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Triad of EBP Phases of the Research Process Improved Patient Outcomes result from 5 Phases of Research Process 1. Individual Clinical Expertise 2. Patient’s Values and Expectations Phase 1...

Triad of EBP Phases of the Research Process Improved Patient Outcomes result from 5 Phases of Research Process 1. Individual Clinical Expertise 2. Patient’s Values and Expectations Phase 1: Conceptual phase 3. Best Available Clinical Evidence Topic selection Literature review Evidence is rank according to: Framework development Hypothesis Level I - evidence is obtained from at least one properly designed RCT Phase 2:Design and Planning phase Research design Level II - evidence obtained from well-designed Sampling controlled trials with randomization, well Research tool designed case control analytic studies or multiple time series with or without intervention Phase 3: Empirical phase Data collection Level III - opinions of respected authorities based on clinical experience, descriptive studies Phase 4: Analytic phase or report of experts Data Analysis Data interpretation Roles of Nurses in Research Phase 5: Dissemination phase Below are the roles of a nurse in a research: Communication of research findings Principal investigator Utilization of findings Member of a research team Evaluator of research findings Phase 1: Conceptual phase Consumer of research findings Step1: Formulating and Delimiting the Client advocates in a research study Problem (Formulating Good Research Subject of research Questions) Things to consider: Ask yourself the following Roles and responsibilities of a research questions: Nurse: Is this research question important, given 1. File Preparation - put all the documentation the evidence base? needed to complete a study visit in a file Could study findings be useful in clinical prior to the participants arrival at the clinic, practice? etc. How can this question best be answered to yield high-quality evidence? 2. Recruitment - this is a process that starts off with identifying where one will find the Step 2: Reviewing the Related Literature appropriate subjects, informing the site staff - See later part for further discussion of what the study entails and what patient Step 3: Undertaking Clinical Fieldwork population is required for the study and then Things to consider: approaching the potential study participants Ask yourself what do I see and do in clinical of the study. practice? 3. Patient preparation - ensure the participant Are there discrepancies between what I see understands what the procedures he/she will and do and what I know or what the have for the visit/s. literature says? Is this the best way to do this/is there 4. Case report form entry - This gets done another way to do this? when all the relevant information is documented in specific forms as requested Phase 2: Designing and Planning phase by the sponsor. Step 6: Selecting Research Design 5. Education - ongoing education is given to This will serve as your overall plan or blueprint the participants regarding the study; for obtaining answers to the questions being medication; possible side effects of studied. medication; laboratory results etc. Step 7: Developing Protocols for the 6. Counseling - this gets done at three Intervention sessions prior to the start of ARVs or one at This step is applicable only to experimental the start of other medication. The research study, wherein the researcher will treat both nurse continues with noting of adherence to research groups the same way. medication as well as follow up visits. Step 8: Identifying the Population 7. Compliance - is vital as it will impact the This is a critical part of the process in which the outcome of the research results. researcher needs to know what characteristics 8. Informed Consent - this is a process that the study participants should possess. starts at the first contact with the participant Step 9: Designing the Sampling Plan and ends at the end of the study. The researcher must specify in advance how the sample will be selected and how many subjects there will be Step 10: Specifying Methods to Measure What is Related Literature for? Variables 1. To gain better and in-depth understanding of The researcher must identify how the variables your study focus will be measured. 2. To examine gaps Step 11: Developing Methods to Safeguards 3. To gain insights from previous studies - Human/Animal Rights presentation, process, techniques The researcher must identify how the research sample will be protected. Characteristics of Related Literature 1. Relevant (highly connected) Step 12: Reviewing and Finalizing the 2. Recent (not long ago, current, with-in 5 Research Plan years) In this step, the researcher will test the identified 3. Sufficient (not too few, not too many) tool/instrument to assess its adequacy. It is also an opportunity for the researchers to assess Purposes of Literature Review their ability in ensuring that the procedure will work as they planned. 1. Exposes main gaps in knowledge [and] identifies principal areas of dispute and Phase 3: Empirical phase uncertainty Step 13: Collecting the Data 2. Helps identify general patterns to findings In this step, the researcher outlines how they will from multiple examples of research in the collect data from the actual study. same area Step 14: Preparing the Data for Analysis 3. Juxtaposing studies with apparently This involves processes of transferring the data conflicting findings helps explore from research tool to soft data or into computer explanations for discrepancies files for analysis 4. Helps define your terminology or identify variations in definitions used by researchers Phase 4: Analytic phase or practitioners. Step 15: Analyzing the Data 5. Helps to identify appropriate research Appropriate statistical measures must be methodologies. determined to answer the research questions and hypotheses. 6. You can also identify validated scales and instruments. Step 16: Interpreting the Results Researchers attempt to explain the findings and What are the possible sources? examine their implications to the nursing Literature - refers to the body of written works profession. (books, articles, research papers, etc.) that discuss, analyze, or explore a specific topic or Phase 5: Dissemination phase field of study. Step 15: Analyzing the Data Appropriate statistical measures must be Study - specific research project or investigation determined to answer the research questions conducted to explore a question, test a and hypotheses. hypothesis, or gather new data. Step 16: Interpreting the Results Researchers attempt to explain the findings and examine their implications to the nursing What are the possible sources? profession. Literature: Step 17: Communicating the Findings Books Any research that is not shared through Professional journal articles publication cannot contribute evidence to Newspapers nursing practice and profession Magazines Step 18: Putting the Evidence into Practice Letters A well research study is deemed necessary for Interviews utilization in the clinical setting or may be part of Poems, biographies, etc new evidence-based practice. (sources highlighted in red: gray literature) LITERATURE REVIEW Studies: is a comprehensive analysis and Peer-reviewed research journals presentation of literature and studies that Unpublished theses & dissertations are related to the current research. Government reports and others Steps for conducting literature review 2. Thematically (categorically) (adapted from University of West Florida) - For example: The impacts of pet therapy 1. Choose your topic, define your question on human health -> the literature review - Your literature review should be guided could be organized into sections about by a central research question. emotional, mental, and physiological - Remember, it is not a collection of impacts with literature from any date loosely related studies in a field but appearing in all 3 sections. instead represents background and research developments related to a specific research question, interpreted What to avoid? and analyzed by you. - Writing one paragraph per source 2. Decide on the scope of your review - Not analyzing contents - How many studies do you need to look - Copying and pasting of paragraph at? How comprehensive should it be? - Lack of transition words How many years should it cover? - Inaccurate in-text citations - Some authors are not included in the 3. Select the databases you will use to Reference part conduct your searches 4. Conduct your searches and find the literature. Keep track of your searches! a. Review the abstracts and conclusions carefully. This will save you time. b. Write down the keywords you used and where you found them c. Use Ref Works to keep track of your citations. 5. Review the literature! This is the most time consuming part. a. What was the research question of the study you are reviewing? b. What were the authors trying to discover? c. Was the research funded by a source that could influence the findings? d. What were the research methodologies? Analyze its literature review, the samples and variables used, the results, and the conclusions. Does the research seem to be complete? Could it have been conducted more soundly?What further questions does it raise? e. If there are conflicting studies, why do you think that is? f. How are the authors viewed in the field? Has this study been cited?; if so, how has it been analyzed? Presenting/writing your Literature Review (adapted from University of West Florida) There are several ways of presenting your literature review: 1. Chronologically (by event/trend) - By Publication Date - Methodology - For example, one methodological approach would be to look at the cultural differences on the portrayal of women's rights in American, European, and Middle Eastern studies (women's reproductive rights may be discussed differently depending on the researcher's culturall bias.