.  Issues relating to poverty and hunger.  Important aspects of governance, transparency and accountability, e-governance- applications, models, successes, limitations, and potential; citizens charters, transparency & accountability and institutional and other measures.  Role of civil services in a democracy.  India and its neighborhood- relations.  Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests  Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests, Indian diaspora. PAPER-IV General Studies-III: Technology, Economic Development, Bio diversity, Environment, Security and Disaster Management.  Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization of resources, growth, development and employment.  Inclusive growth and issues arising from it. Government Budgeting.  Major crops cropping patterns in various parts of the country, different types of irrigation and irrigation systems storage, transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and related constraints; e-technology in the aid of farmers  Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and minimum support prices; Public Distribution System- objectives, functioning, limitations, revamping; issues of buffer stocks and food security; Technology missions; economics of animal-rearing.  Food processing and related industries in India- scope and significance, location, upstream and downstream requirements, supply chain management.  Land reforms in India.  Effects of liberalization on the economy, changes in industrial policy and their effects on industrial growth.  Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.  Investment models.  Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life  Achievements of Indians in science & technology; indigenization of technology and developing new technology.  Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, bio- technology and issues relating to intellectual property rights.  Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment and Disaster and disaster management.  Linkages between development and spread of extremism.  Role of external state and non-state actors in creating challenges to internal security.  Challenges to internal security through communication networks, role of media and social networking sites in internal security challenges, basics of cyber security; money- laundering and its prevention  Security challenges and their management in border areas; linkages of organized crime with terrorism  Various Security forces and agencies and their mandate PAPER-V General Studies IV: Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude.  This paper will include questions to test the candidates’ attitude and approach to issues relating to integrity, probity in public life and his problem solving approach to various issues and conflicts faced by him in dealing with society. Questions may utilise the case study approach to determine these aspects. The following broad areas will be covered.  Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics in human actions; dimensions of ethics; ethics in private and public relationships. Human Values – lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and administrators; role of family, society and educational institutions in inculcating values.   Attitude: content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and behaviour; moral and political attitudes; social influence and persuasion.  Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service , integrity, impartiality and non- partisanship, objectivity, dedication to public service, empathy, tolerance and compassion towards the weaker sections.  Emotional intelligence-concepts, and their utilities and application in administration and governance.  Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world.  Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration: Status and problems; ethical concerns and dilemmas in government and private institutions; laws, rules, regulations and conscience as sources of ethical guidance; accountability and ethical governance; strengthening of ethical and moral values in governance; ethical issues in international relations and funding; corporate governance.  Probity in Governance: Concept of public service; Philosophical basis of governance and probity; Information sharing and transparency in government, Right to Information, Codes of Ethics, Codes of Conduct, Citizen’s Charters, Work culture, Quality of service delivery, Utilization of public funds, challenges of corruption.  Case Studies on above issues. FOR optional subject candidate can choose their favourable subject there are 48 subjects in UPSC Optional Subject List. Candidates get the freedom to choose any subject he/she likes. There will be two papers in the optional subject, each carry 250 marks. Total UPSC optional subjects are divided into subject-specific subjects and literature subjects. OPTIONALS As per the official notification, there are 48 subjects in UPSC Optional Subject List. Candidates get the freedom to choose any subject he/she likes. There will be two papers in the optional subject, each with 250 marks. Total UPSC optional subjects are divided into subject-specific subjects and literature subjects. S. No. UPSC Optional Subjects List for Mains ◊ Agriculture ◊ Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science ◊ Anthropology ◊ Botany ◊ Chemistry ◊ Civil Engineering ◊ Commerce & Accountancy ◊ Economics ◊ Electrical Engineering ◊ Geography ◊ Geology ◊ Management ◊ Mathematics ◊ Mechanical Engineering ◊ Medical Science ◊ Philosophy ◊ Physics ◊ Political Science & International Relations ◊ Psychology ◊ Public Administration ◊ Sociology ◊ Statistics Zoology S. No UPSC Mains Optional Subjects List for Literature Subjects 1 Assamese 13 Marathi 2 Bengali 14 Nepali 3 Bodo 15 Oriya 4 Dogri 16 Punjabi 5 Gujarati 17 Sanskrit 6 Hindi 18 Santhali 7 Kannada 19 Sindhi 8 Kashmiri 20 Tamil 9 Konkani 21 Telugu 10 Maithili 22 Urdu 11 Malayalam 23 English 12 Manipuri AGRICULTURE Paper-I  Ecology and its relevance to man, natural resources, their sustainable management and conservation. Physical and social environment as factors of crop distribution and production. Agro ecology; cropping pattern as indicators of environments.  Environmental pollution and associated hazards to crops, animals and humans. Climate change—International conventions and global initiatives. Green house effect and global warming. Advance tools for ecosystem analysis—Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Cropping patterns in different agro-climatic zones of the country. Impact of highyielding and short-duration varieties on shifts in cropping patterns. Concepts of various cropping, and farming systems. Organic and Precision farming. Package of practices for production of important cereals, pulses, oil seeds, fibres, sugar, commercial and fodder crops. Important features, and scope of various types of forestry plantations such as social forestry, agro-forestry, and natural forests : Propagation of forest plants. Forest products.  Agro-forestry and value addition. Conservation of forest flora and fauna. Weeds, their characteristics, dissemination and association with various crops; their multiplications; cultural, biological, and chemical control of weeds.  Soil—physical, chemical and biological properties. Processes and factors of soil formation.Soils of India. Mineral and organic constituents of soils and their role in maintaining soil productivity. Essential plant nutrients and other beneficial elements in soils and plants.  Principles of soil fertility, soil testing and fertiliser recommendations, integrated nutrient management Biofertilizers. Losses of nitrogen in soil, nitrogen-use efficiency in submerged rice soils, nitrogen fixation in soils. Efficient phosphoruse and potassium use. Problem soils and their reclamation. Soil factors affecting green house gas emission. Soil conservation, integrated watershed management. Soil erosion and its management. Dry land agriculture and its problems. Technology for stabilising agriculture production in rainfed areas.  Water-use efficiency in relation to crop production, criteria for scheduling irrigations, ways and means of reducing run- off losses of irrigation water. Rainwater harvesting. Drip and sprinkler irrigation. Drainage of water-logged soils, quality of irrigation water, effect of industrial effluents on soil and water pollution. Irrigation projects in India.  Farm management, scope, importance and characteristics, farm planning. Optimum resource use and budgeting. Economics of different types of farming systems. Marketing management strategies for development, market intelligence. Price fluctuations and their cost; role of co-operatives in agricultural economy; types and systems of farming and factors affecting them. Agricultural price policy. Crop Insurance.  Agricultural extension, its importance and role, methods of evaluation of extension programmes, socio-economic survey and status of big, small and marginal farmers and landless agricultural labourers; Training programmes for extension workers. Role of Krishi Vigyan Kendra’s (KVK) in dissemination of Agricultural technologies. NonGovernment Organisation (NGO) and self-help group approach for rural development.  PAPER-II  Cell structure, function and cell cycle. Synthesis, structure and function of genetic material. Laws of heredity. Chromosome structure, chromosomal aberrations, linkage and cross-over, and their significance in recombination breeding. Polyploidy, euploids and aneuploids. Mu- tation—and their role in crop improvement. Heritability, sterility and incompatibility, clas- sification and their application in crop improvement. Cytoplasmic inheritance, sex-linked, sex-influenced and sex-limited characters.  History of plant breeding. Modes of reproduction, selfing and crossing techniques. Origin, evolution and domestication of crop plants, center of origin, law of homologous series, crop genetic resources—conservation and utilization. Application of principles of plant breeding, improvement of crop plants. Molecular markers and their application in plant improvement. Pure-line selection, pedigree, mass and recurrent selections.  Combining ability, its significance in plant breeding. Heterosis and its exploitation. Somatic hybridization. Breeding for disease and pest resistance. Role of interspecific and intergeneric hybridization. Role of genetic engineering and biotechnology in crop improvement Gernetically modified crop plants.  Seed production and processing technologies. Seed certification, Seed testing and storage. DNA finger printing and seed registration. Role of public and private sectors in seed production, and marketing. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) issues, WTO issues and its impact on Agriculture.  Principles of Plant Physiology with reference to plant nutrition, absorption, translocation and metabolism of nutrients. Soil-water-plant relationship.Enzymes and plant pigments; photosynthesis—modern concepts and factors affecting the process, aerobic and anaerobic respiration; C3, C4 and CAM mechanisms.Carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. Growth and development; photoperiodism and vernalization. Plant growth substances and their role in crop production. Physiology of eed development and germination; dormancy. Stress physiology—draught, salt and waterstress.  Major fruits, plantation crops, vegetables, spices and flower crops. Package practices of major horticultural crops. Protected cultivation and high tech horticulture.Postharvest technology and value addition of fruits and vegetables. Landscaping and commercial floriculture. Medicinal and aromatic plants. Role of fruits and vegetables in human nutrition.  Diagnosis of pests and diseases of field crops, vegetables, orchard and plantation crops and their economic importance. Classification of pests and diseases and their management. Intergrated pest and diseases management. Storage pests and their management. Biological control of pests and diseases. Epidemiology and forecasting of major crop pests and diseases. Plant quarantine measures. Pesticides, their formulation and modes of action.  Food production and consumption trends in India. Food security and growing population— vision 2020. Reasons for grain surplus. National and International food policies. Production, procurement, distribution constraints. Availability of foodgtrains, per capita expenditure on food. Trends in poverty, Public Distribution System and Below Poverty Line population, Targeted Public Distribution System (PDS), policy implementation in context to globalization. Processing constraints. Relation of food production to National Dietary Guidelines and food consumption pattern. Food based dietary approaches to eliminate hunger. Nutrient deficiency—Micro nutrient deficiency : Protein Energy Malnutrition or Protein Calorie Malnutrition (PEM or PCM), Micro nutrient deficiency and HRD in context of work capacity of women and children. Food grain productivity and food security.  Animal Husbandry And Veterinary Science Optional Syllabus For UPSC Mains PAPER-I Animal Nutrition:  Partitioning of food energy within the animal. Direct and indirect calorimetry.Carbon – nitrogen balance and comparative slaughter methods. Systems for expressing energy value of foods in ruminants, pigs and poultry. Energy requirements for maintenance, growth, pregnancy, lactation, egg, wool, and meat production.  Latest advances in protein nutrition. Energy protein interrelationships. Evaluation of protein quality. Use of NPN compounds in ruminant diets. Protein requirements for maintenance, growth, pregnancy, lactation, egg, wool and meat production.  Major and trace minerals - Their sources, physiological functions and deficiency symptoms. Toxic minerals. Mineral interactions. Role of fat-soluble and water – soluble vitamins in the body, their sources and deficiency symptoms.  Feed additives – methane inhibitors, probiotics, enzymes, antibiotics, hormones, oligosaccharides, antioxidants, emulsifiers, mould inhibitors, buffers etc. Use and abuse of growth promoters like hormones and antibiotics – latest concepts.  Conservation of fodders. Storage of feeds and feed ingredients. Recent advances in feed technology and feed processing. Anti – nutritional and toxic factors present in livestock feeds. Feed analysis and quality control. Digestibility trials – direct, indirect and indicator methods. Predicting feed intake in grazing animals.  Advances in ruminant nutrition. Nutrient requirements. Balanced rations. Feeding of calves, pregnant, work animals and breeding bulls. Strategies for feeding milch animals during different stages of lactation cycle. Effect of feeding on milk composition. Feedingof goats for meat and milk production. Feeding of sheep for meat and wool production.  Swine Nutrition. Nutrient requirements. Creep, starter, grower and finisher rations. Feeding of pigs for lean meat production. Low cost rations for swine.  Poultry nutrition. Special features of poultry nutrition. Nutrient requirements for meat and egg production. Formulation of rations for different classes of layers and broilers.  Animal Physiology  Blood constituents.-Properties and functions-blood cell formation- Haemoglobin synthesis and chemistry- plasma proteins production, classification and properties, coagulation of blood; Haemorrhagic disorders- anticoagulants-blood groups-Blood volume-Plasma expanders-Buffer systems in blood. Biochemical tests and their significance in disease diagnosis.  Ciculation. - Physiology of heart, cardiac cycle, heart sounds, heart beat, electrocardiograms. Work and efficiency of heart-effect of ions on heart function- metabolism of cardiac muscle, nervous and chemical regulation of heart, effect of temperature and stress on heart, blood pressure and hypertension, osmotic regulation, arterial pulse, vasomotor regulation of circulation, shock. Coronary and pulmonary circulation, Blood-Brain barrier- Cerebrospinal fluid- circulation in birds.  Respiration. - Mechanism of respiration, Transport and exchange of gases – neural control of respiration-chemo-receptors-hypoxia-respiration in birds.  Excretion-Structure and function of kidney-formation of urine-methods of studying renal function-renal regulation of acid-base balance: physiological constituents of urine- renal failure-passive venous congestion-Urinary secretion in chicken-Sweat glands and their function. Bio-chemical test for urinary dysfunction.  Endocrine glands. -Functional disorders their symptoms and diagnosis.Synthesis of hormones, mechanism and control of secretion- hormonal receptors- classification and function.  Growth and Animal Production- Prenatal and postnatal growth, maturation, growth curves, measures of growth, factors affecting growth, conformation, body composition, meat quality.  Physiology of Milk Production, Reproduction and Digestion- Current status of hormonal control of mammary development, milk secretion and milk ejection, Male and Female reproductive organs, their components and functions. Digestive organs and their functions.  Environmental Physiology- Physiological relations and their regulation; mechanisms of adaptation, environmental factors and regulatory mechanisms involved in animal behaviour, climatology – various parameters and their importance. Animal ecology. Physiology of behaviour. Effect of stress on health and production.  Animal Reproduction:  Semen quality- Preservation and Artificial Insemination- Components of semen, composition of spermatozoa, chemical and physical properties of ejaculated semen, factors affecting semen in vivo and in vitro. Factors affecting semen production and quality, preservation, composition of diluents, sperm concentration, transport of diluted semen. Deep freezing techniques in cows, sheep, goats, swine and poultry. Detection of oestrus and time of insemination for better conception. Anoestrus and repeat breeding. Livestock Production and Management:  Commercial Dairy Farming- Comparison of dairy farming in India with advanced countries. Dairying under mixed farming and as specialized farming, economic dairy farming. Starting of a dairy farm, Capital and land requirement, organization of the dairy farm. Opportunities in dairy farming, factors determining the efficiency of dairy animal. Herd recording, budgeting, cost of milk production, pricing policy; Personnel Management. Developing Practical and Economic rations for dairy cattle; supply of greens throughout the year, feed and fodder requirements of Dairy Farm. Feeding regimes for young stock and bulls, heifers and breeding animals; new trends in feeding young and adult stock; Feeding records.  Commercial meat, egg and wool production- Development of practical and economic rations for sheep, goats, pigs, rabbits and poultry. Supply of greens, fodder, feeding regimes for young and mature stock. New trends in enhancing production and management. Capital and land requirements and socio- economic concept. Feeding and management of animals under drought, flood and other natural calamities.  Genetics and Animal Breeding:  History of animal genetics. Mitosis and Meiosis: Mendelian inheritance; deviations to Mendelian genetics; Expression of genes; Linkage and crossing over; Sex determination, sex influenced and sex limited characters; Blood groups and polymorphism; Chromosome aberrations; Cytoplasmic inheritance. Gene and its structure; DNA as a genetic material; Genetic code and protein synthesis; Recombinant DNA technology. Mutations, types of mutations, methods for detecting mutations and mutation rate. Transgenesis.  Population Genetics applied to Animal Breeding- Quantitative Vs. qualitative traits; Hardy Weinberg Law; Population Vs. individual; Gene and genotypic frequency; Forces changing gene frequency; Random drift and small populations; Theory of path coefficient; Inbreeding, methods of estimating inbreeding coefficient, systems of inbreeding, Effective population size; Breeding value, estimation of breeding value, dominance and epistatic deviation; Partitioning of variation; Genotype X environment correlation and genotype X environment interaction; role of multiple measurements; Resemblance between relatives.  Breeding Systems- Breeds of livestsock and Poultry. Heritability, repeatability and genetic and phenotypic correlations, their methods of estimation and precision of estimates; Aids to selection and their relative merits; Individual, pedigree, family and within family selection; Progeny testing; Methods of selection; Construction of selection indices and their uses; Comparative evaluation of genetic gains through various selection methods; Indirect selection and correlated response; Inbreeding, out breeding, upgrading, cross- breeding and synthesis of breeds; Crossing of inbred lines for commercial production; Selection for general and specific combining ability; Breeding for threshold characters. Sire index. PAPER-II Anatomy, Pharmacology and Hygiene: Histology and Histological Techniques: Paraffin embedding technique of tissue processing and H.E. staining - Freezing microtomy- Microscopy-Bright field microscope and electron microscope. Cytology-structure of cell, organells and inclusions; cell division- cell types- Tissues and their classification-embryonic and adult tissues- Comparative histology of organs-Vascular. Nervous, digestive, respiratory, musculo- skeletal and urogenital systems- Endocrine glands -Integuments-sense organs.  Embryology – Embryology of vertebrates with special reference to aves and domestic mammals gametogenesis-fertilization-germ layers- foetal membranes and placentation- types of placenta in domestic mammals-Teratology-twins and twinning- organogenesis - germ layer derivatives- endodermal, mesodermal and ectodermal derivates. Bovine Anatomy- Regional Anatomy: Paranasal sinuses of OX- surface anatomy of salivary glands. Regional anatomy of infraorbital, maxillary, mandibuloalveolar,mental and cornual nerve block. Regional anatomy of paravertebral nerves, pudendal nerve, median ulnar and radial nerves-tibial,fibular and digital nerves-Cranial nerves-structures involved in epidural anaesthesia-superficial lymph nodes-surface anatomy of visceral organs of thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities-comparative features of locomotor apparatus and their application in the biomechanics of mammalian body. Anatomy of Fowl- Musculo-skeletal system-functional anatomy in relation to respiration and flying, digestion and egg production. Pharmacology and therapeutic drugs - Cellular level of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Drugs acting on fluids and electrolyte balance. Drugs acting on Autonomic nervous system. Modern concepts of anaesthesia and dissociative anaesthetics. Autacoids. Antimicrobials and principles of chemotherapy in microbial infections. Use of hormones in therapeutics- chemotherapy of parasitic infections. Drug and economic concerns in the Edible tissues of animals- chemotherapy of Neoplastic diseases. Toxicity due to insecticides, plants, metals, non-metals, zootoxins and mycotoxins. Veterinary Hygiene with reference to water, air and habitation - Assessment of pollution of water, air and soil- Importance of climate in animal health- effect of environment on animal function and performance-relationship between industrialization and animal agriculture- animal housing requirements for specific categories of domestic animals viz. pregnant cows and sows, milking cows, broiler birds- stress, strain and productivity in relation to animal habitation. Animal Diseases: Etiology, epidemiology pathogenesis, symptoms, postmortem lesions, diagnosis, and control of infectious diseases of cattle, sheep and goat, horses, pigs and poultry. Etiology, epidemiology, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment of production diseases of cattle, horse, pig and poultry.  Deficiency diseases of domestic animals and birds - Diagnosis and treatment of non- specific conditions like impaction, Bloat, Diarrhoea, Indigestion, dehydration, stroke, poisoning - Diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders.  Principles and methods of immunization of animals against specific diseases- herd immunity- disease free zones- ‘zero’ disease concept- chemoprophylaxis. Anaesthesia- local, regional and general-preanesthetic medication. Symptoms and sur- gical interference in fractures and dislocation. Hernia, choking abomasal displacement- Caesarian operations. Rumenotomy-Castrations. Disease investigation techniques- Materials for laboratory investigation- Establish- ment of Animal Health Centers- Disease free zone Veterinary Public Health: Zoonoses. - Classification, definition, role of animals and birds in prevalence and trans- mission of zoonotic diseases- occupational zoonotic diseases. Epidemiology- Principle, definition of epidemiological terms, application of epidemio- logical measures in the study of diseases and disease control. Epidemiological features of air, water and food borne infections. OIE regulations, WTO, sanitary and phytosanitary measures. Veterinary Jurisprudence- Rules and Regulations for improvement of animal quality and prevention of animal diseases - State and central rules for prevention of animal and animal product borne diseases- S P C A- Veterolegal cases- Certificates -Materials and Methods of collection of samples for veterolegal investigation. Milk and Milk Products Technology: Market Milk: Quality, testing and grading of raw milk. Processing, packaging, storing, distribution, marketing, defects and their control. Preparation of the following milks: Pasteurized, standardized, toned, double toned, sterilized, homogenized, recon- stituted, recombined and flavoured milks. Preparation of cultured milks, cultures and their management, yoghurt, Dahi, Lassi. Preparation of flavoured and sterilized milks. Legal standards. Sanitation requirement for clean and safe milk and for the milk plant equipment. Milk Products Technology - Selection of raw materials, processing, storing , distribut- ing and marketing milk products such as Cream, Butter, Ghee, Khoa, Channa, Cheese, condensed, evaporated, dried milk and baby food, Ice cream and Kulfi; by-products, whey products, butter milk, lactose and casein. Testing, grading, judging milk products- BIS and Agmark specifications, legal standards, quality control and nutritive properties. Packag- ing, processing and operational control. Costing of dairy products.  Meat Hygiene and Technology: Meat Hygiene.  Ante mortem care and management of food animals, stunning, slaughter and dressing operations; abattoir requirements and designs; Meat inspection procedures and judgment of carcass meat cuts- grading of carcass meat cuts- duties and functions of Veterinarians in wholesome meat production. Hygienic methods of handling production of meat- Spoilage of meat and control measures- Post - slaughter physicochemical changes in meat and factors that influence them- Quality improvement methods – Adulteration of meat and detection - Regulatory provisions in Meat trade and Industry. Meat Technology. Physical and chemical characteristics of meat- Meat emulsions- Methods of preserva- tion of meat- Curing, canning, irradiation, packaging of meat and meat products, processing and formulations. By- products- Slaughter house by-products and their utilization- Edible and inedi- ble by products- Social and economic implications of proper utilization of slaughter house by-products- Organ products for food and pharmaceuticals. Poultry Products Technology- Chemical composition and nutritive value of poultry meat, pre - slaughter care and management. Slaughtering techniques, inspection, preser- vation of poultry meat and products. Legal and BIS standards. Structure, com- position and nutritive value of eggs. Microbial spoilage. Preservation and maintenance. Marketing of poultry meat, eggs and products. Value added meat products. Rabbit/Fur Animal farming - Rabbit meat production. Disposal and utilization of fur and wool and recycling of waste by products. Grading of wool.  Anthropology PAPER 1 1.1 Meaing, Scope and development of Anthropology. 1.2 Relationships with other disciplines: Social Sciences, behavioural Sciences, Life Sciences, Medical Sciences, Earth Sciences and Humanities. 1.3 Main branches of Anthropology, their scope and relevance: (a) Social-cultural Anthropology. (b) Biological Anthropology. (c) Archaeological Anthropology. (d) Linguistic Anthropology. 1.4 Human Evolution and emergence of Man: (a) Biological and Cultural factors in human evolution. (b) Theories of Organic Evolution (Pre-Darwinian, Darwinian and Post-Darwinian). (c) Synthetic theory of evolution; Brief outline of terms and concepts of evolutionary biology (Doll’s rule, Cope’s rule, Gause’s rule, parallelism, convergence, adaptive radiation, and mosaic evolution). 1.5 Characteristics of Primates; Evolutionary Trend and Primate Taxonomy; Primate Adaptations; (Arboreal and Terrestrial) Primate Taxonomy; Primate Behaviour; Tertiary and Quaternary fossil primates; Living Major Primates; Comparative Anatomy of Man and Apes; Skeletal changes due to erect posture and its implications. 1.6 Phylogenetic status, characteristics and geographical distribution of the following: (a) Plio-pleistocene hominids in South and East Africa—Australopithecines. (b) Homo erectus: Africa (Paranthropus), Europe (Homo erectus (heidelbergensis), Asia (Homo erectus javanicus, Homo erectus pekinensis. (c) Neanderthal man—La-chapelle-aux-saints (Classical type), Mt. Carmel (Progressive type). (d) Rhodesian man. (e) Homo sapiens—Cromagnon, Grimaldi and Chancelade. 1.7 The biological basis of Life: The Cell, DNA structure and replication, Protein Synthesis, Gene, Mutation, Chromosomes, and Cell Division. 1.8 (a) Principles of Prehistoric Archaeology. Chronology: Relative and Absolute Dating methods.  (b) Cultural Evolution—Broad Outlines of Prehistoric cultures: (i) Paleolithic (ii) Mesolithic (iii) Neolithic (iv) Chalcolithic (v) Copper-Bronze Age (vi) Iron Age 2.1 The Nature of Culture: The concept and Characteristics of culture and civilization; Ethnocentrism vis-a-vis cultural Relativism. 2.2 The Nature of Society: Concept of Society; Society and Culture; Social Institution; Social groups; and Social stratification. 2.3 Marriage: Definition and universality; Laws of marriage (endogamy, exogamy, hypergamy, hypogamy, incest taboo); Type of marriage (monogamy, polygamy, polyandry, group marriage). Functions of marriage; Marriage regulations (preferential, prescriptive and proscriptive); Marriage payments (bride wealth and dowry). 2.4 Family: Definition and universality; Family, household and domestic groups; functions of family; Types of family (from the perspectives of structure, blood relation, marriage, residence and succession); Impact of urbanization, industrialization and feminist movements on family. 2.5 Kinship: Consanguinity and Affinity; Principles and types of descent (Unilineal, Double, Bilateral Ambilineal); Forms of descent groups (lineage, clan, phratry, moiety and kindred); Kinship terminology (descriptive and classificatory); Descent, Filiation and Complimentary Filiation;Descent and Alliance. Economic Organization: Meaning, scope and relevance of economic anthropology; Formalist and Substantivist debate; Principles governing production, distribution and exchange (rec- iprocity, redistribution and market), in communities, subsisting on hunting and gathering, fishing, swiddening, pastoralism, horticulture, and agriculture; globalization and indigenous economic systems. Political Organization and Social Control: Band, tribe, chiefdom, kingdom and state; con- cepts of power, authority and legitimacy; social control, law and justice in simple Societies. Religion: Anthropological approaches to the study of religion (evolutionary, psychological and functional); monotheism and polytheism; sacred and profane; myths and rituals; forms of religion in tribal and peasant Societies (animism, animatism, fetishism, naturism and to- temism); religion, magic and science distinguished; magico-religious functionaries (priest, shaman, medicine man, sorcerer and witch). Anthropological theories: (a) Classical evolutionism (Tylor, Morgan and Frazer) (b) Historical particularism (Boas) Diffusionism (British, German and American) (c) Functionalism (Malinowski); Structural— Functionalism (Radcliffe-Brown) (d) Structuralism (Levi-Strauss and E. Leach) (e) Culture and personality (Benedict, Mead, Linton, Kardiner and Cora-du Bois) (f) Neo—evolutionism (Childe, White, Steward, Sahlins and Service) (g) Cultural materialism (Harris)  (h) Symbolic and interpretive theories (Turner, Schneider and Geertz) (i) Cognitive theories (Tyler, Conklin) (j) Postmodernism in anthropology. 7. Culture, Language and Communication: Nature, origin and characteristics of language; verbal and non-verbal communication; social context of language use. 8. Research methods in Anthropology (a) Fieldwork tradition in anthropology (b) Distinction between technique, method and methodology (c) Tools of data collection: observation, interview, schedules, questionnaire, case study, genealogy, life-history, oral history, secondary sources of information, participatory methods. (d) Analysis, interpretation and presentation of data. 9.1 Human Genetics : Methods and Application : Methods for study of genetic principles in man-family study (pedigree analysis, twin study, foster child, co-twin method, cytogenetic method, chromosome and karyo-type analysis), biochemical methods, immunological methods, D.N.A. technology and recombinant technologies. 9.2 Mendelian genetics in man-family study, single factor, multifactor, lethal, sub-lethal and polygenic inheritance in man. 9.3 Concept of genetic polymorphism and selection, Mendelian population, Hardy-Weinberg law; causes and changes which bring down frequency-mutation, isolation, migration, selection, inbreeding and genetic drift. Consanguineous and non-consanguineous mating, genetic load, genetic effect of consanguineous and cousin marriages. 9.4 Chromosomes and chromosomal aberrations in man, methodology. (a) Numerical and structural aberrations (disorders). (b) Sex chromosomal aberration- Klinefelter (XXY), Turner (XO), Super female (XXX), intersex and other syndromic disorders. (c) Autosomal aberrations- Down syndrome, Patau, Edward and Cri-du-chat syndromes. (d) Genetic imprints in human disease, genetic screening, genetic counseling, human DNA profiling, gene mapping and genome study. 9.5 Race and racism, biological basis of morphological variation of non-metric and characters. Racial criteria, racial traits in relation to heredity and environment; biological basis of racial classification, racial differentiation and race crossing in man. 9.6Age, sex and population variation as genetic markers : ABO, Rh blood groups, HLA Hp, transferring, Gm, blood enzymes. Physiological characteristics-Hb level, body fat, pulse rate, respiratory functions and sensory perceptions in different cultural and socio- economic groups 9.7 Concepts and methods of Ecological Anthropology : Bio-cultural Adaptations—Genetic and Non- genetic factors. Man’s physiological responses to environmental stresses: hot desert, cold, high altitude climate. 9.8 Epidemiological Anthropology : Health and disease. Infectious and non-infectious diseases, Nutritional deficiency related diseases. Concept of human growth and Development: Stages of growth—prenatal, natal, infant, childhood, adolescence, maturity, senescence. —Factors affecting growth and development genetic, environmental, biochemical, nutritional, cultural and socio-economic.  —Ageing and senescence. Theories and observations — Biological and chronological longevity. Human physique and somatotypes. Methodologies for growth studies. 11.1  elevance of menarche, menopause and other bioevents to fertility. Fertility patterns R and differentials. 11.2 Demographic theories-biological, social and cultural. 11.3 Biological and socio-ecological factors influencing fecundity, fertility, natality and mortality. 12.  Applications of Anthropology: Anthropology of sports, Nutritional anthropology, Anthropology in designing of defence and other equipments, Forensic Anthropology, Methods and principles of personal identification and reconstruction, Applied human genetics—Paternity diagnosis, genetic counseling and eugenics, DNA technology in diseases and medicine, serogenetics and cytogenetics in reproductive biology. Anthropology Paper -II 1.1 Evolution of Indian Culture and Civilization— Prehistoric (Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic and Neolithic-Chalcolithic), Protohistoric (Indus Civilization). Pre-Harappan, Harappan and post- Harappan cultures. Contributions of the tribal cultures to Indian civilization. 1.2 Palaeo—Anthropological evidence from India with special reference to Siwaliks and Narmada basin (Ramapithecus, Sivapithecus and Narmada Man). 1.3 Ethno-archaeology in India: The concept of ethno-archaeology; Survivals and Parallels among the hunting, foraging, fishing, pastoral and peasant communities including arts and crafts producing communities. 2. Demographic profile of India—Ethnic and linguistic elements in the Indian population and their distribution. Indian population—factors influencing its structure and growth. 3.1 The structure and nature of the traditional Indian social system—Varnashrama, Purushartha, Karma, Rina and Rebirth. 3.2 Caste system in India— Structure and characteristics Varna and caste, Theories of origin of caste system, Dominant caste, Caste mobility, Future of caste system, Jajmani system. Tribe- caste continuum. 3.3 Sacred Complex and Nature-Man-Spirit Complex. 3.4. Impact of Buddhism, Jainism, Islam and Christianity of Indian society. Emergence, growth and development in India— Contributions of the 18th, 19th and early 20th Century scholar-administrators. Contributions of Indian anthropologists to tribal and caste studies. 5.1 Indian Village—Significance of village study in India; Indian village as a social system; Traditional and changing patterns of settlement and inter-caste relations; Agrarian relations in Indian villages; Impact of globalization on Indian villages. 5.2 Linguistic and religious minorities and their social, political and economic status. 5.3 Indigenous and exogenous processes of socio-cultural change in Indian society: Sanskritization, Westernization, Modernization; Inter-play of little and great traditions; Panchayati Raj and social change; Media and Social change. 6.1 Tribal situation in India—Bio-genetic variability, linguistic and socio-economic characteristics of the tribal populations and their distribution. 6.2 Problems of the tribal Communities— Land alienation, poverty, indebtedness, low literacy, poor educational facilities, unemployment, under-employment, health and nutrition. 6.3 Developmental projects and their impact on tribal displacement and problems of rehabilitation. Development of forest policy and tribals. Impact of urbanisation and industrialisation on tribal populations. 7.1 Problems of exploitation and deprivation of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes. Constitutional safeguards for Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes. 7.2 Social change and contemporary tribal societies: Impact of modern democratic institutions, development programmes and welfare measures on tribals and weaker sections. 7.3 The concept of ethnicity; Ethnic conflicts and political developments; Unrest among tribal communities; Regionalism and demand for autonomy; Pseudo-tribalism. Social change among the tribes during colonial and post-Independent India. 8.1 Impact of Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and other religions on tribal societies 8.2 Tribe and nation state—a comparative study of tribal communities in India and other countries. 9.1 History of administration of tribal areas, tribal policies, plans, programmes of tribal development and their implementation. The concept of PTGs (Primitive Tribal Groups), their distribution, special programmes for their development. Role of N.G.O.s in tribal development. 9.2 Role of anthropology in tribal and rural development. 9.3 Contributions of anthropology to the understanding of regionalism, communalism and ethnic and political movements.  BOTANY PAPER 1 Microbiology and Plant Pathology:  Structure and reproduction/multiplication of viruses, viroids, bacteria, fungi and mycoplasma; Applications of microbiology in agriculture, industry, medicine and in control of soil and water pollution; Prion and Prion hypothesis.  Important crop diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, mycoplasma, fungi and nematodes; Modes of infection and dissemination; Molecular basis of infection and disease resistance/ defence; Physiology of parasitism and control measures; Fungal toxins; Modelling and disease forecasting; Plant quarantine. Cryptogams:  Algae, fungi, lichens, bryophytes, pteridophytes-structure and reproduction from evolutionary viewpoint; Distribution of Cryptogams in India and their ecological and economic importance Phanerogams:  Gymnosperms: Concept of Progymnosperms; Classifi cation and distribution of gymnosperms; Salient features of Cycadales, Ginkgoales, Coniferales and Gnetales, their structure and reproduction; General account of Cycadofi licales, Bennettitales and Cordaitales; Geological time scale; Type of fossils and their study techniques.  Angiosperms: Systematics, anatomy, embryology, palynology and phylogeny.  Taxonomic hierarchy; International Code of Botanical Nomenclature; Numerical taxonomy and chemotaxonomy; Evidence from anatomy, embryology and palynology.  Origin and evolution of angiosperms; Comparative account of various systems of classifi cation of angiosperms;  Study of angiospermic families?Mangnoliaceae, Ranunculaceae, Brassicaceae, Rosaceae,  Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Apiaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Verbenaceae, Solanaceae, Rubiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae, Arecaceae, Liliaceae, Musaceae and Orchidaceae.  Stomata and their types; Glandular and non-glandular trichomes; Unusual secondary growth; Anatomy of C3 and C4 plants; Xylem and phloem diff erentiation; Wood anatomy.  Development of male and female gametophytes, pollination, fertilization; Endosperm - its development and function; Patterns of embryo development; Polyembroyony and apomixes; Applications of palynology; Experimental embryology including pollen storage and test-tube fertilization. Plant Resource Development:  Domestication and introduction of plants; Origin of cultivated plants; Vavilov’s centres of origin; Plants as sources for food, fodder, fibre, spices, beverages, edible oils, drugs, narcotics, insecticides, timber, gums, resins and dyes, latex, cellulose, starch and its products; Perfumery; Importance of Ethnobotany in Indian context; Energy plantations; Botanical Gardens and Herbaria. Morphogenesis:  Totipotency, polarity, symmetry and dff erentiation; Cell, tissue, organ and protoplast culture; Somatichybrids and Cybrids; Micropropagation; Somaclonal variation and its applications; Pollen haploids, embryo rescue methods and their applications. PAPER 1 Cell Biology:  Techniques of cell biology; Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells-structural and ultrastructural details; Structure and function of extracellular matrix (cell wall), membranes-cell adhesion, membrane transport and vesicular transport; Structure and function of cell organelles (chloroplasts, mitochondria, ER, dictyosomes ribosomes, endosomes, lysosomes, peroxisomes); Cytoskelaton and microtubules; Nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear pore complex; Chromatin and nucleosome; Cell signalling and cell receptors; Signal transduction; Mitosis and meiosis; Molecular basis of cell cycle; Numerical and structural variations in chromosomes and their signifi cance; Chromatin organization  and packaging of genome; Polytene chromosomes; B- chromosomes’ structure, behaviour and significance. Genetics, Molecular Biology and Evolution:  Development of genetics; Gene versus allele concepts (Pseudoalleles); Quantitative genetics and multiple factors; Incomplete dominance, polygenic inheritance, multiple alleles; Linkage and crossing over; Methods of gene mapping, including molecular maps (idea of mapping function); Sex chromosomes and sexlinked inheritance, sex determination and molecular basis of sex diff erentiation; Mutations (biochemical and molecular basis); Cytoplasmic inheritance and cytoplasmic genes (including genetics of male sterility).  Structure and synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins;Genetic code and regulation of gene expression; Gene silencing; Multigene families; Organic evolution?evidences, mechanism and theories.  Role of RNA in origin and evolution. Plant Breeding, Biotechnology and Biostatistics:  Methods of plant breeding?introduction, selection and hybridization (pedigree, backcross, mass selection, bulk method); Mutation, polyploidy, male sterility and heterosis breeding; Use of apomixes in plant breeding; DNA sequencing; Genetic engineering ? methods of transfer of genes; Transgenic crops and biosafety aspects; Development and use of molecular markers in plant breeding; Tools and techniques -probe, southern blotting, DNA fi ngerprinting, PCR and FISH. Standard deviation and coeffi cient of variation (CV); Tests of signifi cance (Z-test, t-test and chi-square test); Probability and distributions (normal, binomial and Poisson); Correlation and regression. Physiology and Biochemistry  W ater relations, mineral nutrition and ion transport, mineral defi ciencies; Photosynthesis?photochemical reactions; photophosphorylation and carbon fi xation pathways; C3, C4 and CAM pathways; Mechanism of phloem transport; Respiration (anerobic and aerobic, including fermentation)?electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation; Photorespiration; Chemiosmotic theory and ATP synthesis; Lipid metabolism; Nitrogen fi xation and nitrogen metabolism; Enzymes, coenzymes; Energy transfer and energy conservation; Importance of secondary metabolites; Pigments as photoreceptors (plastidial pigments and phytochrome); Plant movements; Photoperiodism and fl owering, vernalization, senescence; Growthsubstances?their chemical nature, role and applications in agri-horticulture; Growth indices, growth movements; Stress   physiology (heat, water, salinity, metal); Fruit and seed physiology; Dormancy, storage and germination of seed; Fruit ripening?its molecular basis and manipulation. Ecology and Plant Geography Concept of ecosystem; Ecological factors; Concepts and dynamics of community; Plant succession; Concept of biosphere; Ecosystems; Conservation; Pollution and its control (including phytoremediation); Plant indicators; Environment (Protection) Act.  Forest types of India-Ecological and economic importance of forests, aff orestation, deforestation and social forestry; Endangered plants, endemism, IUCN categories, Red Data Books; Biodiversity and its conservation; Protected Area Network; Convention on Biological Diversity; Farmers? Rights and Intellectual Property Rights; Concept of Sustainable.Development; Biogeochemical cycles; Global warming and climatic change;  Invasive species; Environmental Impact Assessment; Phytogeographical regions of India CHEMISTRY PAPER-I Atomic Structure Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle Schrdinger wave equation (time independent); Interpretation of wave function, particle in one- dimensional box, quantum numbers, hydrogen atom wave functions; Shapes of s, p and d orbitals. Chemical bonding Ionic bond, characteristics of ionic compounds, lattice energy, Born-Haber cycle; covalent bond and its general characteristics, polarities of bonds in molecules and their dipole moments; Valence bond theory, concept of resonance and resonance energy; Molecular orbital theory (LCAO method); bonding H2 +, H2 He2 to Ne2, NO, CO, HF, CN–, Comparison of valence bond and molecular orbital theories, bond order, bond strength and bond length. Solid State Crystal systems; Designation of crystal faces, lattice structures and unit cell; Bragg’s law; X-ray diffraction by crystals; Close packing, radius ratio rules, calculation of some lim- iting radius ratio values; Structures of NaCl, ZnS, CsCl, CaF2; Stoichiometric and non- stoichiometric defects, impurity defects, semiconductors. Gaseous State and Transport Phenomenon Equation of state for real gases, intermolecular interactions, and critical phenomena and liquefaction of gases; Maxwell’s distribution of speeds, intermolecular collisions, collisions on the wall and effusion; Thermal conductivity and viscosity of ideal gases. Liquid State Kelvin equation; Surface tension and surface energy, wetting and contact angle, interfacial tension and capillary action. Thermodynamics  Work, heat and internal energy; first law of thermodynamics. Second law of thermodynamics; entropy as a state function, entropy changes in various processes, entropy-reversibility and irreversibility, Free energy functions; Thermodynamic equation of state; Maxwell relations; Temperature, volume and pressure dependence of U, H, A, G, Cp and Cv, and ; J-T effect and inversion temperature; criteria for equilibrium, relation between equilibrium constant and thermodynamic quantities; Nernst heat theorem, introductory idea of third law of thermodynamics. Phase Equilibria And Solutions Clausius-Clapeyron equation; phase diagram for a pure substance; phase equilibria in binary systems, partially miscible liquids—upper and lower critical solution temperatures; partial molar quantities, their significance and determination; excess thermodynamic functions and their determination Electrochemistry Debye-Huckel theory of strong electrolytes and Debye-Huckel limiting Law for various equilibrium and transport properties Galvanic cells, concentration cells; electrochemical series, measurement of e.m.f. of cells and its applications fuel cells and batteries Processes at electrodes; double layer at the interface; rate of charge transfer, current density;  overpotential; electroanalytical techniques : amperometry, ion selective electrodes and their uses Chemical Kinetics Differential and integral rate equations for zeroth, first, second and fractional order reactions; Rate equations involving reverse, parallel, consecutive and chain reactions; Branching chain and explosions; effect of temperature and pressure on rate constant. Study of fast reactions by stop-flow and relaxation methods. Collisions and transition state theories Photochemistry Absorption of light; decay of excited state by different routes; photochemical reactions between hydrogen and halogens and their quantum yields Surface Phenomena and Catalysis Adsorption from gases and solutions on solid adsorbents; Langmuir and B.E.T. adsorption isotherms; determination of surface area, characteristics and mech- anism of reaction on heterogeneous catalysts. Bioinorganic Chemistry Metal ions in biological systems and their role in ion-transport across the membranes (molecular mechanism), oxygen-uptake proteins, cytochromes and ferredoxins. Coordination Chemistry Bonding in transition of metal complexes. Valence bond theory, crystal field theory and its modifications; applications of theories in the explanation of magnetism and electronic spectra of metal complexes. Isomerism in coordination compounds; IUPAC nomenclature of coordination compounds; stereochemistry of complexes with 4 and 6 coordination numbers; chelate effect and polynuclear complexes; trans effect and its theories; kinetics of substitution reactions in square-planar complexes; thermodynamic and kinetic stability of complexes. EAN rule, Synthesis structure and reactivity of metal carbonyls; carboxylate anions, carbonyl hydrides and metal nitrosyl compounds. Complexes with aromatic systems, synthesis, structure and bonding in metal olefin complexes, alkyne complexes and cyclopentadienyl complexes; coordinative unsaturation, oxidative addition reactions, insertion reactions, fluxional molecules and their characterization; Compounds with metal—metal bonds and metal atom clusters. Main Group Chemistry Boranes, borazines, phosphazenes and cyclic phosphazene, silicates and silicones, Interhalogen compounds; Sulphur—nitrogen compounds, noble gas compounds. G e n e r a l Chemistry of ‘f ’ Block Element Lanthanides and actinides: separation, oxidation states, magnetic and spectral properties; lanthanide contraction. Paper 2 Delocalised Covalent Bonding Aromaticity, anti-aromaticity; annulenes, azulenes, tropolones, fulvenes, sydnones. Reaction mechanisms General methods (both kinetic and non-kinetic) of study of mechanisms or organic reactions : isotopies, method cross-over experiment, intermediate trapping, stereochemistry; energy of activation; thermodynamic control and kinetic control of reactions R e a c t i v e intermediates Generation, geometry, stability and reactions of carbonium ions and carbanions, free radicals, carbenes, benzynes and nitrenes. Substitution reactions SN1, SN2, and SNi, mechanisms ; neighbouring group participation; electrophilic and nucleophilic reactions of aromatic compounds including heterocyclic compounds—pyrrole, furan, thiophene and indole. Elimination reactions E1, E2 and E1cb mechanisms; orientation in E2 reactions—Saytzeff and Hoffmann; pyrolytic syn elimination—acetate pyrolysis, Chugaev and Cope eliminations. Addition reactions Electrophilic addition to C=C and CC; nucleophilic addition to C=O, CN, conjugated olefins and carbonyls Reactions and Rearrangement Pinacol-pinacolone, Hoffmann, Beckmann, Baeyer-Villiger, Favorskii, Fries, Claisen, Cope, Stevens and Wagner—Meerwein rearrangements Aldol condensation, Claisen condensation, Dieckmann, Perkin, Knoevenagel, Witting, Clemmensen, Wolff-Kishner, Cannizzaro and von Richter reactions; Stobbe, benzoin and acyloin condensations; Fischer indole synthesis, Skraup synthesis, Bischler-Napieralski, Sandmeyer, Reimer-Tiemann and Reformatsky reactions Pericyclic reactions Classification and examples; Woodward-Hoffmann rules—electrocyclic reactions, cycloaddition reactions [2+2 and 4+2] and sigmatropic shifts [1, 3; 3, 3 and 1, 5], FMO approach Preparation and Properties of Polymers Organic polymers polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, teflon, nylon, terylene, synthetic and natural rubber Biopolymers: Structure of proteins, DNA and RNA Synthetic Uses of Reagent OsO4, HlO4, CrO3, Pb(OAc)4, SeO2, NBS, B2H6, Na-Liquid NH3, LiAIH4, NaBH4, n-BuLi, MCPBA Photochemistry Photochemical reactions of simple organic compounds, excited and ground states, singlet and triplet states, Norrish-Type I and Type II reactions Spectroscopy  Principle and applications in structure elucidation i. Rotational—Diatomic molecules; isotopic substitution and rotational constants. ii. Vibrational—Diatomic molecules, linear triatomic molecules, specific frequencies of functional groups in polyatomic molecules. iii. Electronic—Singlet and triplet states. n and transitions; application to conjugated double bonds and conjugated carbonyls Woodward-Fieser rules; Charge transfer spectra iv. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR): Basic principle; chemical shift and spin-spin interaction and coupling constants. (v) Mass Spectrometry :— Parent peak, base peak, metastable peak. CIVIL ENGINEERING Optional Syllabus For UPSC Mains PAPER-I ENGINEERING MECHANICS, STRENGTH OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS. ENGINEERING MECHANICS : Units and Dimensions, SI Units, Vectors, Concept of Force, Concept of particle and rigid body. Concurrent, Non-Concurrent and parallel forces in a plane, moment of force and Varignon’s theorem, free body diagram, conditions of equilibrium, Principle of virtual work, equivalent force system. First and Second Moment of area, Mass moment of Inertia. Static Friction, Inclined Plane and bearings. Kinematics and Kinetics. Kinematics in Cartesian and Polar Coordinates, motion under uniform and nonuniform acceleration, motion under gravity. Kinetics of particle: Momentum and Energy principles, D’Alembert’s Principle, Collision of elastic bodies, rotation of rigid bodies, simple harmonic motion, Flywheel. STRENGTH OF MATERIALS: Simple Stress and Strain, Elastic constants, axially loaded compression members, Shear force and bending moment, theory of simple bending, Shear Stress distribution across cross sections, Beams of uniform strength, Leaf Spring. Strain Energy in direct stress, bending & shear. Deflection of beams: Mecaulay’s method, Mohr’s Moment area method, Conjugate beam method, unit load method, Torsion of Shafts, Transmission of power, close coiled helical springs, Elastic stability of columns, Euler’s Rankine’s and Secant formulae. Principal Stresses and Strains in two dimensions, Mohr’s Circle, Theories of Elastic Failure, Thin and Thick cylinder; Stresses due to internal and external pressure- Lame’s equations. STRUCTURALANALYSIS: Castiglianio’s theroems I and II, Unit load method of consistent deformation applied to beams and pin jointed trusses. Slopedeflection, moment distribution, Kani’s method of analysis and column Analogy method applied to indeterminate beams and rigid frames. Rolling loads and influences lines: Influences lines for Shear Force and Bending moment at a section of beam. Criteria for maximum shear force and bending Moment in beams traversed by a system of moving loads. Influences lines for simply supported plane pin jointed trusses. Arches: Three hinged, two hinged and fixed arches, rib shortening and temperature effects, influence lines in arches. Matrix methods of analysis: Force method and displacement method of analysis of indeterminatebeams and rigid frames. Plastic Analysis of beams and frames:Theory of plastic bending, plastic analysis, statical method, Mechanism method. Unsymmetrical bending: Moment of inertia, product of inertia, position of Neutral Axis and Principle axes, calculation of bending stresses. DESIGN OF STRUCTURES: STEEL, CONCRETE AND MASONRY STRUCTURES. STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN : Structural Steel: Factors of safety and load factors, Rivetted, bolted and welded joints and connections. Design of tension and compression member, beams of built up section, rivetted and welded plate girders, gantry girders, stancheons with battens and lacings, slab and gussetted column bases. Design of highway and railway bridges: Through and deck type plate girder, Warren girder, Pratt truss. DESIGN OF CONCRETE AND MASONRY STRUCTURES: Concept of mix design, Reinforces Concrete: Working Stress and Limit State method of design-recommendations of I.S. codes, design of one way and two way slabs, stair-case slabs, simple and continuous beams of rectangular, T and L sections. Compression members under direct load with or without eccentricity, Isolated and combined footings. Cantilever and counterfort type retaining walls. Water tanks: Design requirements for rectangular and circular tanks resting on ground. Prestressed concrete: Methods and systems of prestressing, anchorages, analysis and disign of sections for flexure based on working stress, loss of prestress. Design of brick masonry as per I.S. Codes. Design of masonry retaining walls. FLUID MECHANICS, OPEN CHANNEL FLOW AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES Fluid Mechanics: Fluid properties and their role in fluid motion, fluid statics including forces acting on plane and curve surfaces. Kinematics and Dynamics of Fluid flow: Velocity and accelerations, stream lines, equation of continuity, irrotational and rotational flow, velocity potential and stream functions, flownet, methods of drawing flownet, sources and sinks, flow separation, free and forced vortices. Control volume equation, continuity, momentum, energy and moment of momentum equations from control volume equation, Navier-Strokes equation, Euler’s equation of motion, application to fluid flow problems, pipe flow, plane, curved, stationary and moving vanes, sluice gates, weirs, orifice meters and Venturi meters. Dimensional Analysis and Similitude: Buckingham’s Pi-theorem, dimensionless parameters, similitude theory, model laws, undistorted and distorted models. Laminar Flow: Laminar flow between parallel, stationary and moving plates, flow through tube. Boundary Layer: Laminar and turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate, laminar sublayer, smooth and rough boundaries, drag and lift. Turbulent flow through pipes: Characteristics of turbulent flow, velocity distribution and variation of pipe friction factor, hydraulic grade line and total energy line, siphons, expansion and contractions in pipes, pipe networks, water hammer in pipes and surge tanks. Open Channel Flow: Uniform and nonuniform flows, momentum and energy correction factors. Specific energy and specific force, critical depth, resistance equations and variation of roughness coefficient, rapidly varied flow, flow in contractions, flow at sudden drop, hydraulic jump and its applications surges and waves, gradually varied flow, classification of surface profiles, control section, step method of integration of varied flow equation, moving surges and hydraulic bore. HYDRAULIC MACHINES AND HYDROPOWER: Centrifugal pumps – Types, characteristics, Net positive Suction Height (NPSH), specific speed, Pumpsin parallel. Reciprocating pumps, Air vessels,Hydraulic ram, efficiency parameters, Rotary and positive displacement pumps, diaphragm and jet pumps. Hydraulic turbines, types classification, Choice of turbines, performance parameters, controls, characteristics, specific speed. Principles of hydropower development. Type, layouts and Component works, surge tanks, types and choice. Flow duration curves and dependable flow. Storage an pondage, Pumped storage plants. Specialfeatures of mini, micro- hydel plants. GEO TECHNICAL ENGINEERING : Types of soil, phase relationships, consistency limits particles size distribution, classifications of soil, structure and clay mineralogy. Capillary water and structural water, effectives trees and pore water pressure, Darcy’s Law, factors affecting permeability, determination of permeability, permeability of stratified soil deposits. Seepage pressure, quick sand condition, compressibility and consolidation, Terzaghi’s theory of one dimensional consolidation,consolidation test. Compaction of  soil, field control of compaction. Total stress and effective stress parameters, pore pressure coefficients. Shear strength of soils, Mohr Coulomb failure theory, Shear tests. Earth pressure at rest, active and passive pressure, Rankin’s theory, Coulomb’s wedge theory, earth pressure on retaining wall, sheetpile walls, Braced excavation. Bearing capacity, Terzaghi and other important theories, net and gross bearing pressure. Immediate and consolidation settlement. Stability of slope, Total Stress and Effective Stress methods, Conventional methods of slices, stability number. Subsurface exploration, methods of boring, sampling, penetration tests, pressure meter tests. Essential features of foundation, types of foundation, design criteria, choice of type of foundation, stress distribution in soils, Boussinessq’s theory, Newmarks’ chart, pressure bulb, contact pressure, applicability of different bearing capacity theories, evaluation of bearing capacity from field tests, allowable bearing capacity, Settlement analysis, allowable settlement. Proportioning of footing, isolated and combined footings, rafts, buoyancy rafts, Pile foundation, types of piles, piles capacity, static and dynamic analysis, design of pile groups, pile load test, settlement of piles, lateral capacity. Foundation for Bridges. Ground improvement techniques-preloading, sand drains, stone column, grouting, soil stabilisation. Paper-II CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY, EQUIPMENT, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT : 1. Construction Technology: Engineering Materials: Physical properties of construction materials: Stones, Bricks and Tiles; Lime, Cement and Surkhi Mortars; Lime concrete and Cement concrete, Properties of freshly mixed and hardened concrete, flooring Tiles, use of ferro-cement, fibre-reinforced and polymer concrete, high strength concrete and light weight concrete. Timber: Properties and uses; defects in timber; seasoning and preservation of timber, Plastics, rubber and damp-proofing materials, termite proofing, Materials for Low cost housing. Construction: Building components and their functions; Brick masonry: Bonds, jointing, Stone masonry, Design of Brick masonry walls as per I.S. codes, factors of safety, serviceability and strength requirements; plastering, pointing. Types of Floors & Roofs, Ventilators, Repairs in buildings. Functional planning of building: Building orientation, circulation, grouping of areas, privacy concept and design of energy efficient building; provisions of National Building Code. Building estimates and specifications; Cost of works; valuation. 2. Construction Equipment : Standard and special types of equipment, Preventive maintenance and repair, factors affecting the selection of equipment, economical life, time and motion study, capital and maintenance cost. Concreting equipments : Weigh batcher,  mixer, vibration, batching plant, Concrete pump.Earth-work equipment : Power shovel hoe, bulldozer, dumper, trailors, and tractors, rollers, sheep foot roller. 3. Construction Planning and Management : Construction activity, schedules, job layout, bar charts, organization of contracting firms, project control and supervision. Cost reduction measures. New-work analysis: CPM and PERT analysis, Float times, cashing ofactivities, contraction of network for cost optimization, up dating, cost analysis and resource allocation. Elements of Engineering Economics, methods of appraisal, present worth, annual cost, benefit-cost, incremental analysis. Economy of scale and size. Choosing between alternatives including levels of investments. Project profitability. SURVEY AND TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING : Survey : Common methods of distance and angle measurements, plane table survey, levelling traversesurvey, triangulation survey, corrections, and adjustments, contouring, topographical map. Surveying instruments for above purposes Techeometry. Circular and transition curves, Principles of photogrammetry. Railways: Permanent way, sleepers, rail fastenings, ballast, points and crossings, design of turn outs, stations and yards, turn- tables, signals, and interlocking, levelcrossing.Construction and maintenance of permanent ways: Superelevlation, creep of rail, ruling gradient, track resistance, tractive effort, relaying of track. Highway Engineering: Principles of highway planning, Highway alignments, Geometrical design: Cross section, camber, superelevation, horizontal and vertical curves. Classification of roads: low cost roads, flexible pavements, rigid pavements. Design of payments and their construction, evaluation of pavement failure and strengthening. Drainage of roads: Surface and subsurface drainage. Traffic Engineering : Forecasting techniques, origin and destination survey, highway capacity, Channelised and unchannelised intersections, rotary design elements, markings, sign,signals, street lighting; Traffic surveys, Principle of highway financing. HYDROLOGY, WATER RESOURCES AND ENGINEERING: Hydrology: Hydrological cycle, precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, depression storage, infiltration, overland flow, hydrograph, flood frequency analysis, flood estimation, flood routing through a reservoir, channel flow routing-Muskingam method. Ground water flow: Specific yield, storage coefficient of permeability, confined and unconfined aquifers,aquifers, aquitards, radial flow into a well under confined and unconfined conditions, tube wells, pumping and recuperation tests, ground water potential. WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING: Ground and surface water resource, single and multipurpose projects, storage capacity of reservoirs, reservoir losses, reservoir sedimentation, economics of water resources projects. IRRIGATION ENGINEERING: Water requirements of crops: consumptive use, quality of water for irrigation duty and delta, irrigation methods and their efficiencies. Canals: Distribution systems for canal irrigation, canal capacity, canal losses, alignment of main and distributory canals, most efficient section, lined canals, their design, regime theory, critical shear stress, bed load, local and suspended load transport, cost analysis of lined and unlied canals, drain-age behind lining. Water logging: causes and control, drainage system design, salinity. Canal structures: Design of cross regulators, head regulators, canal falls, aqueducts, metering flumes and canal outlets. Diversion head work: Principles and design of weirs of permeable and impermeable foundation, Khosla’s theory, energy dissipation, stilling basin, sediment excluders. Storage Works: Types of dams, design, principles of rigid gravity and earth dams, stability analysis, foundation treatment, joints and galleries, control of seepage. Spillways: Spillway types, crest gates, energy dissipation. River training: Objectives of river training, methods of river training. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING : Water Supply : Estimation of surface and subsurface water resources, predicting demand for water, impurities of water and their significance, physical, chemical a n d bacteriological analysis, waterborne diseases, standards for potable water. Intake of water: Pumping and gravity schemes. Water treatment: Princi-ples of coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation; slow-, rapid-, pressure-, filters; chlorination, softening, removal of taste, odour and salinity. Water storage and distribution: Storage and balancing reservoirs: types, location and capacity. Distribution system: layout, hydraulics of pipe lines, pipe fittings, valves including check and pressure reducing valves, meters, analysis of distribution systems, leak detection, maintenance of distribution systems, pumping stations and their operations. Sewerage systems: Domestic and industrial wastes, storm sewage-separate and combined systems, flow through sewers, design of sewers, sewer appurtenances, manholes, inlets, junctions, siphon, Plumbing in Public buildings. Sewage characterisation: BOD, COD, solids, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen and TOC. Standards of disposal in normal  water course and on land. Sewage treatment: Working principles, units, chambers, sedimentation tanks, trickling filters, oxidation ponds, activated sludge process, septic tank; disposal of sludge, recycling of waste water. Solid waste : Collection and disposal in rural and urban contexts, management of long-term ill-effects. Environmental pollution: Sustainable development. Radioactive wastes and disposal, Environmental impact assessment for thermal power plants, mines, river valley projects, Air pollution, Pollution control acts. UPSC Commerce and Accountancy Main Optional Syllabus Paper-I Financing Accounting  Accounting as a financial information system; Impact of behavioural sciences. Accounting Standards e.g., accounting for Depreciation, Inventories, Research and Development Costs, Long-term Construction Contracts, Revenue Recognition, Fixed Assets, Contingencies, Foreign Exchange Transactions, Investments and Government Grants, Cash Flow Statement, Earnings per Share.  Accounting for Share Capital Transactions including Bonus Shares, and Right Shares.  Employee Stock Option and Buy-Back of Securities.  Preparation and Presentation of Company Final Accounts.  Amalgamations, Absorption and Reconstruction of Companies. Accounting  Nature and functions of cost accounting. Installation of Cost Accounting System. Cost Concepts related to Income Measurement, Profit Planning, Cost Control and Decision Making.  Methods of Costing: Job Costing, Process Costing, Activity Based Costing.  Volume-cost-Profit Relationship as a Tool of Profit Planning.  Incremental Analysis/Differential Costing as a Tool of Pricing Decisions, Product Decisions, Make or Buy Decisions, Shut-Down Decisions etc.  Techniques of Cost Control and Cost Reduction: Budgeting as a Tool of Planning and Control. Standard Costing and Variance Analysis.  Responsibility Accounting and Divisional Performance Measurement. Taxation  Income Tax: Definitions. Basis of charge; Incomes which do not form part of total income. Simple problems of computation of income (of individuals only) under various heads, i.e., salaries, income from house property, profits and gains from business or profession, capital gains, income from other sources, Income of other persons included in assessee’s total income.  Set-off and Carry forward of Loss.  Deductions from gross Total Income.  Salient Features/Provisions Related to VAT and Services Tax. Auditing  Company Audit: Audit related to Divisible Profits, Dividends, Special investigations, Tax audit.  Audit of Banking, Insurance, Non-Profit Organizations and Charitable societies/Trusts/ Organizations. Financial Management  Finance Function: Nature, Scope and Objectives of Financial Management: Risk and Return relationship.  Tools of Financial Analysis: Ratio Analysis, Funds-Flow and Cash-Flow Statement.  Capital Budgeting Decisions: Process, Procedures and Appraisal Methods. Risk and Uncertainty Analysis and Methods.  Cost of Capital: Concept, Computation of Specific Costs and Weighted Average Cost of Capital. CAPM as a Tool of Determining the Cost of Equity Capital.  Financing Decisions: Theories of Capital Structure—Net Income (NI) Approach.  Net Operating Income (NOI) Approach, MM Approach and Traditional Approach. Designing of Capital Structure: Types of Leverages (Operating, Financial and Combined), EBIT-EPS Analysis, and Other Factors.  Dividend Decisions and Valuation of Firm: Walter’s Model, MM Thesis, Gordan’s Model Lintner’s Model. Factors Affecting Dividend Policy.  Working Capital Management: Planning of Working Capital. Determinants of Working Capital. Components of Working Capital— Cash, Inventory and Receivables.  Corporate Restructuring with a focus on Mergers and Acquisitions (Financial aspect only). Financial Markets and Institutions  Indian Financial System: An Overview  Money Markets: Participants, Structure and Instruments. Commercial Banks. Reforms in the Banking Sector. Monetary and Credit Policy of RBI. RBI as a Regulator.  Capital Market: Primary and Secondary Market. Financial Market Instruments and Innovative Debt Instruments; SEBI as a Regulator.  Financial Services: Mutual Funds, Venture Capital, Credit Rating Agencies, Insurance and IRDA. Paper-II Organisation Theory  Nature and Concept o f Organisation; External Environment of Organisation Technological, Social, Political, Economical and Legal; Organizational Goals Primary and Secondary Goals, Single and Multiple Goals; Management by Objectives.  Evolution of Organisation Theory: Classical Neo- classical and system approach.  Modern Concepts of Organisation Theory: Organisational Design, Organisational Structure and Organisational Culture.  Organisational Design-Basic Challenges; Differentiation and Integration Process; Centralization and Decentralization Process; Standardization on/Formalization and Mutual Adjustment. Coordinating Formal and Informal Organizations. Mechanistic and Organic Structures.  Designing Organizational structures-Authority and Control; Line and Staff Functions, Specialization and Coordination.  Types of Organization Structure Functional. Matrix Structure, Project Structure. Nature and Basis of Power, Sources of Power, Power Structure and Politics. Impact of Information Technology on Organizational Design and Structure.  Managing Organizational Culture. Organisation Behaviour  Meaning and Concept: Individual in the organization: Personality, Theories, and Determinants; Perception Meaning and Process.  Motivation: Concepts, Theories and Applications. Leadership – Theories and Styles. Quality of Work Life (QWL): Meaning and its Impact on Performance, Ways of its Enhancement.  Quality Circles (QC) – Meaning and their Importance. Management of Conflicts in Organizations. Transactional Analysis Organizational Effectiveness, Management of Change. Human Resources Management (HRM) Meaning Nature and Scope of HRM, Human Resource Planning, Job Analysis, Job Description, Job Specification, Recruitment Process, Selection Process, Orientational and Placement, Training and Development Process, Performance Appraisal and 360° Feed Back, Salary and Wage Administration, Job Evaluation, Employee Welfare, Promotions, Transfers and Separations. Industrial Relations (IR)  Meaning. Nature, Importance and Scope of IR, Formation of Trade Union, Trade Union Legislation, Trade Union Movement in India. Recognition of Trade Unions, Problems of Trade Unions in India. Impact of Liberalization on Trade Union Movement.  Nature of Industrial Disputes: Strikes and Lockouts, Causes of Disputes, Prevention and Settlement of Disputes.  Worker’s Participation in Management: Philosophy, Rationale, Present Day Status and Future Prospects.  Adjudication and Collective Bargaining.  Industrial Relations in Public Enterprises Absenteeism and Labour Turnover in Indian Industries and their Causes and Remedies.  ILO and its Functions.  Economics Optional Syllabus For UPSC Mains PAPER-I Advanced Micro Economics:  Marshallian and Walrasiam Approaches to Price determination.  Alternative Distribution Theories: Ricardo, Kaldor, Kaleeki  Markets Structure: Monopolistic Competition, Duopoly, Oligopoly.  Modern Welfare Criteria: Pareto Hick& Scitovsky, Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem, A.K. Sen’s Social Welfare Function. Advanced Macro Economics: Approaches to Employment Income and Interest Rate determination: Classical, Keynes (IS-LM) curve, Neo classical synthesis and New classical, Theories of Interest Rate determination and Interest Rate Structure. Money - Banking and Finance: a. Demand for and Supply of Money: Money Multiplier Quantity Theory of Money (Fisher, Pique and Friedman) and Keyne’s Theory on Demand for Money, Goals and Instruments of Monetary Management in Closed and Open Economies. Relation between the Central Bank and the Treasury. Proposal for ceiling on growth rate of money. b. Public Finance and its Role in Market Economy: In stabilization of supply, allocation of resources and in distribution and development. Sources of Govt. revenue, forms of Taxes and Subsidies, their incidence and effects. Limits to taxation, loans, crowding- out effects and limits to borrowings. Public Expenditure and its effects. International Economics a. Old and New Theories of International Trade i. Comparative Advantage ii. Terms of Trade and Offer Curve. iii. Product Cycle and Strategic Trade Theories. iv. Trade as an engine of growth” and theories of under development in an open economy. b. Forms of Protection: Tariff and quota. c. Balance of Payments Adjustments: Alternative Approaches. i. Price versus income, income adjustments under fixed exchange rates, ii. Theories of Policy Mix iii. Exchange rate adjustments under capital mobility iv. Floating Rates and their Implications for Developing Countries: Currency Boards. v. Trade Policy and Developing Countries. vi. BOP, adjustments and Policy Coordination in open economy macro-model. vii. Speculative attacks viii. Trade Blocks and Monetary Unions. ix. WTO: TRIMS, TRIPS, Domestic Measures, Different Rounds of WTO talks. Growth and Development 1. Theories of growth: Harrod’s model, 2. Lewis model of development with surplus labour 3. Balanced and Unbalanced growth, 4. Human Capital and Economic Growth. 5. Research and Development and Economic Growth (b) Process of Economic Development of Less developed countries: Myrdal and Kuzments on economic development and structural change: Role of Agriculture in Economic Development of less developed countries. (c) Economic development and International Trade and Investment, Role of Multinationals. (d) Planning and Economic Development: changing role of Markets and Planning, Private- Public Partnership (e) Welfare indicators and measures of growth – Human Development Indices. The basic needs approach. (f) Development and Environmental Sustainability – Renewable and Non Renewable Resources, Environmental Degradation, Intergenerational equity development. PAPER-II Indian Economy in Pre-Independence Era: Land System and its changes, Commercial- ization of agriculture, Drain theory, Laissez faire theory and critique. Manufacture and Transport: Jute, Cotton, Railways, Money and Credit. Indian Economy after Independence A. The Pre Liberalization Era: ii. Contribution of Vakil, Gadgil and V.K.R.V. Rao. iii. Agriculture: Land Reforms and land tenure system, Green Revolution and capital formation in agriculture, iv. Industry Trends in composition and growth, Role of public and private sector, Small scale and cottage industries. v. National and Per capita income: patterns, trends, aggregate and Sectoral composition and changes their in. vi. Broad factors determining National Income and distribution, Measures of poverty, Trends in poverty and inequality. B. The Post Liberalization Era: i. New Economic Reform and Agriculture: Agriculture and WTO, Food processing, Subsidies, Agricultural prices and public distributi