Updated Stirling Anatomy PDF

# Anatomy - Highly vascular - receive ~25% of cardiac output - The essential tissue composition of kidney is that of a gland with highly modified secretory units and highly specialized ducts. Kidneys excrete urine, produced by modifying a filtrate of blood plasma - In addition to excreting waste th...

# Anatomy - Highly vascular - receive ~25% of cardiac output - The essential tissue composition of kidney is that of a gland with highly modified secretory units and highly specialized ducts. Kidneys excrete urine, produced by modifying a filtrate of blood plasma - In addition to excreting waste the kidneys have an endocrine function - Secretion of erythropoietin - Synthesis and secretion of renin - Hydroxylation of 25-OH vitamin D3 # Urinary System ## Development - Functional organ is the kidney - Develop from intermediate mesoderm - Initially lie in pelvis and ascend during their development ## Gross Anatomy - Retroperitoneal - Position T12-L3 (Right kidney slightly lower) - Surrounded by renal capsule - Covered by a perirenal fat capsule - Separated from adrenal glands by fascial septum - Superiorly associated with the diaphragm ## Posterior Relations - Surrounded by perirenal fascia - Sit against the posterior abdominal wall overlying the quadratus lumborum, psoas major and transversus abdominis ## Movement of the Kidneys - On inspiration 2-3cm # Macroscopic Kidney Anatomy - Concave renal hilum - **Renal artery and vein (vein anterior)** - **Consists of;** - Outer Cortex - Inner Medulla - **Renal Pyramids** - **Renal Columns** - **Major & Minor Calyces** - **Renal Papillae** - **Renal Pelvis** # Blood Supply / Drainage - Paired renal arteries arise between L1 & L2 - Right renal artery passes posterior to IVC - Divide into 5 segmental arteries - Renal veins lie anterior to arteries - Left vein is longer and receives gonadal vein - Drain into the IVC # Adrenal Gland Vasculature - Superior suprarenal arteries - Left suprarenal gland - Middle suprarenal artery - Inferior suprarenal artery # Renal Columns - The caps of cortical tissue spilling over the pyramids form renal columns - These are regarded as part of the cortex # Ureters - Paired retroperitoneal structures that carry urine to the bladder - Approximately 25-35cm long and lined by transitional epithelium # Bladder - Urinary bladder - serves as a storage reservoir for urine - Subperitoneal in position - Muscular walls that allow for distension - Varies in shape and size in relation to fullness # Cystoscopy - Trigone - Urethra - Ureters - Opening of ureters - Internal urethral orifice # Urinary Bladder - Female - Anterior to vagina & inferior to uterus - Recto-uterine & vesico-uterine pouches # Urinary Bladder - Male - Directly anterior to rectum - Recto-vesical pouch # Urethra (Male) - Conveys urine from the internal urethral orifice to the external urethral orifice (at the tip of the penis) - Divided into 4 parts: - Pre-prostatic urethra - Prostatic urethra - Membranous urethra - Spongy (penile) urethra # Urethra (Female) - Shorter than the male equivalent (4-6cm) - No internal urethral sphincter present - External urethral orifice is located in the vaginal vestibule The images in the document appear to be diagrams illustrating the anatomy of the urinary system, and each image includes a caption and/or a credit line. The diagrams depict the location, anatomy and blood supply of the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra in both male and female humans.