Introduction To Neuromuscular Anatomy PDF

INTRODUCTION TO NEUROMUSCULAR ANATOMY5 Fascia and connective tissue A fascia is the fibrous tissue that covers deep organs. - The superficial fascia is immediately under the skin. - The deep fascia surrounds the muscles, forming closed compartments. The internal connective tissue of the muscle can...

INTRODUCTION TO NEUROMUSCULAR ANATOMY5 Fascia and connective tissue A fascia is the fibrous tissue that covers deep organs. - The superficial fascia is immediately under the skin. - The deep fascia surrounds the muscles, forming closed compartments. The internal connective tissue of the muscle can be grouped at its ends forming - tendons - aponeurosis, e.g. bicipital aponeurosis Types of muscles according to the orientation of their fibers - Sartorius Convergent - Peniform Fusiform Spiral circular Types of inserts parallels Pectoralis muscle fibers at an angle to the tendon: soleus , deltoid tendons at both ends: semitendinosus, biceps insertion points twist, latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major sphincters, orbicular - Origin: the junction point that does not move - Insertion: the attachment point that moves The origin of a muscle can be a tendon (indirect insertion) or by direct insertion into the periosteum. Denomination of the muscles, it may be due to their... - Location Function Shape Direction of the fibers - Heads - Fixation points - Size, length brachialis, gluteus abductor longus deltoid, teres rectus abdominis bicep Coracobrachialis gluteus medius, teres major, abductor brevis Peculiarities of some muscles Some muscles join one tendon to another: lumbricals Some muscles are attached to the skin (superficial fascia): muscles of the face, palmar cutaneous. The vector of each muscle is direct, from its origin to its insertion, but its function depends on whether or not the origin and insertion are in the same plane. Some muscles change planes with respect to the axis of rotation of the joint they move. Thus, for example, the latissimus dorsi and teres major pass from posterior to anterior, the sartorius from lateral to medial, the interossei from palmar to dorsal. This concept is very important to understand their function. Spinal roots – peripheral nerves – motor innervation and sensation Each spinal root corresponds to a defined cutaneous territory (dermatome ) Each peripheral nerve corresponds to a defined cutaneous territory. Most peripheral nerves have motor and sensory fibers. Some nerves are purely sensory (e.g. medial antebrachial cutaneous ) The muscular nerve branches normally enter the muscles with the vessels. A muscle is normally innervated by a single peripheral nerve via one or more branches. Some muscles are innervated by more than one peripheral nerve (e.g. flexor digitorum profundus ) To each spinal root corresponds a type of main global muscle action (myotome ) Several spinal roots are involved in one movement, but one of them is more clinically relevant.