Introduction to the Profession of Dental Hygiene PDF

INTRO TO PROFESSION.......... Week 1 - Week 2....  Week 3 · Slide 1: Learning Objectives 2 1Understand the definition of a profession: A profession is characterized by a specialized body of...

INTRO TO PROFESSION.......... Week 1 - Week 2....  Week 3 · Slide 1: Learning Objectives 2 1Understand the definition of a profession: A profession is characterized by a specialized body of knowledge and distinct expertise that guides its practice. 2 Recognize the role of a professional: Professionals are expected to uphold ethical standards and deliver high-quality services to their clients. 3 Recognize the role of a Dental Hygienist: Dental hygienists are essential in providing oral health care, focusing on prevention, education, and treatment to meet client needs. 4 Examine the scope of practice for the Dental Hygiene profession: The scope of practice includes a range of responsibilities such as patient assessment, treatment planning, and implementation of care strategies. 5 Understand the concept of Reflective Practice: Reflective practice involves critically evaluating one’s actions and experiences to enhance future performance and improve patient care. Slide 2: Professionalism 5 Professionalism: This refers to the values inherent in a profession that prioritize ethical conduct and high- quality service over personal interests. Competence: This entails consistently providing high-quality care in daily practice. Honesty: This requires individuals to be truthful in their communications, including both statements and omissions. Fairness: This involves appropriately balancing competing interests in the practice of dental hygiene. Slide 3: The Dental Hygiene Profession 8 The dental hygiene profession possesses a defined body of knowledge and distinct expertise that dental hygienists apply to deliver oral health care. Dental hygienists play a vital role in promoting and maintaining oral wellness, which contributes significantly to the overall quality of life for their clients. Slide 4: Taking Radiographs 22 This slide covers the importance of radiographs in the dental hygiene practice, including techniques and safety protocols necessary for effective imaging. Slide 5: Impressions 22 This slide discusses the process of taking dental impressions, emphasizing their importance for accurate treatment planning and appliance fabrication. Slide 6: Planning Phase of Care 2 Client Treatment Goals: Goals should be centered around the client, ensuring they are simple, measurable, achievable, and realistic. Oral Self Care Plan: This plan includes strategies that empower patients to maintain their oral health independently. Dental Hygiene Care Plan: A comprehensive outline of the care to be provided to the patient, tailored to their specific needs.  ▪ Week 4 & - Notes on Slides 1 Role of the Dental Hygienist: ◦ Dental hygienists play a crucial role in preventive and therapeutic care. ◦ They are responsible for educating patients about oral health and hygiene practices. 2 Preventive/Therapeutic Clinical Services: ◦ Services include scaling, root planing, fluoride treatments, and sealants. ◦ Emphasis on the importance of patient education and motivation. 3 Human Needs Conceptual Model: 1 Four paradigm concepts: 2 Human Needs: Understanding the needs of patients. 3 Client: The individual receiving care. 4 Environment: The context in which care is provided. 5 Health: The overall well-being of the client. 4 Eight Human Needs Related to Dental Hygiene Care: ◦ Need for Cleanliness: Regular oral hygiene practices. ◦ Need for Protection from Health Risks: Preventive measures against dental diseases. ◦ Need for Freedom from Pain: Pain management strategies. ◦ Need for Wholesome Facial Appearance: Aesthetic considerations in dental care. ◦ Need for Functioning Dentition: Ensuring proper chewing and speaking abilities. ◦ Need for Responsibility for Oral Health: Encouraging patient accountability. ◦ Need for Understanding and Acceptance: Building trust and rapport with patients. ◦ Need for a Support System: Involving family and community in care. 5 Team Dynamics & Teamwork: ◦ Importance of collaboration among healthcare professionals. ◦ Effective communication and shared goals enhance patient care. Answers to Learning Objectives 1 Consider the professional roles of the dental hygienist in Canada: ◦ Dental hygienists in Canada are integral to oral health care, focusing on prevention, education, and therapeutic services. They work in various settings, including private practices, public health, and educational institutions. 2 Describe the types of preventive/therapeutic clinical services: ◦ Preventive services include oral examinations, cleanings, fluoride applications, and sealants. Therapeutic services involve treatments for periodontal disease, patient education on oral hygiene, and management of oral health conditions. 3 Define the four paradigm concepts based on the dental hygiene Human Needs Conceptual Model: The four concepts are: Human Needs: Identifying and addressing the needs of patients. Client: The individual receiving care, focusing on their unique circumstances. Environment: The physical and social context affecting health. Health: The overall state of well-being and oral health of the client. 4 Define the eight human needs related to dental hygiene care: ◦ The eight needs include cleanliness, protection from health risks, freedom from pain, wholesome facial appearance, functioning dentition, responsibility for oral health, understanding and acceptance, and a support system. Each need can be addressed through specific clinical examples and interventions. 5 Understand the concepts in Team Dynamics & Teamwork: ◦ Team dynamics involve the interactions and relationships among team members. Effective teamwork in dental hygiene practice enhances communication, improves patient outcomes, and fosters a collaborative environment for delivering care.  Week 5 ~ - n Presented Questions: What is the HARP act and why is it important for dental hygienists? HARP short term for Healing Arts of Radiation Protection Act, is a crucial piece of legislation that regulates the safe use of radiation-emitting devices, such as X-ray machines, for dental hygienists in Ontario. The Act guarantees that dental hygienists are appropriately trained and certified to reduce radiation exposure to patients and ourselves since we routinely take X-rays as part of patient care. It also mandates routine equipment maintenance and inspections, guaranteeing that precise diagnostic images are acquired. - How would it impact DH practice? The HARP Act impacts DH practice by protecting the health of clients. It was initially set out to reduce the radiation exposure, but now it heavily focuses on the regulations surrounding diagnostic imaging technologies. The impact of this act ties in with its importance; providing every client in Ontario with a high-quality x-ray examination while ensuring there is a minimal amount of risk (RCDSO, 2019). - Examples of HARP, related to the DH Practice: The Healing Arts Radiation Protection Act (HARP) has great relevance in the practice of dental hygiene (DH) and seeks to heal the hazards associated with ionising radiation with the aim of radiation safety, radiographer requirements, and quality control protecting patients and staff. HARP guidelines feature Patient Protection measures such as lead apron shields and thyroid collars, consent forms, and recording of the radiation dose received. Radiation safety through the ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) use of digital radiography. Regular maintenance of X-ray equipment, and annual inspections. What is the Substitutes Decision Act? Substitute Decision Act is an act that manages what might happen when a person is not mentally capable of making certain kinds of decisions about personal care, which involves health care, food, housing, and safety. Somebody who decides for someone else is called a “substitute decision-maker.” The act brings together several rules and protocols covered by various segments of legislation. A core aspect of the Act is that people, although able, can entitle someone they trust in charge of making self-care or financial decisions for them if they are not able to make those choices themselves. This is possible by using a legal document called a power of attorney. How is this act related to DH? SDA allows incapable patients to make decisions specifically on their dental care How it relates: Consent: SDA allows a client unable to comprehend or consent to dental treatments with help from an SDM - substitute decision maker the SDM is someone who is authorized to give consent on the client’s behalf such as, lawyer, court-appointed guardian, or relatives Decision Maker: the SDA gives clients who lack the ability to comprehend, an opportunity to make an impact on their dental care treatments: allows them access to dental treatments despite their disability all dental treatments are assessed based on ethical and legal conditions referencing the SDA Give an example/story/scenario? A clear example of the Substitute Decisions Act in society, is the case of a 75 year old woman, Ms. Parker, who has been diagnosed with advanced dementia. During a routine cleaning, her dental hygienist reviewed Ms. Parker's medical chart and concluded that she is no longer able to make personal health care decisions by herself. Before her dementia worsened, Ms. Parker regularly attended dental appointments and made dental based decisions about her oral health independently. However, now she relies on her 45 year old son, who is her appointed Substitute decision maker (SDM) under the Substitute Decisions Act (SDA) to make decisions on her behalf that aligns with both his mother's wishes and dentist's recommendation, overall protecting and establishing legal obligations to better her oral health. Health Care Consent Act Main purpose of the act: The act states that a person has the right to consent to or refuse treatment (if they have the mental capacity to do so). The patient must have a clear understanding of the proposed or recommended treatment and its associated risks and benefits. When a patient lacks the capacity to consent or to understand the treatment and its benefits and risks, they will need a substitute decision-maker. This is governed by a separate act, Substitute Decisions Act (SDA), to make decisions on behalf of the patient. Consent to treatment involves an ongoing process that can change at any time. A person could be capable of giving consent to one treatment but incapable with respect to another treatment. DENT 1124 Tuesday, October 1st, 2024 Introduction to the Profession of Dental Hygiene Group Activity Assignment #1 Assigned Legislation: Healing Arts Radiation Protection Act (HARP) GROUP #1 Group Members: Kaur, Amritpreet Banu, Hafsa Dhesi, Avneet Ghanbaryfar, Elnaz Abante, Sherlyn Grewal, Jasmeet Nguyen, Patrick Soroush Nasab, Payam Division of Responsibilities: Each team member has come up with and researched a specific question related to our assigned legislation. During presentation day, each member presented the findings and insights on questions they either explored or were explored by another member. This approach ensures that all members actively contribute to both the research and the presentation process. All members participated in a TEAMS meeting before the presentation time and were also present for the official group presentation. Presented Questions: AVNEET - What is the HARP act and why is it important for dental hygienists? HARP short term for Healing Arts of Radiation Protection Act, is a crucial piece of legislation that regulates the safe use of radiation-emitting devices, such as X-ray machines, for dental hygienists in Ontario. The Act guarantees that dental hygienists are appropriately trained and certified to reduce radiation exposure to patients and ourselves since we routinely take X-rays as part of patient care. It also mandates routine equipment maintenance and inspections, guaranteeing that precise diagnostic images are acquired. AMRIT - How would it impact DH practice? The HARP Act impacts DH practice by protecting the health of clients. It was initially  Substitutes Decision Act Group 2: Group leader: Yanzhi Ding Research: Daliyah Zekaria, Raylene De Vega, Nima Bahrani, Sara Persaud, Maheen Syeda Presentation: Melody Farnejad, Yanzhi Ding The group meeting on Teams took place on Saturday on September 28, with all members present. During the meeting, we discussed our research needs and assigned tasks. Additionally, we shared the information we had gathered previously. To have a comprehensive understanding of SDA and its relationship with dental hygienists, we developed four questions as follows: 1: What is the Substitutes Decision Act? (Nima) Substitute Decision Act is an act that manages what might happen when a person is not mentally capable of making certain kinds of decisions about personal care, which involves health care, food, housing, and safety. Somebody who decides for someone else is called a “substitute decision-maker.” The act brings together several rules and protocols covered by various segments of legislation. A core aspect of the Act is that people, although able, can entitle someone they trust in charge of making self-care or financial decisions for them if they are not able to make those choices themselves. This is possible by using a legal document called a power of attorney. 2: How is this act related to DH?(Daliyah/Raylene) SDA allows incapable patients to make decisions specifically on their dental care How it relates: Consent: SDA allows a client unable to comprehend or consent to dental treatments with help from an SDM - substitute decision maker § the SDM is someone who is authorized to give consent on the client’s behalf such as, lawyer, court-appointed guardian, or relatives Decision Maker: the SDA gives clients who lack the ability to comprehend, an opportunity to make an impact on their dental care treatments: § allows them access to dental treatments despite their disability  § all dental treatments are assessed based on ethical and legal conditions referencing the SDA Ultimately, the SDA’s relation to dental hygiene is quite significant especially when dealing with clients who are unable to consent or make decisions regarding their dental care. 3: What is the purpose? (Maheen) The SDA's primary goals are to: Give people the authority to make decisions regarding their personal care and belongings in the case that they become mentally incapacitated. Honor their expressed wishes as well as the decisions they made in life before they became incapable. Include friends and family in the decision-making process. By assuring responsibility and safeguards for substitute decision-makers, protect mentally incompetent individuals from harm. Reduce the need for government involvement by making sure public guardianship is only employed when there are no other appropriate options. Financial and Personal Care Decisions: It oversees decision-making processes that take the place of property management and personal care, such as shelter, safety, and health care. Legal Framework: The SDA establishes processes for determining incapacity and makes clear the roles and responsibilities of substitute decision-makers. 4: Give an example/story/scenario? (Sara) Example 1: Example 1: A clear example of the Substitute Decisions Act in society, is the case of a 75 year old woman, Ms. Parker, who has been diagnosed with advanced dementia. During a routine cleaning, her dental hygienist reviewed Ms. Parker's medical chart and concluded that she is no longer able to make personal health care decisions by herself. Before her dementia worsened, Ms. Parker regularly attended dental appointments and made dental based decisions about her oral health independently. However, now she relies on her 45 year old son, who is her appointed Substitute decision maker (SDM) under the Substitute Decisions Act (SDA) to make decisions on her behalf that aligns with both his mother’s wishes and dentist’s recommendation, overall protecting and establishing legal obligations to better her oral health. Example 2: A prime example of the Substitute Decisions Act in society, is the case of a 67 year old man, Mr. Wilson, who suffered a severe stroke, leaving him unable to make decisions based on his dental finances, and oral health. Before his stroke, Mr. Wilson independently managed these decisions, but now his Dental hygienist determined from his medical chart that he was not viable to accomplish these obligations. Due to this, now Mr. Wilson relies on his 35 year old daughter, appointed Substitute decision maker (SDM) under the legal Substitute Decisions Act (SDA) to make financial and oral health care decisions on his behalf. She aligns these decisions based on her father’s wishes, financial advisors and dentist’s recommendation, overall developing a legal obligation to the health and wellbeing of an incapacitated individual in need. Script for presentation (Daliyah) Person 1 (Yanzhi): In this presentation, we will discuss the Substitute Decisions Act, also known as the SDA. The Substitute Decisions Act is a law in Ontario, Canada, that helps decide who can make decisions for people who can’t due to mental incapacity. The purpose of the SDA is to let an individual choose someone they trust to handle their personal care and property if they become unable to do so. It ensures their wishes are followed, keeps them safe, and involves friends and family in the decision-making process. The SDA also sets rules for decision-makers and reduces the need for government intervention. It covers decisions that take the place of property management and personal care, such as shelter, safety, and health care. Person 2 (Melody): To help provide a greater understanding of the SDA we will give some examples in society. One example is the case of a 75 year old woman, Ms. Parker, who has been diagnosed with advanced dementia. During a routine cleaning, her dental hygienist reviewed Ms. Parker's medical chart and concluded that she is no longer able to make personal health care decisions by herself. Before her dementia worsened, Ms. Parker regularly attended dental appointments and made dental based decisions about her oral health independently. However, now she relies on her 45 year old son, who is her appointed Substitute decision maker (SDM) under the Substitute Decisions Act (SDA) to make decisions on her behalf that aligns with both his mother’s wishes and dental care providers recommendations. Person 2 (Melody): Now onto how the SDA relates to dental hygiene. There are many ways the SDA impacts dental hygiene, but today we will focus on two aspects. First is Consent, the SDA allows a client who is unable to comprehend or consent to dental treatments to receive help from a substitute decision maker (SDM). The SDM is someone authorized to give consent on the client’s behalf, such as a lawyer, court- appointed guardian, or relative. Second is the role of the Decision Maker. The SDA provides clients who lack the capacity to comprehend their options to still have their dental care. This ensures that they can access necessary dental treatments, regardless of their disabilities. All dental treatments are assessed based on ethical and legal conditions referencing the SDA. Ultimately, the SDA’s relation to dental hygiene is quite significant, especially when dealing with clients who are unable to consent or make decisions regarding their dental care. Person 1 (Yanzhi): As we conclude our presentation, it’s important to note that the Substitute Decisions Act not only safeguards our clients' right to receive standard care but also ensures that we, as dental healthcare workers, operate within a legal framework. Person 1 (Yanzhi): Thank you for listening! References Office of the Public Guardian and Trustee Ministry of the Attorney General. (n.d.). A Guide to the Substitute Decisions Act, 1992. https://www.publications.gov.on.ca/store/20170501121/Free_Download_Files/300635.p df set out to reduce the radiation exposure, but now it heavily focuses on the regulations surrounding diagnostic imaging technologies. The impact of this act ties in with its importance; providing every client in Ontario with a high-quality x-ray examination while ensuring there is a minimal amount of risk (RCDSO, 2019). HAFSA - Examples of HARP, related to the DH Practice: The Healing Arts Radiation Protection Act (HARP) has great relevance in the practice of dental hygiene (DH) and seeks to heal the hazards associated with ionising radiation with the aim of radiation safety, radiographer requirements, and quality control protecting patients and staff. HARP guidelines feature Patient Protection measures such as lead apron shields and thyroid collars, consent forms, and recording of the radiation dose received. Radiation safety through the ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) use of digital radiography. Regular maintenance of X-ray equipment, and annual inspections. Dental hygienists have to comply with Radiographer Requirements, which consist of completion of all trainings related to radiation safety, ongoing education. Quality control, performing operational checks, tracking the radiation dosage given to the patients, and the histories of X-ray procedures. Lastly, staff protection measures include caution regarding the use of personal radiation badges, following certain security rules. HARP regulation would protect the health and safety of patients and all dental hygienists themselves. JASMEET - Why is it important for a dental professional to understand and adhere to the HARP act? It's important for a dental professional / dental hygienist to understand and follow the HARP Act because it helps ensure that they provide safe and effective care to patients. The HARP Act sets rules and standards for dental practices, which helps protect patients' health and safety. By adhering to these guidelines, dental professionals can maintain a high level of care and build trust with their patients. In addition to that, it helps them avoid legal issues and ensures they are practising within the law. PATRICK - Patient Considerations Under the HARP Act: Dental hygienists are required by the Healing Arts Radiation Protection Act (HARP) to make sure patients are fully informed prior to receiving radiographs. This includes outlining the procedure's goals, benefits and risks as well as the safety precautions used, such as wearing protective gear and receiving less radiation. It is important that the patients provide their fully informed consent, and they need to feel free to ask or refuse. It's important to respect the patient's choice if they decline the radiograph. However, If the radiograph is not taken, the dental hygienist should note the patient's refusal and discuss the possible consequences for their oral health. Any other diagnostic alternative that may be available should also be discussed with the patient, even if they might not be as reliable as a radiograph. Overall, Dental Hygienists can reassure patients that the HARP Act prioritises safety by establishing strict regulations for equipment maintenance and operator certification in order to protect patients from excessive radiation. SHERLYN - What are the record-keeping requirements for dental offices under the HARP Act? Under the HARP Act, Ontario dental offices are required to maintain specific records in compliance with safety standards. Equipment records should document the installation, maintenance, and testing of X-ray machines, and that operators are qualified to use equipment (HARP Act, 1990). Patient records document the film prescription, radiograph date, names of the person who prescribed and exposed the films, diagnosis and interpretation, and details of any duplicate films sent, including recipients' names and addresses. The assigned Radiation Protection Officer (RPO) should also ensure written safety protocols for radiation use and emergency procedures (RCDSO, 2019). PAYAM - What role do dental hygiene regulatory bodies play in ensuring adherence to the HARP Act? Regulatory bodies, such as the College of Dental Hygienists of Ontario (CDHO), play a critical role in ensuring adherence to the HARP Act. They are responsible for setting and enforcing professional standards for dental hygienists, which include compliance with radiation safety protocols. These bodies also provide ongoing education and resources to help dental hygienists stay informed about updates to the HARP Act and best practices for radiation protection (CDHO, 2023). ELNAZ - Are there any recent updates or changes to the HARP Act that dental hygienists should be aware of? There have been multiple updates to the HARP act since its enactment 34 years ago, and this is mostly due to keep up with the advancements in practice and technological equipment. Section 5 of the X-Ray Safety Code of the HARP Act describes who is able to perform X- rays without the need for a special permission but with the supervision of the relevant Supervisor. In the newest revision of the HARP Act, this section was expanded to further specify which people have permission to perform and prescribe x-ray machines based on the machine and the clinic. Previously, it seemed that dentists could legally use non-dental CT scanners. Afterwards, regulations now specify that dentists are only permitted to prescribe and perform dental CT scans, unless they receive permission and are supervised by a medical doctor to operate non-dental CT scanners and vice versa. This also applies to students who are under supervision of dentists and doctors. Full List of Questions that were researched with references: (PAYAM) 1. How does the HARP Act impact the delegation of radiographic procedures? The HARP Act ensures that radiographic procedures can only be delegated to individuals who are "qualified persons" as defined under the Act. This means that only those who have completed the necessary education and certification are legally allowed to perform radiographic tasks. In dental practices, this prevents unqualified individuals from taking X- rays or using radiographic equipment, ensuring patient safety and compliance with legal standards (HARP Act, 1990). 2. What specific training or certification is required for dental hygienists to comply with the HARP Act? Dental hygienists must complete an accredited dental hygiene program that includes specific training in radiography to comply with the HARP Act. In Ontario, this includes obtaining certification through recognized institutions, and the hygienist must also hold a current license from the College of Dental Hygienists of Ontario (CDHO). This ensures they meet the necessary qualifications for operating radiographic equipment in accordance with the Act (CDHO, 2023). 3. How does the HARP Act address the issue of radiation exposure to pregnant patients or staff? The HARP Act includes provisions to minimize radiation exposure to pregnant patients and staQ. It requires dental professionals to use protective measures, such as lead aprons and thyroid collars, and to limit radiographic procedures during pregnancy unless absolutely necessary for diagnosis. This helps to reduce the potential risks associated with radiation exposure during pregnancy (HARP Act, 1990). 4. What role do dental hygiene regulatory bodies play in ensuring adherence to the HARP Act? Regulatory bodies, such as the College of Dental Hygienists of Ontario (CDHO), play a critical role in ensuring adherence to the HARP Act. They are responsible for setting and enforcing professional standards for dental hygienists, which include compliance with radiation safety protocols. These bodies also provide ongoing education and resources to help dental hygienists stay informed about updates to the HARP Act and best practices for radiation protection (CDHO, 2023). REFERENCE : 1. College of Dental Hygienists of Ontario. (2023). Radiography guidelines for dental hygienists. https://www.cdho.org 2. HARP Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. H.2. (1990). Healing Arts Radiation Protection Act. https://www.ontario.ca/laws (ELNAZ) 1. Are there any recent updates or changes to the HARP Act that dental hygienists should be aware of? There have been multiple updates to the HARP act since its enactment 34 years ago, and this is mostly due to keep up with the advancements in practice and technological equipment. Section 5 of the X-Ray Safety Code of the HARP Act describes who is able to perform X- rays without the need for a special permission but with the supervision of the relevant Supervisor. In the newest revision of the HARP Act, this section was expanded to further specify which people have permission to perform and prescribe x-ray machines based on the machine and the clinic. Previously, it seemed that dentists could legally use non-dental CT scanners. Afterwards, regulations now specify that dentists are only permitted to prescribe and perform dental CT scans, unless they receive permission and are supervised by a medical doctor to operate non-dental CT scanners and vice versa. This also applies to students who are under supervision of dentists and doctors. 2. What resources are available to dental hygienists for information and training related to the HARP Act? The entirety of the HARP Act can easily be found on the Ontario Laws website. Other than that, for any future updates to the HARP act, including the possibility of Ontario Dental Hygienists being able to prescribe radiographs, would be posted on the Ontario Dental Hygienists Association website as they are the ones currently lobbying for us to have this permission. Teaching and training will be done by the school you are enrolled in for dental hygiene. Finally, for more information about radiation safety that can be found on the College of Dental Hygienists of Ontario (CDHO) website or on the College of Medical Radiation and Imaging Technologists of Ontario website. References: 1. Ontario Ministry of Health. (1990). Healing Arts Radiation Protection Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. H.2. Retrieved from the Government of Ontario E-Laws website: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90h02 2. Ontario Dental Hygiene Association’s website: https://odha.on.ca/ 3. College of Dental Hygienists of Ontario (CDHO) website: https://cdho.org/ 4. College of Medical Radiation and Imaging Technologists of Ontario website: https://www.cmrito.org/ (JASMEET) 1. Why is it important for a dental professional to understand and adhere to the HARP act? It's important for a dental professional / dental hygienist to understand and follow the HARP Act because it helps ensure that they provide safe and effective care to patients. The HARP Act sets rules and standards for dental practices, which helps protect patients' health and safety. By adhering to these guidelines, dental professionals can maintain a high level of care and build trust with their patients. In addition to that, it helps them avoid legal issues and ensures they are practising within the law. 2. How does HARP affect patient care? HARP affects patient care by ensuring that dental professionals meet specific standards and requirements. This means that patients receive safe, effective, and high-quality treatment. The Act helps to regulate the qualifications and practices of dental professionals, which can lead to better outcomes for patients. Additionally, it promotes transparency and accountability within dental practices, allowing patients to feel more secure about the care they receive. Overall, HARP helps create a safer and more trustworthy environment for patients. References: X-ray safety requirements for all ontario dentists. rcdso.org. (n.d.). https://www.rcdso.org/en- ca/standards-guidelines-resources/rcdso-news/articles/1393 The Healing Arts Radiation Protection Guidelines. (n.d.). https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/23/058/23058479.pd College of Dental Hygienists of Ontario (CDHO) website: https://cdho.org/ (PATRICK) 1. Patient Considerations Under the HARP Act: Dental hygienists are required by the Healing Arts Radiation Protection Act (HARP) to make sure patients are fully informed prior to receiving radiographs. This includes outlining the procedure's goals, benefits and risks as well as the safety precautions used, such as wearing protective gear and receiving less radiation. It is important that the patients provide their fully informed consent, and they need to feel free to ask or refuse. It's important to respect the patient's choice if they decline the radiograph. However, If the radiograph is not taken, the dental hygienist should note the patient's refusal and discuss the possible consequences for their oral health. Any other diagnostic alternative that may be available should also be discussed with the patient, even if they might not be as reliable as a radiograph. Overall, Dental Hygienists can reassure patients that the HARP Act prioritises safety by establishing strict regulations for equipment maintenance and operator certification in order to protect patients from excessive radiation. Work Cited: 1. College of Dental Hygienists of Ontario. (n.d.). Radiography and the Healing Arts Radiation Protection Act (HARP). https://www.cdho.org 2. X-ray safety requirements for all Ontario dentists. rcdso.org. (n.d.). https://www.rcdso.org/en-ca/standards-guidelines-resources/rcdso-news/articles/1393 (HAFSA) 1. EXAMPLES OF HARP, RELATED TO DH PRACTICE: The Healing Arts Radiation Protection Act (HARP) has great relevance in the practice of dental hygiene (DH) and seeks to heal the hazards associated with ionising radiation with the aim of radiation safety, radiographer requirements, and quality control protecting patients and staff. HARP guidelines feature Patient Protection measures such as lead apron shields and thyroid collars, consent forms, and recording of the radiation dose received. Radiation safety through the ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) use of digital radiography. Regular maintenance of X-ray equipment, and annual inspections. Dental hygienists have to comply with Radiographer Requirements, which consist of completion of all trainings related to radiation safety, ongoing education. Quality control, performing operational checks, tracking the radiation dosage given to the patients, and the histories of X-ray procedures. Effective record-keeping is in terms of delivering a report that details the amount of radiation the patient has been exposed to on each occasion there has been an X-ray of any proceed. Lastly, staff protection measures include caution regarding the use of personal radiation badges, following certain security rules. HARP regulation would protect the health and safety of patients and all dental hygienists themselves. RESOURCE: 1. Canada, H. (2024, April 10). Government of Canada. Radiation Protection in Dentistry Safety Procedures for the Installation, Use and Control of Dental X-ray Equipment Safety Code 30 (2022) - Canada.ca. https://www.canada.ca/en/health- canada/services/environmental-workplace-health/reports- publications/radiation/radiation-protection-dentistry-recommended-safety-procedures- use-dental-equipment-safety-code-30 (SHERLYN) 1. What are the record-keeping requirements for dental offices under the HARP Act? Under the HARP Act, Ontario dental offices are required to maintain specific records in compliance with safety standards. Equipment records should document the installation, maintenance, and testing of X-ray machines, and that operators are qualified to use equipment (HARP Act, 1990). Patient records document the film prescription, radiograph date, names of the person who prescribed and exposed the films, diagnosis and interpretation, and details of any duplicate films sent, including recipients' names and addresses. The assigned Radiation Protection Officer (RPO) should also ensure written safety protocols for radiation use and emergency procedures (RCDSO, 2019). Reference: HARP Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. H.2. (1990). Healing Arts Radiation Protection Act. https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90h02 KPK Law. (2024, January 16). Dental practice compliance with Harp Act. https://kpklaw.ca/dental-practice-compliance-with-harp-act/ RCDSO. (2019). X-ray Safety Requirements For All Ontario Dentists. rcdso.org. https://www.rcdso.org/en-ca/standards-guidelines-resources/rcdso-news/articles/1393 (AMRIT) 1. How would it impact DH practice? The HARP Act impacts DH practice by protecting the health of clients. It was initially set out to reduce the radiation exposure, but now it heavily focuses on the regulations surrounding diagnostic imaging technologies. The impact of this act ties in with its importance; providing every client in Ontario with a high-quality x-ray examination while ensuring there is a minimal amount of risk (RCDSO, 2019). 2. What are the potential consequences of non-compliance with the HARP act? If a dental office is visited and an inspector concludes that there is non-compliance with the HARP act, he or she will issue an order that states there has been a violation of the act. This will most likely result in an order preventing further use of the x-ray equipment. To overcome this, the dental practice must submit a new plan with to gain approval from the Ministry (RCDSO, 2019) Reference: RCDSO. (2019). X-ray Safety Requirements For All Ontario Dentists. rcdso.org. https://www.rcdso.org/en-ca/standards-guidelines-resources/rcdso-news/articles/1393 (AVNEET) What is the HARP act and why is it important for dental hygienists? 1. HARP short term for Healing Arts of Radiation Protection Act, is a crucial piece of legislation that regulates the safe use of radiation-emitting devices, such as X-ray machines, for dental hygienists in Ontario. The Act guarantees that dental hygienists are appropriately trained and certified to reduce radiation exposure to patients and ourselves since we routinely take X-rays as part of patient care. It also mandates routine equipment maintenance and inspections, guaranteeing that precise diagnostic images are acquired. Who is responsible for enforcing the HARP act in ontario? 2. In Ontario, the enforcement of the HARP Act is the responsibility of the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. The ministry ensures compliance with the Act by conducting inspections of healthcare facilities, including dental offices, where radiation-emitting equipment, like X-ray machines, is used. These inspections are carried out by Radiation Protection Officers, who verify that equipment meets safety standards and is regularly maintained and that operators, including dental hygienists,  are properly trained and certified. This enforcement ensures that radiation is used safely which protects both patients and healthcare workers from unnecessary exposure, making it a necessary part of maintaining high standards in dental care. Reference: “Law Document English View.” Ontario.ca, 24 July 2014, www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90h02. “X-Ray Safety Requirements for All Ontario Dentists.” Rcdso.org, 14 Mar. 2019, www.rcdso.org/en- ca/standards-guidelines-resources/rcdso- news/articles/139  Health Care Consent Act Submitted By: Group 3 - Fajar, Sukhmeen, Alex, Ameya, Mahesh, Mary Submitted to: Catherine Ranson Date: Tuesday October 1st 2024 Subject: DENT 1124 Introduction to the Profession of Dental Hygiene Roles/Participation: Group leader: Fajar Question 1 (main purpose of act) note takers/ researchers: Fajar, Mary, Sukhmeen Question 2 (relation to the dental hygiene profession and practice) note takers/researchers: Ameya, Mahesh, Alex Example of Consent Act dealt in court: Mary Question 1 presenter: Fajar Question 2 presenter: Mahesh I, Fajar, can confirm that everyone participated in group discussions and split the work evenly, and supported each other when anyone needed help. Great group dynamic! Main purpose of the act: - The act states that a person has the right to consent to or refuse treatment (if they have the mental capacity to do so). The patient must have a clear understanding of the proposed or recommended treatment and its associated risks and benefits. - When a patient lacks the capacity to consent or to understand the treatment and its benefits and risks, they will need a substitute decision-maker. This is governed by a separate act, Substitute Decisions Act (SDA), to make decisions on behalf of the patient. - Consent to treatment involves an ongoing process that can change at any time. A person could be capable of giving consent to one treatment but incapable with respect to another treatment. Overall, this act fosters an ethical and respectful environment for both the clinician and client to work as a team with proper transparency between them and the treatment. Relation to the dental hygiene profession and practice: - If DH does not get consent from clients or the client’s substitute, we cannot proceed with all our processes: assessment, dental hygiene diagnosis, planning, implementation, evaluation, and documentation. All the above involves certain levels of consent to perform adequately.  - DH must explain sufficiently enough at the level of the client's cognitive ability. Misguided delivery of information and incomplete understanding of the client may lead to invalid consent. - Moreover, DH should make sure the consent is autonomous, which means the client is making the decision without coercion or threat and the decision was done solely by the client or appropriate substitute. - In the process of getting the client's consent, DH must document the consent process. This ensures the consenting was accomplished by proper method and clarifies any misunderstandings. - If there is an emergency and urgent need for practice while the client cannot consent, DH has the right to proceed with necessary treatments. When the consent is revoked from the client, treatment should not proceed. Furthermore, it is important to ensure the information is provided in a way the patient can understand, this includes: 1. Keeping detailed records of discussion and decision. 2. Ensuring patient information remains private unless consent is given to share. 3. Full disclosure of risks, benefits, and alternatives to treatments. Practitioners must adhere to legal standards and can face consequences for non-compliance. It is important to note that the substitute must be a person who acts in the best interest of the client and follows in alignment with the client’s wishes and values. If consent is being given by the substitute, they must also be spoken to about the treatment plan and steps in the same manner a client would, so they can adequately provide consent for the client. The adherence of these guidelines from the act provides dental hygienists a way to avoid legal and ethical implications, while maintaining a high standard of care and client specific treatment. As dental hygienists are held responsible for their own actions, these guidelines help to protect both the dental hygienist and their clients. Example of Consent Act dealt in court: An example of how the Consent Act was dealt with in court is with Starson v. Swayze - the Health Care Consent Act was first dealt with in this court case regarding a mentally ill patient who refused treatment. In this case, the patient/respondent had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder and has visited numerous mental health facilities across North America. He was admitted to a hospital as he uttered death threats to the public, in which he was not found criminally responsible. The physician strongly recommended treatment with medications, however, the patient refused to consent to receiving this treatment. His physician believed that the patient/respondent was incapable of not giving consent to treatment. The patient then applied to the Ontario Consent and Capacity board to review the physician’s decision but, was unsuccessful. This case was eventually pushed to the Supreme Court for more in-depth review in which the Supreme Court concluded that the Board had failed to carefully assess the patient’s ‘lack of capacity to refuse consent’. Overall, the patient could have had the right to refuse consent if more assessments were made to test his mental capacity (done by his physician) to be able to refuse treatment. Sources Source is Ontario website and Wise health Law website. - Government of Ontario. (2023, May 18). Health Care Consent Act, 1996. Ontario.ca. https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/96h02 - Wise Health Law. (2020, February 28). Ontario’s Health Care Consent Act in Action. Wise Health Law Professional Corporation; Wise Health Law Professional Corporation. https://wisehealthlaw.ca/blogs/blog/ontarios-health-care-consent-act-in-action Occupational Health and Safety Act (OHSA) Group 4: Hanna Nguyen, Tiffany Li, Briana Tomlinson Tracey, Mackenzie Babutac, Rojyar Ranjbar Bafeghi, Christella Chen, Kaelie Smith, & Chloe Abascal Topic Details Document and The purpose of the Occupational Health and Safety Act (OHSA) is to explain briefly ensure workplace safety and health for employees. It establishes the purpose of standards and regulations to prevent workplace hazards, violence, the Act harassment, protect workers from injuries and illnesses, as well as promoting safe working environments. The act outlines: o the roles and responsibilities of the employers, workers, and supervisors o procedures on how to report unsafe conditions and address violations o three rights of workers, which are right to know, right to participate, and right to refuse. The OSHA applies to workplace owners, constructors and suppliers of equipment or materials to workplaces. The act states that workers are responsible for reporting situations and hazards to their employer and supervisor. The employer is responsible for listening to the worker’s reports and overseeing the hazards that workers are involved with. They must be able to assess the situation and know what to do accordingly to ensure the safety of everyone involved. This act helps regulate the workplace’s health and safety by creating a protocol and framework for how to protect workers, employers and clients as well as, making sure that the act is enforced. Failing to comply with the regulations put into place can result in fines and penalties. How it would At least 1 health and safety representative from among the workers at impact dental the clinic who does not have a managerial role may be required or a hygiene joint health and safety committee practice Training o Chief Prevention Officer (CPO) present in Clinical setting to establish standards for training required under OSHA or the regulations ▪ CPO keep record of RDH’s successful who have  completed training program o When new hazardous chemicals, materials, or equipment are introduced into the dental clinic, the RDHs receive training to ensure safety of all persons Inspections o The workplace (i.e. dental clinic) is inspected for compliance by health and a safety representative on a monthly to yearly basis or by a Joint health and safety committee ▪ Health and safety representative/Committee identify anything that is dangerous or hazardous in the workplace Example: Physical, chemical, and infectious hazards or waste management ▪ Health and safety representative/committee can provide recommendations to the employer that should respond within 3 weeks with when they will make the changes, or why they disagree with the recommendations o Accidents ▪ Critical injuries or death require inspections and to report to the appointed Director Duties of employers and other persons o Every employee, including RDH, must comply with OHSA o Protect the health of safety of employees, including RDH o Equipment, materials, PPE and personal protection are safe to use o Post a copy of OHSA and occupational health and safety policy in the workplace o Limit the exposure of a worker to biological, chemical or physical hazards o Prepare a Workplace Violence and Harassment Policy, and review it at minimum yearly o If an RDH has filed an occupational illness has been filed with WSIB, the employer should provide written notice to a Director, and health and safety representative or committee Duties or workers o Use and wear the required equipment, protection, and clothing o Do not participate in the use of any equipment that can endanger the life of themselves, another staff, or client o Must be trained in their area (If they are not trained it is not safe for themselves or other personnel; do they know how to use the equipment?) Examples Dental hygienist and other people in the office have to follow the related to the IPAC standards in order to protect everyone in the office from the practice of spread of bacteria and illness dental hygiene o Hand hygiene o Screening of patients o Disposal of items such as syringes / sharps (sharps container)  o Sterilization, handling, and storage of equipment and materials Vaccination o hepatitis B, MMR, COVID 19 HARP CERTIFICATION (radiation exposure) Hazards o Medication and dental instruments o WHMIS (Disinfectants / chemicals) → SDS labels, instructions on how to use it or store it o Equipment / machine / device not functioning properly → endangering the worker Proper Personal protective equipment o With clients: gowns, gloves, shields, face masks, goggles, etc. o For clients: sunglasses for light and eye protection, lead apron, etc. o Autoclaves/Sterilization: aprons/gowns, elbow length insulated utility gloves Proper hygiene and attire o Hair is up, no jewelry, short fingernails, etc. Ventilation system for aerosol Refrigerators for material, and cultures o Film X-rays, spore tests, dental materials Liquid hazard waste o Blood Properly and up to date certifications o First aid, N95 mask fit, emergency training, education Knowledge and Positive Industry Impact: We believe that this Act is not only points of view beneficial for the Dental Healthcare profession but for all Healthcare Workers. (Physically/Mentally) Training/Education: The Act creates a standard requirement across all sectors of the healthcare industry for employers to provide clear safety training and protective equipment related to common hazards in their workplace. Mental Health Support: The Act places just as much emphasis on physical hazards as they do on mental hazards. Employers are required to continually evaluate (risk assessment) the environment that they are creating for their employees and the impact it has on their stress level and overall mental health. [ Part III duties of employer and other persons, pg. 25-34] Employee Empowerment: We believe that this Act empowers employees by encouraging them to advocate for themselves through the laws outlined in the Constitution of Canada. The Right to Deny Work: The act has outlined a stern guideline that highlights the employees’ rights and responsibilities when it comes to refusing work off the basis of ethical terms. This is important as it keeps the employees safe and holds the employer legally responsible for the treatment of the employees. Ex. unsafe equipment  Ex. discrimination Ex. unsafe working conditions [ Part V right to refuse or stop work where health or safety in danger, pg 41-45] Knowledge (training, health and safety) The employers should each: ensure that all the equipment and materials are provided and working as they should, as to minimize workplace accidents Make sure that all materials are in good condition (one of the requirements from employers for WHMIS) A proper building for the safely and comfort of the workers Provide proper safety info for the employees for their own health and safety Comply with the rules limiting the works to exposure of certain materials Monitor the times of that the biological, chemical, and physical agents as to keep accurate records TRAINING PROGRAMS to ensure the workers know what they are doing The training can include WHMIS The employees should: Follow all the safety instructions put in place by the employers Wear all the PPE supplied by the job as to protect themselves and others Report all incidents to an employer if there is anything wrong with the supplies Always act in a respectful manner as to not cause any preventable workplace accidents Importance of OHSA for DH: It is important for dental hygienists to understand all the knowledge and safety aspects for OHSA so they can protect themselves and their clients It is so important to have all the proper training so that they are prepared for any client that way sit in their chair Legislation Assignment Group Members Hannah Graham Tam Nguyen Juliana Burton Mavarez Lily Dao Caroline Mader-An Kate Wadsworth Malalai Osuly Najia Sattar Presentation Topic The Ontario Business Corporations Act Presentation Overview Our group will be sharing a short presentation on The Ontario Business Corporations Act and how it relates to the profession of dental hygiene. We will be highlighting the main purpose of this act, its key features and how those would relate to and affect the profession of dental hygiene. INTRO: The Ontario Business Corporations Acts governs the formation, operation, and regulation of corporations in Ontario. It provides a legal framework for incorporating and managing businesses, outlining the rights and responsibilities of corporations, shareholders, and directors. In really simplistic terms, it outlines how businesses should operate fairly while also protecting everyone involved. KEY POINTS: Some key features of the OBCA include: - Incorporation/Starting a Business: It explains how to officially set up a company, including what paperwork you need. - Corporate Governance/Running the Company: It outlines how a company should be managed, including what the bosses (directors and officers) are responsible for. - Financial Disclosure/Money Matters: It requires companies to keep track of their finances and share that information with the public to ensure transparency. - Shareholder Rights: It protects the rights of people who own shares in the company, like how they can vote and attend meetings. - Dissolution/Closing Up Shop: It provides rules for how a company can close down properly if it needs to. RELATION TO DH:  Legislative Activity Group 6 - Mental health act (Makenna, Manna, Ketsia, Manveer, Maryam) Source the website/internet Identify and discuss as a group the main purpose of the act document and explain briefly Identify main points that would be related to the dental hygiene profession and practice 1.) What is the purpose of the mental health act? The Mental Health Act (MHA) in Ontario, Canada, is a law that helps manage the care of people with mental health issues. Its main goal is to protect their rights while ensuring they get the help they need and keeping everyone safe. The MHA allows for voluntary and involuntary hospital admissions if someone might harm themselves or others. It also ensures patients can access legal help and challenge their treatment decisions. 2.) How does the Mental Health Act impact the practice of dental hygiene? The Mental Health Act is a set of regulations that people of care must follow when dealing with those who suffer from mental illness. In some scenarios, these individuals are unable to decide on their health themselves or they may need to be treated due to underlying complications. In the profession of dental hygiene, The Mental Health Act plays an important role when it comes to treating clients through consent, patient advocacy, assessment, institutional care, and emergency interventions. Consent: Due to the Mental Health Act of Ontario (MHA) a client must first consent to high-quality oral care. As a dental hygienist if the client denies treatment we must respect the client's decision. However, if the client agrees to the treatment the dental hygienist must provide insight into the treatment such as the procedure, the risks of the treatment, and other alternatives. Patient advocacy: All patients should be treated with respect even if they may suffer from mental illness. As a dental hygienist, it is our job to treat a client with respect and provide them with high-quality treatment with the consent of the client. Assessment: This is a system that is used to determine whether or not a client is capable of receiving treatment. A dental hygienist must know when to offer treatment through these regulations when offering treatment to clients. Institutional care: Clients who stay in hospitals and psychiatric institutions also require dental care therefore a dental hygienist working with clients like these may need to work in a secure environment whilst also dealing with clients who cannot travel to a dental clinic. Emergency interventions: The client may experience mental health issues whilst receiving treatment. As a dental hygienist when a scenario like this occurs, it is important to know the appropriate steps to take when a patient may suffer a mental health crisis. There may also be instances where treatment may be necessary to prevent further harm to the patient's health and the patient is unable to offer consent. The Mental Health Act does allow health professionals to act upon the client however these scenarios must be carefully considered. 3.) What are some main points of the mental health act that relate to the practice/ profession of dental hygiene? - A dental hygienist has the ability to refer clients to mental health professionals after certain assessments - they cannot diagnose them, only suggest - A dental hygienist must respect each and every client no matter the disability through different regulations - informed consent (making sure the client knows exactly all the risks and goals during the appointment). If the dental hygienist deems that the client’s mental disability is too imposing, they must make sure that they make sure that the substitute decision maker can give the informed consent in their place - observation & communication (through assessment phase of appointment after informed consent). A dental hygienist should be able to recognize when someone displays signs of mental health disability, and work thoroughly to properly communicate in a way that the client can understand exactly what is being done during the appointment, and what information the dental Group 7: Child and Family Services Act By: Jaden, Fatmah, Thea, Josephine, Ken, Marwa, and Kendra. Main Purpose of this Act Child, Youth and Family Services Act (CYFSA) is a provincial legislation primarily focuses on controlling services that are related to Child, Youth and Family (such as Child Welfare, Adoption Services, Youth Justice, Children's development and services for First Nation, Inuit and Metis children, youths and families). These services are provided, funded, delivered and licensed through the Ministry of Children, Community and Social Service. Under Section 2 of the CYFSA, the definition of a “child" is a person who is under 18. If a child is under 16, any protection acts must be reported to the Children's Aid Society (CAS), whereas for youths who are 16 or 17, the report is not mandatory, only discussions with the CAS are needed. With all the recognitions and respects to the First Nation, Inuit and Metis communities, the CYFSA commits to deliver services to their children, youths and families based on the manner that recognizes their cultures, heritages, traditions and connections. The main purpose of this Act is to make the awareness of children's best interests, protection and well-being to the public. This legislation is essential in the role of helping the ministry to achieve its vision of an Ontario where every child and youth receives the necessary support to succeed and grow. A review will be conducted every five years and reported to the Public by the Ministry to take in input, improve the effectiveness and relevance as well as to ensure its main purpose is continuing to promote the best interest, protection and well-being of children and youth. The CYFSA strives to guarantee that - The rights of children & youth are the core value and mission. - Children and youth are fully aware of their rights. - Children and youth can express their opinions in matters that impact their lives. Group 8 - Aiden Dawson, Betelhem Abebe, Emily How-Chun- Lun, Hilary Serrao Guerra, Jamie Phang, Jongah Kim, Maria Nguyen, and Mariama Hersi DENT1124 Oct. 1, 2024 All group members arrived promptly at the scheduled Zoom meeting on Sunday at 1:30 pm. All members actively participated in the call and contributed to the shared document, which included both a rough and good draft. All members were also present during the group presentation on October 1st as well. Purpose of Act - Ensure that residents of long-term care facilities have satisfactory living conditions. i.e security, safety, comfort, physical, psychological - The lifestyle of residents is respected. Healthcare providers are to educate residents, not force them to make certain choices. How it Relates and Impacts the Dental Hygiene Profession - Care plans are specific to each resident - Focusing on preventative oral care, with annual dental assessments in place - Educating both the resident and care staff on proper techniques and general oral care - Working in collaboration with other healthcare professionals to ensure a holistic approach to the residents’ care i.e nutritional concerns or infections  The Canada Health Act Legislative Activity What is the main purpose of the Canada Health Act? The Canada Health Act (CHA) is a federal legislation for publicly funded health insurance. The Canada Health Acts goal is to, “protect, promote and restore the physical and mental well-being of residents of Canada and to facilitate reasonable access to health services without financial or other barriers” (Government of Canada, 2024). The Act sets out specific criteria and conditions that is different and specific to each province and territories in Canada and individuals must meet them to qualify for the full Canada Health Transfer. This includes ensuring no extra-billing or user charges for insured health services. Five Criteria: 1. Public Administration - health care insurance plan needs to be administered by a public authority through a non-profit basis - the designated public authority is accountable to the provincial government for its administration and operation 2. Comprehensiveness - must make sure that all health services considered to be “medically necessary” be insured under the health care insurance plan (these are the services provided by medical practitioners in hospitals, doctor’s offices, and other places where it is permitted in that specific province) 3. Universality - the health care insurance plan must include equal terms and conditions to all eligible residents of the province without discrimination and unfairness 4. Portability - provinces and territories extend emergency health services coverage to their residents during temporary absences from the province of  GROUP 10 - Summary of PHIPA (Personal Health Information Protection Act) PHIPA establishes rules for how personal health information is collected, used, and disclosed, ensuring confidentiality and patient privacy. It allows individuals to access, correct, and amend their health information, with specific exceptions. PHIPA also provides independent review and resolution for privacy complaints and offers remedies for breaches of the Act. It aims to strike a balance between protecting patient privacy and allowing the appropriate flow of health information within the healthcare system, recognizing that both privacy and access to information are crucial to delivering effective care. Impact on Dental Hygiene Practice PHIPA has significantly influenced dental hygiene practices in Ontario by enforcing strict rules on handling patient information: Collection & Protection of Personal Health Information: Dental hygienists are responsible for collecting only necessary patient information and ensuring its protection. They must implement administrative, technological, and physical security measures, such as locking file cabinets and securing electronic records, to prevent unauthorized access. Consent & Disclosure: Dental hygienists must acquire patient consent before collecting, using, or sharing personal health information. Information can only be shared within the “circle of care” with implied consent or with explicit consent when shared outside this group. Special care must be taken to ensure that family members do not receive patient information without consent. Patient Rights: Patients have the right to access their health information, request corrections, and withhold consent for information collection or sharing. Dental hygienists must respect and accommodate these patient rights, ensuring transparency in their practice.  Group Assignment 1 Personal Information Protection of Electronic Documents Acts (PIPEDA) George Brown DENT 1124 Introduction to the Dental Hygiene Profession Prof. Catherine Ranson Bethany Au Yeung Amanda Soares Rheanna Palomo Farideh Saeimanesh Fatoumata Fofana Taniya Siconolfi-Jones October 1, 2024  1 Employment Standard Act Group Presentation Group Members: Areej Chaudry, Fatima Lone, Grace Ghali, Grace Park, Juhee Jun, Leandra Zaya, Sarah Kang, Sonny Lim Professor: Catherine Ranson DENT1124 OCT/01/2024  2 What is the Employment Standard Act (Areej and grace) The Employment Standards Act of Ontario established minimum requirements for fundamental employment terms to protect the rights of employees, such as compensation, vacation time, overtime, work hours, and notice and severance pay duties. It also delineates the legal obligations and rights of employers and workers. Main Purpose of the Act (Fatima & Sarah) Sets minimum standards for workplaces in Ontario o Hours of Work ▪ Includes overtime, breaks, and vacation time o Minimum wage for workers ▪ Lowest salary that an employer can pay their employees o Minimum rights of workers ▪ The right to work in a safe environment ▪ The right to know, the right to participate, and the right to refuse o Responsibilities of employers ▪ How they should operate ▪ Rules they should follow To protect workers in Ontario (NOT all employees qualify for all ESA rules) - If an employee thinks that an employer is not following the ESA law, they can contact the Ministry of Labour for help Exceptions of people under ESA o Individuals holding political, judicial, religious, or elected trade union positions o High school students who are a part of school board-approved work experience program at their school o Police officers: Prisoners involved in work or rehabilitation programs (or people working as part of a court-ordered sentence) How It is Related to Dental Hygiene Profession (Grace and Leandra) The Employment Standards Act ensures that just like any other employees in Ontario, those who work in the dental hygiene professions are legally protected and treated fairly. For instance, regarding minimum wage and hours of work, the ESA establishes that dental hygienists must be paid at least the provincial minimum wage, and their hours of work must abide by the limits on hours of work defined by the act. Additionally, dental hygienists must also be paid overtime if they work more than the regular hours of work defined by the ESA. Regarding termination, an employer cannot terminate the employment of a dental hygienist who worked for more than three months without a written notice of termination, protecting the job  3 security of dental hygienists. However, the ESA does not cover those working “under a program that is approved by a career college registered under the Ontario Career Colleges Act,” which would exempt us from some of the privileges provided by the ESA (Ontario, 2017). For example, dental hygienists do not have the privilege of sick leave, bereavement leave, or family responsibility leave. How It is Related to Dental Hygiene Practice (Sonny and Juhee) The delivery of dental hygiene services requires dental hygienists to work with their clients to determine individual or community oral health needs. Practice Environment: having organizational structures, policies and resources in place consisting of legal and professional responsibilities. Practice Management: ensuring their practice environments support the efficient and ethical delivery of DH services. DH Services and Programs: including all interventions following *ADPIED.  4 References Cobb, L. (2024, July 9). Understanding the Ontario Employment Standards Act. BrightHR Canada. https://www.brighthr.com/ca/articles/employment-law/the-ontario-employment- standardsact/?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_term=&utm_campaign=DSA %20CAN%20PPC&utm_content=&matchtype=&gad_source=1&gbraid=0AAAAADgd9 YOjOZGrljI-AlJr2f5CcBlFr&gclid=CjwKCAjw9eO3BhBNEiwAoc0- jWw795AQ9yDCAEwwZjoa-7W8kZLRy3KDKpbXjT8haFh- aqW4K8fXiBoCzXAQAvD_BwE. Dental Hygiene Standards of Practice. College of Dental Hygienists of Ontario. (n.d.). https:// cdho.org/cdho-resources/dental-hygiene-standards-of-practice. Employment Standards Act, 2000, S.O. 2000, c. 41. Industries and jobs not covered under the Employment Standards Act: Industries and jobs with exemptions or special rules. ontario.ca. (n.d.). https://www.ontario.ca/document/industries- and-jobs-exemptions-or-special-rules/industries-and-jobs-not-covered-under-employment- standards-act. Mehta, / By Shikha, & Purdy, / By Megan. (2024, August 6). What to know about the employment standards act. Canadian Payroll Services. https://canadianpayrollservices. com/what-you-should-know-about-the-employment-standards-act/. Ministry Of Labor Ontario. (n.d.). Employment Standards in Ontario. Ontario.ca. https://files. ontario.ca/employment-standards-in-ontario.pdf. Ontario. (2017, November 22). Employment Standards in Ontario. Ontario.ca. https://files. ontario.ca/employment-standards-in-ontario.pdf. Ontario. (2017, November 27). EMS, healthcare and health professionals | Industries and jobs with exemptions or special rules. Ontario.ca. https://www.ontario.ca/document/industries- and-jobs-exemptions-or-special-rules/ems-healthcare-and-health-professionals. What you should know about the Ontario employment... Perth and Smiths Falls District Hospital. (n.d.). https://psfdh.on.ca/uploads/Careers/ESA -poster.pdf.  5 Script: Part 1 Introduction to the Employment Standards (history) Areej and Grace G The Employment Standards Act of Ontario, also known as the ESA, was established in 2000, and sets minimum standards to protect worker’s rights and outlines employer responsibilities. Under this act, dental hygienists are also expected to regulate and perform the standards of practice. The overall practice of hygienists is to assess and provide care and education of the oral health to their clients and be accountable for all the actions taken place. This act is in place to protect employees that fall under the ESA, outlining employers and employees alike to allow equal and fair rights in Ontario workplaces. This law is important to uphold those rights and allow accountability enforced by Ministry of labour Part 2 (Purpose of the Act) Sarah Fatima The purpose of the act covers aspects on employment rights like fair compensation, vacation time, public holidays, overtime pay, maximum work hours, and termination rights. These protections are important for creating a fair and safe work environment. Employers, in turn, are required to maintain records of employee hours, ensure fair pay, follow health and safety regulations, and comply with legal procedures for termination. An example of this would include rulings on overtime pay, if an employee works overtime, their pay for those specific hours would be higher than the regular hourly pay. And I am sure as most of us know, every five hours a person works, it is mandatory for them to have at least half an hour for lunch. Moving on, the minimum wage is also accounted for. The ESA also announced that the minimum wage is increasing to $17.20 today, October 1st, 2024. Not only that, but the Act covers the minimum rights of workers and the responsibilities of employers. These two components go hand in hand as workers have the right to work in a safe environment, the right to know, to participate and the right to refuse. On the other hand, the employers who are hiring employees, the Employment Standard Act sets out appropriate rulings on how they should operate and run their workplace. Part 3 Relation to DH profession Grace Leandra  6 So, how does it all relate to the dental hygiene profession? The ESA ensures that just like any other employees in Ontario, those who are working in the dental hygiene professions are legally protected and treated fairly. For instance, as discussed before, with regards to minimum wage and hours of work, the ESA establishes that dental hygienists must be paid at least the provincial minimum wage, and their hours of work must abide by the work hour limits defined by the act. Additionally, dental hygienists must be paid overtime if they work more than the regular hours of work defined by the ESA. In regard to termination, an employer cannot terminate the employment of a dental hygienist who worked for more than three months without a written notice of termination, protecting the job security of dental hygienists. However, the ESA does not cover those working “under a program that is approved by a career college registered under the Ontario Career Colleges Act,” which would exempt us from some of the privileges provided by the ESA. For example, dental hygienists do not have the privilege of sick leave, bereavement leave, or family responsibility leave. Part 4 relation to practice Sonny Juhee The delivery of dental hygiene services requires dental hygienists to work with their clients to determine individual or community oral health needs. As follows, the Employment Standard Act. labels 3 domains reflecting the professional standards associated with professional practice of dental hygienists, which are the practice environment, practice management, and the dental hygiene service and programs. So, for practice environment, dental hygienists should have organization structures, policies and resources in place consisting with legal and professional responsibilities. For practice management, dental hygienists must ensure their practice environments support the efficient and ethical delivery of dental hygiene service. Then, the dental hygiene services and programs should include all interventions following ADPIED, which is the “assessment, dental hygiene diagnosis, implementation, evaluation and documentation.” Purpose Maintaining client confidentiality is a fundamental responsibility of a Dental Hygienist. Without protection of the clients personal and private information, clients will not feel comfortable to disclose this essential information needed to provide care. This brings us to the importance of the Personal Information Protection of Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA). This act began in phases starting on January 1st 2001 and as of January 1st, 2004 the act was fully established. The act is a law that regulates how an individual’s personal information is collected, used, and disclosed. So what is considered private information? All information about a client, and what a client communicates is considered private and confidential, whether it is medical or non-medical. This includes a client’s age, name, telephone number, income, ethnic origin, or blood type. Along with the opinions, evaluations, comments, or concerns from a healthcare provider on their file. The PIPEDA act has 10 important principles that businesses, organizations, and all healthcare industries must follow to protect the private information of a client/individual. What The Act Includes: 10 Principles & Privacy Information Protection Officer (Privacy Officer) 1. Accountability: The dental office must appoint someone as the designated Privacy Officer, to ensure that client personal information is properly protected. 2. Identifying purposes:The office team (dental hygienist, dentist, dental assistant, or receptionist) needs to explain why they are collecting the client information. For e.g. providing proper dental care, ensuring client safety, and process insurance claims. 3. Consent: Before collection, using or sharing any personal information like health history, Dental hygienists must get client consent. Clients need to fully understand what they’re agreeing to and can withdraw their consent at any time. If a client can’t give consent, a substitute decision- maker (like a guardian) can. 4. Limiting collection: Only collect the necessary information for providing dental care, like medical history and contact details. This ensures the data is relevant and collected lawfully, and the Dental hygienist must clearly explain to the client why it’s being collected. 5. Limiting use, disclosure and retention: Information collected must be used for its intended purposes unless the client consents otherwise or for legal reasons. Personal information no longer required for its intended purpose should be disposed of properly to prevent data breaches. 6. Accuracy:The Dental office should keep patient medical forms updated and accurate and change personal information that is no longer important. For example, different contact details, addresses or phone number.  7. Safeguards: Dental offices must assure that client files are secured when they are not actively being used as it contains very personal and sensitive information. It's important to use additional security measures such as applying security safeguards or firewalls on computers, locking filing cabinets, implementing alarm systems, and frequently updating organizational controls. This includes limiting access to a clients personal information to only their dental healthcare worker and those in their circle of care. If there is any breach of privacy that involves their personal health information, the client has the right to be informed. 8. Openness: The dental office should outline the information handling procedures and distribute these guidelines to clients and potential clients. 9. Individual access: Patients can access their personal information and request corrections if necessary. 10. Challenging compliance: Establish a procedure for managing complaints regarding the organization’s information handling practices and be prepared for potential investigations by the Information and Privacy Commissioner. How it impacts dental hygiene: - Any medical and non-medication information provided by the client is sensitive information and as a dental hygienist, we are required to keep this information confidential and know the confidentiality laws that are associated with it - Data collected by Dental Hygienist must be stored safely in appropriate servers that comply with PIPEDA standards (not in external third-party softwares) - A Dental Hygienist must be aware of what a privacy breach is and they need to know how to properly approach the situation: they must ensure the privacy information protection officer is informed, identify the scope of the breach, change passwords and temporarily shut down the system, notify the individual who is affected and what information was breached, and investigate how the breach may have occurred while making security adjustments to ensure the breach does not occur again. - An open investigation by the Federal Information and Privacy Commissioner if failure to comply with PIPEDA - Committing an offense can lead to a fine upwards of $100,000 Examples related to practice of Dental Hygiene: - Before we even start treatment on our clients we need their consent - Once again, when we have our clients' consent we can then start taking their health history. We are responsible for maintaining confidentiality of the client's personal information (we cannot share to anyone unless it is for an investigation) - If a dental clinic refers a patient to a specialist, they must ensure that the patient consents to sharing their personal information with that specialist. PIPEDA ensures that patient information is handled ethically and securely, protecting both. - The client has a full right to access their electronic chart, including authorized family members - Clients have the right to request their records and correct any mistakes. - The client must be aware of the purpose of filling out a medical form (treatment planning or insurance billing) -  References “A Privacy Handbook For Lawyers: PIPEDA and Your Practice.” PIPEDA and Your Practice: A Privacy Handbook For Lawyers, Office of The Privacy Commissioner of Canada, www.priv.gc.ca/media/2012/gd_phl_201106_e.pdf. Accessed 29 Sept. 2024. “CDHO Registrants’ Handbook.” CDHO, Nov. 2020, cdho.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/RegistrantsHandbook.pdf. “Consolidated Federal Laws of Canada, Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act.” Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act, Government of Canada, 25 Sept. 2024, laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/p-8.6/page-1.html. Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada. “PIPEDA Requirements in Brief.” Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada, 1 May 2024, www.priv.gc.ca/en/privacy-topics/privacy-laws-in-canada/the-personal-information-protection-a nd-electronic-documents-act-pipeda/pipeda_brief/ Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada. “The Case for Reforming the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act”. Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada, 1 May 2024, https://www.priv.gc.ca/en/privacy-topics/privacy-laws-in-canada/the-personal-information-protec tion-and-electronic-documents-act-pipeda/pipeda_r/pipeda_r_201305/ “Penalties for Non-Compliance.” Baker McKenzie, 26 Dec. 2023, resourcehub.bakermckenzie.com/en/resources/global-data-privacy-and-cybersecurity-handbook/ north-america/canada/topics/penalties-for-non-compliance#:~:text=PIPEDA%3A%20Organizati ons%20that%20commit%20offenses,of%20up%20to%20CAD%20100%2C000. Breach Reporting: In the event of a privacy breach (such as lost or stolen health information), dental hygienists must inform the affected patient and report the incident to Ontario’s Information and Privacy Commissioner. Professional Responsibilities To comply with PHIPA, dental hygienists should: Stay up-to-date with privacy legislation and best practices. Regularly assess their handling of patient information, making necessary improvements. Maintain confidentiality while working in interprofessional healthcare teams to ensure high-quality care without compromising privacy. Examples in Dental Hygiene Practice Compliant Actions: A dental hygienist collects a patient’s medical history, securely stores it, and shares it only with the patient’s consent. A patient’s health information is reviewed before treatment, and any referral to a specialist (like a periodontist or nutritionist) is done with consent and PHIPA compliance. Dental hygienists communicate with patients through secure channels, such as email or text, in accordance with PHIPA standards. Violations of PHIPA: Leaving a patient’s medical record visible on a computer screen where others can view it. Discussing a patient’s treatment with unauthorized individuals, such as friends or family members. A real-life violation example is an incident at St. Martha’s Regional Hospital in Nova Scotia, where a former employee improperly accessed thousands of patient records without consent. In conclusion, PHIPA plays a crucial role in maintaining patient trust and confidentiality in dental hygiene practices. It ensures that dental hygienists uphold high standards of privacy, security, and ethical responsibility while delivering care. Attendance record 1. Arati Sharma 2. Pauline Lam 3. Isabel Irvine 4. Roya Farah-Baksh 5. Jed Reyes 6. Sophia Zhang 7. Sareena Atwal 8. Noora Oshana ✔ SOURCES: Jed https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/04p03 https://www.ipc.on.ca/sites/default/files/legacy/2015/11/phipa-faq.pdf Isabel https://www.ipc.on.ca/sites/default/files/legacy/Resources/phipa_pia-e.pdf https://koziebrockilaw.com/privacy-issues-for-dentists/ https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/Health-Topics/Health-Promotion/Oral-Health https://www.oda.ca/visiting-the-dentist/information-privacy-at-the-dentist/ https://www.ipc.on.ca/sites/default/files/legacy/2015/11/phipa-faq.pdf https://cdho.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/SOP-DH-Standards.pdf https://plp.rcdso.org/risk-management/casestudies/patient-privacy https://logictechcorp.com/phipa-for-dental-practices/ Roya & Sophia https://koziebrockilaw.com/privacy-issues-for-dentists/ https://www.oda.ca/visiting-the-dentist/information-privacy-at-the-dentist/ https://atlantic.ctvnews.ca/privacy-breach-at-nova-scotia-health-impacts-more-than-2-000 -people-1.6854169 Sareena- (All sources from other peers)  territory; for elective services, residents may be required to apply for pre-approval - residents must continue to be covered under insured health services when moving from one province or territory to another during 3- months waiting period; residents must inform their province or territory’s health care insurance about their absence and register with the health care insurance plan of their new province or territory - residents who are temporarily out of country must continue to be covered for insured health services during their absence, insured services will be paid at the home province’s rate 5. Accessibility - insured persons should have reasonable access to insured hospital medical, and surgical-dental services on uniform terms and conditions, these terms and conditions should not be obstructed or hindered, whether directly or indirectly, by fees or other means - insured health services rendered by medical practitioners and dentists are reasonably compensated, as well as payment of amounts to hospitals Conditions: 1. Information -The government of the province/territory must provide information to the Federal Mister of Health as prescribed by regulations under the Act. 2. Recognition -The government of the province/territory must recognize the federal financial contributions toward both insured and extended health care services. ADMINISTRATION In administering the Canada Health Act (CHA), the federal Minister of Health is assisted by Health Canada staff at headquarters and in the regions, and by the Department of Justice. The Canada Health Act Division The Canada Health Act Division of Health Canada is responsible for administering the CHA. Members of the Division fulfill the following ongoing functions: monitoring and analysing provincial and territorial health insurance plans for compliance with the criteria, conditions, and extra-billing and user charges provisions of the CHA; disseminating information on the CHA and on publicly funded health care insurance programs in Canada; responding to inquiries about the CHA and health insurance issues received by telephone, mail and the Internet, from the public, members of Parliament, government departments, stakeholder organizations and the media; developing and maintaining formal and informal partnerships with health officials in provincial and territorial governments for information sharing; producing the Canada Health Act Annual Report on the administration and operation of the CHA; conducting issue analysis and policy research to provide policy advice; collaborating with provincial and territorial health department representatives through the Interprovincial Health Insurance COMPLIANCE Health Canada’s approach to resolving possible compliance issues emphasizes transparency, consultation and dialogue with provincial and territorial health ministry officials. In most instances, issues are successfully resolved through consultation and discussion based on a thorough examination of the facts. The Canada Health Act Division monitors the operations of provincial and territorial health care insurance plans in order to provide advice to the Minister on possible non-compliance with the Canada Health Act (CHA). Sources for this information include: provincial and territorial government officials and publications; media reports; and correspondence received from the public and non-governmental organizations. Staff in the Compliance and Interpretation Unit of the Canada Health Act Division assess issues of concern and complaints on a case-by-case basis. The assessment process involves compiling all facts and information related to the issue and taking appropriate action. Verifying the facts with provincial and territorial health officials may reveal issues that are not directly related to the CHA, while others may pertain to the CHA but are a result of misunderstanding or miscommunication, such as eligibility for health insurance coverage and portability of health services within and outside Canada, and are resolved quickly with provincial or territorial assistance. Health Services Covered by the CHA – James Not all health services are to be covered by the CHA. As mentioned previously above under the 2nd criteria “comprehensiveness”, only those medical services that are deemed to be “medically required/necessary” are required to be covered. Impacts on the Dental Hygiene Practice - James One of the services that the CHA does not cover is oral health care. Most Canadian residents depend on their employer or private insurance companies to cover their expenses, pay off the difference in their coverages, or even pay the full amount out of pocket which can become costly as dental is not always affordable. Dental treatments such as cleanings, oral examinations, restorations, dentures, root canals, and so on, are not covered. Oral examinations and regular cleanings not being covered impacts the dental hygiene practice because some residents already do not take their oral health as serious as their overall health even though oral health is linked to systemic health. Costly hygiene treatment can further prevent residents from coming in for regular checkups and cleanings. Another factor is dental treatment being declined by the client due to the costs after being presented the treatment plan. This then prevents the client from returning for future appointments or from taking an active role in their oral health care just because of the expenses. Canada's Health Act is designed to ensure that essential health services are accessible to all insured residents. However, oral healthcare is often overlooked, with many individuals viewing it as a luxury rather than a necessity. This perception can lead many to untreated dental issues not knowing this will affect their overall well-being. Fortunately, the government is now approaching the issue of a