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GROUP 1: INTERGUMENTARY SYSTEM QUESTION ANSWER 1. Which of the following is a a. Ceruminous gland modified sebaceous gland found b. Lacrimal gland in the eyelids that secretes an c. Moll gland oily substances to lubricate the d. Meibomian...

GROUP 1: INTERGUMENTARY SYSTEM QUESTION ANSWER 1. Which of the following is a a. Ceruminous gland modified sebaceous gland found b. Lacrimal gland in the eyelids that secretes an c. Moll gland oily substances to lubricate the d. Meibomian gland eye. 2. What is the main function of a. Contribute to body shape and colour filoplume feathers in birds? b. Facilitate flight (lift and propulsion) c. May be involved in sensory perception d. Provide insulation 3. Which of the following glands a. Salivary glands – aid in digestion. are found in amphibians and b. Sweat glands – regulate body temperature. their corresponding functions? c. Poison glands – deter predators d. Sebaceous gland – lubricate hair and skin 4. Which of the following is NOT a a. Deterring predators with a weak unpleasant benefit of the oil secreted by the odour (secondary function) uropygial gland (preen gland) in b. Lubricating feathers for flexibility and reducing birds? wear c. Promoting bacterial and fungal growth on the feathers d. Waterproofing feathers for buoyancy and flight. 5. Reptiles have various epidermal a. Secrete pheromones used for attracting mates glands. Choose the description b. Release lubricating oils to aid movement. that best matches the function c. Produce musk with antipredator properties of femoral glands d. Secrete waste products along with other substances depending on the species. 6. Fingerprints are useful for Dermal papillae identifying criminals. How does  the dermis contribute to the development of fingerprints? 7. Why does hypodermis contain The layer of fat in the hypodermis acts an insulator, many fat cells (adipocytes)? 2 helping the body retrain heat and maintain core body marks temperature, especially in cold environments. (1 mark) The fat pads in the hypodermis provide cushioning and protection for the underlying organs, bones, and tissues from impact and mechanical stress. (1 mark) 8. In addition to their sensitivity to While vision is not their primary sense, some snakes vibrations, what other sensory possess good eyesight that allows them to detect do snakes utilize to detect movement, potentially aiding in predator detection predators? 3 marks (1 mark) Certain snake groups, like pit vipers and boas, have specialized facial pits that detect infrared radiation from warm-blooded animals. This ability helps snakes located prey an may also be useful in sensing the approach of predators. (1 mark) Snakes flick their tongues to collect scent particles from the air. These particles are then transferred to the Jacobson’s organ (vomeronasal organ) located in the roof of their mouth. The Jacobson’s organ helps snakes analyze these scent cues, potentially including odours left behind by predators. (1 mark) 9. Describe the location and Function: Merkel cells are mechanoreceptors, which function of Merkel cells in are sensory cells that detect touch. They are human skin. Give an example particularly sensitive to light touch and sustained pressure. (1 mark)  where Merkel cells can be found Location: They are located in the deepest layer of the in human skin. 3 marks epidermis, called the stratum basal. (1 mark) Example: Fingertips/lips/palms. (1 mark) 10. Distinguish between the three Antlers: These are bony outgrowth found on the main types of horns found in heads of male dee, elk, moose, caribou, and mammals and provide examples reindeer. Antlers are typically branched ad shed of animals with each type. 3 annually after the mating season (1 mark) marks Pronghorns: These are unique structures found on pronghorn antelopes. Unlike true horns, pronghorns have a bony core at the based, but the outer sheath is composed of keratin (the same protein as hair and nails) and shed annually similar to antlers. Additionally, pronghorns have a characteristic prong-like shape (1 mark) Hollow horns: These permanent horns are made of keratin and grow continuously throughout the animal’s life. Examples include the horns of sheep, goats, buffalo, and some species of antelope (1 mark) 11. What is the collective term for a. Contour feathers the long, stiff feathers on a bird’s b. Semiplume feathers wings and tail used for flight? c. Flight feathers d. Down feathers 12. Which of the following describes a. Ganoid: Hard and diamond shaped, with a bony the scales found in shark and layer and an outer layer of enamel rays? b. Cycloid: The most common type, found in most bony fish. Round or oval with smooth edges c. Placoid: Made of tooth-like structures with a bony base and covered in enamel d. Ctenoid: Similar to cycloid but with a rough posterior edge due to tiny spines 13. The uropygial gland, found in a. At the base of the tail birds, secretes an oil used for b. Inside the body cavity waterproofing feathers. Where is c. On the head this gland located? d. On the wings 14. Nails and claws in mammals are a. Keratin- provide a protective covering layer for the made from a tough protein. What tips of digits is this protein and what is one b. Melanin – protects skin from UV radiation function of these structures? c. Collagen – provides support and structure to skin 15. The outermost layer of your skin a. Sebocytes – they run out of oil to secrete and die is composed of dead cells. b. Keratinocytes – they are pushed to the surface, Select the correct answer that become dehydrated, and die describes these cells and why c. Melanocytes – they lack pigment and die due to they die sun exposure d. Langerhans cell – they die after presenting antigen to immune cells 16. Reptiles have three main types of Secrete pheromones epidermal glands. What is the function of scent glands in reptile. 17. Which layer differentiates the Stratum corneum epidermis from the dermis in both thin and thick skin? 18. Which component of a fish’s skin a. Mucus gland is responsible for its reflective b. Melanocyte coloration and iridescence? c. Scale 19. Which type of feather is primarily a. Contour feather responsible for providing b. Flight feather insulation in birds? c. Filoplumes feather d. Down feather 20. Reptiles have three main types of Located near the cloaca, these glands have various epidermal glands. What is the functions depending on the species. They may function of cloacal glands in secrete pheromones, waste products, or even musk reptile? with antipredator properties. 21. What is the function of a. Regulating hair growth melanocytes in hair follicles? b. Secreting an oily substances c. Producing hair pigment (melanin) d. Providing structural support 22. Langerhans cells, found in the True stratum spinosum of the False epidermis, are responsible for Elaboration: Langerhans cells are antigen- producing melanin, which presenting cells found in the epidermis of the skin, pigments the skin most prominently in the stratum spinosum but also present in other layers. They help protect the body against pathogens by capturing and processing foreign antigens (fragments of bacteria, viruses) 23. What are the functions of the The uropygial gland, also known as the preen gland, uropygial glans (preen gland) produces an oil secretion that birds spread onto secretion in birds? 5 marks their feathers during preening (1 mark) Water proofing: The oil creates a water-repellent layer on the feathers, aiding buoyancy during swimming and flight in wet condition (1 mark) Feather maintenance: The oil lubricates the feather, keeping them flexible and reducing wear and tear from flying and preening (1 mark) Antimicrobial properties: The oil may have sine antimicrobial properties that help to deter bacterial and fungal growth on the feathers. (1 mark) Defence (secondary function): In some bird species, the oil may have a weak, unpleasant odor that can deter predators. However, this is considered a secondary function compared to the other benefits listed above (1 mark) 24. Which of the following cell types a. Dermal papilla cells is primarily responsible for b. Sebaceous gland cells  producing the protein that gives c. Keratinocytes hair its structure and strength? d. Melanocytes 25. Which of following is NOT a type a. Placoid of fish scale? b. Iridocytes c. Ganoid d. Cycloid 26. Describes two types of modified Type 1: Moll gland sweat glands, including their Location: Eyelids, specifically at the margins location and function. 6 marks near the eyelashes Function: Secrete a lubricating, aqueous solution that maintain the health and integrity of the eyelashes. Type 2: Ceruminous gland Location: external auditory canal (ear canal) Function: Secrete cerumen (earwax), a sticky, yellowish substance that traps dust, debris, and foreign particles, preventing them from reaching the inner ear and potentially causing damage 27. Reptiles have three main types of Found in some lizards and snakes, these glands epidermal glands. What is the secrete various substances depending on the function of femoral glands in species. In some cases, they might be used for reptile. marking territory, attracting mates, or even defense. GROUP 3: CIRCULATORY SYSTEM QUESTION ANSWER 1. Which type of circulatory system a. Double circulation system with separate do tetrapod possess? pulmonary and systemic circulations. b. Single circulation system. c. Open circulation system. d. No circulation system. 2. What is the end result of the a. Formation of a fibrin clot. enzymatic reactions initiated by b. Increase in blood pH. activated platelets during blood c. Decrease in white blood cell count. clotting? d. Production of antibodies. 3. What is the primary role of a. Platelets break down damaged blood vessels. platelets in blood clotting? b. Platelets destroy bacteria in the blood. c. Platelets transport oxygen to tissues. d. Platelets become activated upon blood vessel injury and release signaling molecules. 4. What is the structure in the heart a. Mitral valve that separates the ventricles? b. Aorta c. Interventricular septum d. Pulmonary artery 5. lymphatic system is a network of a. Absorbing dietary fats thin tubes and organs that runs b. It helps regulate body temperature alongside the circulatory c. Supporting the immune system system. Which of the following d. Maintain fluid balance is NOT the function of the lymphatic system? 6. A single circulation loop is when True blood passes from the heart to False the gills for gas exchange and then directly to all parts of the  body and finally returns to the heart. 7. Which of the following occurs a. Formation of red blood cells. after platelets release signaling b. Breakdown of fibrin clot. molecules upon blood vessel c. Reduction of blood pressure. injury? d. Initiation of enzymatic reactions. 8. Arteries have thick and elastic True walls to allow stretch and recoil False which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart. 9. There are four valves in the a. To allow the backflow of blood. human heart. What is the b. To increase the blood pressure. function of these valves? c. To decrease the blood pressure. d. To prevent the backflow of blood. 10. Fish consisting of one atrium True and one ventricle while False amphibian two atria and one ventricle. 11. During physical exertion, how a. Heart rate and stroke volume decrease. does the mammalian circulatory b. Blood vessel walls become thicker and less system sustain blood pressure elastic. despite the elevated blood flow c. Blood vessels dilate (vasodilation) to to skeletal muscles? accommodate increased flow. d. Blood becomes more viscous (thicker). 12. Where does the vena cava carry a. Left ventricle blood to in the heart? b. Right ventricle c. Right atrium d. Left atrium 13. How does the circulatory system a. Fish have a single circulation system, where blood of fish differ from that of flows from the heart to the gills and then directly to tetrapod? all parts of the body. b. Fish have a double circulation system with separate pulmonary and systemic circulations. c. Tetrapod have a single circulation system where blood flows directly from the heart to the body. d. Tetrapod have no circulatory system. 14. Fish have a two-chambered True heart, while mammals have a False four-chambered heart. 15. Amphibians have the double True circulation (pulmonary and False systemic) 16. What is the primary function of a. To regulate blood pressure in the arteries. the vena cava in the circulatory b. To carry deoxygenated blood from the body to the system? right atrium of the heart. c. To transport nutrients to the cells. d. To carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the body. 17. What are TWO (2) functions of a. Control the heart rate and supply oxygen to the the heart valves? heart muscles. b. Supply oxygen to the heart muscles and maintain unidirectional blood flow within the heart. c. Maintain unidirectional blood flow within the heart and control the heart rate. d. Maintain unidirectional blood flow within the heart and prevent the backflow of blood between chambers. 18. Compared to fish, amphibians a. A double circulation loop and a two-chambered have a more efficient circulatory heart.  system due b. A single circulation loop and a three-chambered to________________________ heart. c. A double circulation loop and a three-chambered heart. d. A single circulation loop and a two-chambered heart. 19. What is a key feature of the a. Blood flows from the heart to the gills for circulatory system in fish? oxygenation and then directly to the body. b. Blood flows through the lungs before reaching the body. c. Blood flows from the heart to the body and then to the gills for oxygenation. d. Blood is oxygenated in the heart before being pumped to the body. 20. The circulatory system consists a. Transport blood and exchange oxygen and of the heart and blood vessels. nutrients for carbon dioxide and wastes. There are three (3) main types of b. Exchange of gases, nutrients, and fluids between blood vessels which are arteries, the arteries and veins. veins, and capillaries. What is the c. Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart. function of arteries in the d. Carries unoxygenated blood towards the heart. circulatory system? GROUP 4: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM QUESTION ANSWER 1. What are the respiratory a. Capillaries. specialized structures that b. Alveoli. facilitate the movement of c. Lungs. oxygen into the circulatory d. Bronchus. system of mammals? 2. Cellular respiration is a set of True metabolic reactions and False processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products. 3. Air moves out of the lungs when a. less than the pressure in the atmosphere. the pressure inside the lungs b. greater than the pressure in the atmosphere. is_______________. c. equal to the pressure in the atmosphere. 4. What is the primary difference a. Breathing involves the release of energy from between breathing and food, whereas respiration involves gaseous respiration in terms of process exchange. type? b. Breathing is a mechanical process, whereas respiration is a biochemical process. c. Breathing is a biochemical process, whereas respiration is a mechanical process. d. Breathing takes place in every cell, whereas respiration occurs only in the lungs. 5. Where does the process of a. In every cell respiration primarily occur? b. In the chest cavity c. In the diaphragm d. In the lungs 6. Which process involves the a. Respiration expansion and contraction of the b. Gas exchange in tissues diaphragm? c. Breathing d. Cellular respiration 7. What is a key aspect of a. It is a process which involves gaseous exchange. respiration that distinguishes it b. It involves the mechanical movement of air in and from breathing? out of the lungs. c. It involves the use of ATP. d. It takes place in the lungs. 8. What anatomical structures are a. Lungs and gills part of the insect respiratory b. Gills and bronchus system? c. Tracheae, spiracles, and tracheoles d. Alveoli and bronchioles 9. What is the function of spiracles a. They are thin, air-filled tubes that branch in the insect respiratory system? throughout the body. b. They are microscopic tubes that deliver oxygen to individual cells. c. They are structures that transport blood throughout the body. d. They are tiny openings that allow air to enter and exit the tracheal system. 10. Which of the following is an a. Fish example of an animal that b. Insects possesses a tracheal system for c. Mammals respiration? d. Birds 11. What role do tracheoles play in a. They are microscopic tubes that deliver oxygen the insect respiratory system? directly to cells and remove carbon dioxide. b. They branch throughout the insect's body to transport nutrients.  c. They regulate the entry and exit of air. d. They transport blood throughout the body. 12. How do amphibians such as a. Through skin exclusively. frogs perform gas exchange? b. Using a dual respiratory system involving both lungs and moist skin. c. Using alveoli in their lungs. d. Through a tracheal system. 13. What role does the highly a. It plays a crucial role in gas exchange during vascularized skin of amphibians aquatic phases or under low oxygen conditions. play in their respiratory system? b. It filters oxygen from water. c. It prevents dehydration by reducing water loss. d. It serves as the primary respiratory organ on land. 14. What is the function of the thin, a. They filter food particles from the water. feathery filaments in fish gills? b. They store oxygen for use during periods of low oxygen availability. c. They provide a large surface area for gas exchange between the water and the blood. d. They protect the fish from predators. 15. How does the diffusion process a. Carbon dioxide is converted into oxygen within work in the gills of fish during the gills. respiration? b. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are both stored in the gills for later use. c. Oxygen in the water dissolves into the moist tissues of the gills and diffuses into the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the water. d. Oxygen dissolves in the blood and diffuses into the water, while carbon dioxide dissolves in the water and diffuses into the bloodstream. GROUP 5: UROGENITAL SYSTEM QUESTION ANSWER 1. In the male reproductive system, a. Seminiferous tubules which structure is primarily b. Epididymis responsible for sperm c. Vas deferens maturation and development of d. Prostate gland motility and fertilizing ability? 2. How does seminal fluid a. By inhibiting the production of other fluids contribute to the protection of b. By nourishing and protecting sperm cells sperm cells during ejaculation? c. By directly fertilizing the egg d. By increasing the sperm count 3. What structure in the male a. Leydig cells reproductive system is b. Seminiferous tubules responsible for the production c. Seminal vesicles of testosterone? d. Epididymis 4. In males, hormon perangsang True folikel stimulates the Sertoli cell False to facilitate sperm development (stimulate spermatogenesis). 5. What role do the seminiferous a. They store sperm cells until ejaculation. tubules play in the male b. They transport sperm cells to the urethra. reproductive system? c. They are the site where spermatogenesis, the production of sperm cells, occurs. d. They secrete seminal fluid to nourish sperm cells. 6. During the menstrual cycle, a a. Menstruation. surge of luteinizing hormone b. Ovulation. causes______________ c. The corpus luteum rupture. d. The ovaries produce estrogen. 7. What is one of the primary a. Facilitating spermatogenesis functions of accessory b. Generating sperm cells reproductive glands, such as the c. Producing testosterone prostate gland and seminal d. Producing seminal fluid vesicles, in male mammals? 8. Which of the following is NOT a a. Production of adrenaline. function of the kidneys? b. Regulation of blood pressure. c. Fluid and electrolyte balance. d. Maintenance of pH balance. 9. What is a key difference between a. Birds excrete ammonia to conserve water, while the excretion methods of birds crocodiles excrete uric acid to conserve water and crocodiles regarding water b. Birds excrete nitrogenous waste through their balance? skin, while crocodiles use their kidneys exclusively. c. Birds produce concentrated urine to conserve water, while crocodiles excrete more liquid urine, leading to greater water loss. d. Birds and crocodiles both excrete urea to manage water balance efficiently. 10. The loop of henle absorbs a. arterioles. metabolic wastes from b. glomerulus. the_____________________. c. Loop of Henle. d. capillaries. 11. Which of the following is NOT a a. Maintenance of pH balance. function of the kidneys? b. Fluid and electrolyte balance. c. Production of adrenaline. d. Regulation of blood pressure. 12. How do birds conserve water a. By excreting nitrogenous waste as ammonia when excreting waste? b. By filtering waste through their skin  c. By producing large volumes of liquid urine d. By producing concentrated urine 13. Why is the production of sperm a. It is essential for fertilization and the cells important in animal continuation of the species. reproduction? b. It supports the growth of the testes. c. It helps in the development of secondary sexual characteristics. d. It ensures the production of male hormones. 14. Following ovulation, which a. Estrogen hormone acts on the b. Progesterone endometrium to prepare the c. Oxytocin uterus for implantation and d. Luteinizing Hormone additionally supports the maintenance of female secondary sexual characteristics? 15. What is the primary significance a. It involves the production of sperm cells, which of spermatogenesis in animal are essential for fertilization reproduction? b. It provides nutrients to developing embryos. c. It regulates hormone levels. 16. What key process is controlled a. Spermatogenesis by the hormonal fluctuations of b. Development of ovarian follicles and ovulation Estrogen and progesterone in c. Lactation the estrous cycle? d. Embryo implantation