Anatomy and Physiology Notes PDF

Kahoot questions : white matter tracts I ASSOCIATION FIBRES. 2. COMMISURAL FIBRES J. PROJECTION FIBRES > - win hemisphere- biw hemispheres > Cerebral...

Kahoot questions : white matter tracts I ASSOCIATION FIBRES. 2. COMMISURAL FIBRES J. PROJECTION FIBRES > - win hemisphere- biw hemispheres > Cerebral - cortex to lower area BASAL GANGLIA (extenust internus so corpus striatum - putamen > - caudate nucleus -> globus pallidus > - t subthalamic nucleus e substantia nigra CSF CIRCULATION 1. the chorold plexus of each ventricle produces CSF 2. Cs) flows through the ventricles & into subarachnoid space (via median/lateral. est 3 flows subarachnoid space through 4. CSF is absorbed into the dural venous sinuses via arachnoid villi LIMBIC SYSTEM : THE EMOTIONAL BRAIN DIENCEPHALIC STRUCTURE FIBER TRACTS CEREBRAL STRUCTURES anterior thalamic nuclei ·formix cingulate/dentate gyrus · · anterior commisure : septal nuclei · hypothalamus · amygaloid · mammilary body · body · hippocampus · CRANIAL NERVES parihippocampal gyrus E name xit function I olfactory sensory Cribiform > doesn't - connect to brainster - Tsensoryi afticc- becomes optic tract oculomotor motin Superior Orbital fissure - > moves all intrinsic eye muscles trocklear motor superior orbital fissure - > action of superior oblique , abduction etc both ratondum , geminal I Superior ord Ovale I have related to , migraines abclucens moth Superior Orbital fissure dentistry facial bun -Eternal meatos stylomastoid > , - facial expression , Tongue has z branches estibulo > Sensory internal -. acoust meta s ↓ ugular foramen thuaframe supmotomusa -u sugular foramen CERVICAL PLEXUS * Cy , Cy , Cs keeps the diaphragm alive * Plexus is C, - C > from Skin , neckt ear to head - provides signals a shoulder > C3-Cs phrenic - newes /diaghram) BRACHIAL PLEXUS 5 MAIN NERVES 3 Beer Aunt Rescued Rugby Teams Drink Cold My My Uncle ↓ d ↓ d ↓ ↓ D ↓ ↓ ↓ roofs trunks division card branches Muscu. axillary radial median ulna ↓ ↓ S ↑ ↓ ↳ Wrist drop carpal tun. Clawhand (Cs-T,) LUMISAR FLEX OS > - L - M > - (1) Get I Twice Lunch On Fridays Givi Milliolingual)attraitem( ohypogastric genitofemoral Femoral obturator SACREL PLEXUS > L4 - - 54 > - "SIPPS" · S pudendal superior gluteal P = · = interior gluteal sciatic · · I s = · P = posterior femoral cutaneous GREATER SCIATIC FORAMEN E bordered by Sclatic notch , sacrotuberous sacrospinous : greater a ligament, anterior sacroiliac ligament , ischial spine PIRIFORMIS O : anterolateral surface sacrum 1 : greater trochanter femur A : abduction a lateral hip rotation SCIATIC NERVE > - L4 , 25 , 5. , 52 , 53 Kahoot QIS Thalamus-sensory relay station Hypothalamus-coordinates endocrine , body temp , hunger etc. Cerebellum-motor movement of. regulation processing, sensory info frontal lobe-controls ↑ -level Cognitive skills & motor functions cerebrum-memory storage thought , process , skeletal muscle contractions anterior association area - prefrontal cortex Central sulcus-divides primary cortex anteriorly a posteriorly Veteral sulcus-divides blu regions language process sensory , d motor skills epidural space-around Spinal card , Contains blood Vessels , fat , spinal nerves subdural space - due to Trauma ; space blw dura mater a arachnoid mater Subarachid space-contains osf schwann cell-makes myelin in PNs oligodendrocytes - makes myelin in CNS conus medullaris-end of spinal cord , cone shape filum terminale-extension of pla medullaris , covered by mater a cons coccygeal ligament Cauda equina-bundle of newes at and of spinal cord a controls pelvic organs descending tracks-motor/efferent , corticospinal tracts rebrospinal , reticulospinal, , Vestipulospinal , tectospinal ascending tracts-derusal white column , Spinocerebellard Spinothalamic tracts triceps-radial extensor digitorum-radial teres minor-axillary femoral/obturator - pectineus gluteus sipenar gluteal - *REVIEW NERVE SUPPLIES A olfactory optic occulomotor trocklear trgeminal abducens facial Vestibulocholar sensory sens. Motor motor both motor both sensory super. Internal. ~ atcncum cribiform optic super. super o -vale Super Stylas tod Internal , glossopharyngeal vagus accessory hypoglossal both both motor motor jugular jugular jugular hypoglossal & on once one takes the anatomy final , very good vacations are heavenly Some * say marry but my brother says brains money big mean more * carl only swims south , Silly roger only 'swirns in stylish' Jane just hitchikes jacuzzis , Ets system to Review ! PNS : nervous system outside brain/spinal cord ↳ Subdivides into automatic a somatic nervous sys. neuroglia : protects neurons astrocytes : Maintain "blood-brain" barrier ↳ most abundant ↳ provides Physical support ependymal : lines brain/spinal cord ↳ makes csf Oligodendrocytes : makes myelin in CNS memorystrasa b Schwann Cells : makes myelin in PNs carebrum conscious : thought process , pons : means "bridge" , relays sensory in evema talamos medulla : relays sensory info to thalamus , centre for regulation of Visceral function Cerebellum : Coordinates complex Sanatic motor 3 topia meninges : > - arachnoid Cover/protect CNs ↳ Aura frontal lobe : primary motor Cortex , Voluntary movement parietal lope : Somatic sensory , somatosensory cortex & association occipital labe : Vision , Visual cortex + association areas temporal lobe : hearing , auditory cor tex & association a re a ↳ emotional responce, memory , limbic area Taste insula : gustatory cortex - Wernicke's area : language comprehension broca's area : muscles involved in speech ↳ located in frontal lobe prefrontal catex : Spacial & object recall tasks Somatic association learned movements area : Coordinating primary Somatosensory Cortex : post-central gyrus ↓ ↓ somatic area sensory association Visual association area : found in occipital lobe , interprets visuals from primary Visual Cortex - recieves info from visual eyes Basal collection of cell bodies ganglia : Lo controls skeletal muscles limbic system : 4 I's ↳ cingulate gyrus : mediate emotional response ↳ hippocampus : recieves info to remember ↳ amygdala : Stores mems. brodmann's area : Missi staining , cell arch. thalamus : relays info to Cerebral Cortex hypo"" : emotion , autonomic function Pituitary : regulates growth d controls endocrine Melatonin pineal gland : Superior Collical : Visual reflex , eye tracking inferior colliculi : auditory reflex , sounds parasympathetic NS : Calms body , conserves energy Sympathetic NS : arouses the body , energy use ascending tracks I dorsal white :. column 2. sfinocerebellar tracts. Spinothalamic tracts 3 descending tracts : 1. corticospinal tract 2. rubro , reticulospinal tracts 3. Vestpulospinal tract 21 trac t. tecnospinal motor nerve : away from prain ↳ efferent sensory nerve : toward brain ↳ afferent olfactory nerve : crib , form , sensory optic nerve : optic canal , sensory occulomotor : Superior o rd , motor trochlear : Superior o rd , motor Trigeminal : superior orb , rotundum , ovale , both a bducens : superior ord , motor facial : internal ac. meatus , stylamastoid foramen , both Vestipolocochlear : internal acoustic meatus , sensory both glossopharyngeal : juguiar , both vagus : jugular , Spinal : jugular , motor hypoglossal : hypoglossal , motor median newe : CS , CG , C7 , C8 , T. ↳ Innervates teres , quadratus , flexors pronator L Optic nerve carpal tunnel thalamus radial newve : Cs C7 Cs Hypothalamus T , C , , ,. ↳ innervates triceps brachii , extensors occulomotor muscultaneous nerve : CS , 66 , - body : HR vagus Sympathetic : ↑ HR R& L blood from pulmonary veins : Carry Oxygenated lungs + heart Morta value : prevents blood lumen : Space Win tubular part of organ dialated : flow through constricted : no flow hepatic portal system : Stomach + liver  18 lymph : tissue fluid from capillary lymph nodes : bean lymphoid organ /soo in body ↳ filtration & activation immune lymph capillaries: smallest vessels lymphoid tissue : main tissue of immune sys. primary lymphoid organs : Done marrow a thymus secondary lymphoid organs : lymph nodes , spleen , appendix tonsils : swelling of pharynx thymus: where immature lymphocytes > T-cells - spleen : blood cleansing ↳ generates memory T-cells & destroys microorganisms appendix : contains lymphad Tissue ↳ generates T-cells I destroys microorganisms red bone marrow : where lymphocytes originate lacteals : Lymphatic capillary in small intestine ↳ absorbs digested fats from intestine , causing milky lymph draining Chyle milky lymph : collected in lacteals Cisterna Chyli : flow of Chyle in intestinal trunk lymphoid follicles : solid , Spherical bodies I packed Lymphoid cells R & L lymphatic duct : drain into subclavian vein inflammation of vessel lymphangitis : lymphatic bubonic plague : causes inflammed lymph nodes filariaris : tropical parasitic worms invade lymph nodes b-cells : divide plasma cells , which secrete antibodies to generate + cells: cells created in that attack infected cells thymus - effector cells : short-lived cells that fight against antigens right away memory cells : have protective immunity resp System 1). : exchange gasses 2) PH manage paranasal sinuses : hollow spaces , warm/filter air larynx : C3- Cy on anterior neck trachea : wall has mucus-secreting cells ↳ Carina : Where trachea divides into bronchi alveoli : tiny sacs of lung tissue for movement of gases plu air o blood lung lobes : 3 on right , 2 on left parietal pleura : covers thoracic wall, superior surface of diagphram of biw alveolia blood Pulmonary respiration Exchange Oz a Co2 : inspiration : insparatory muscles contract expiration : inspiratory muscles relax accessary muscles of Inspiration 1l Sternocleidomastoid : 2) scalene muscles 3) pectoralis minor 4) serratus anterior of expiration : 1) Abdominal (obliques rectus accessary muscles 2) intercoastal muscles eupnea : normal , healthy breathing dyspnea : Shortness of breath Pneumothorax : Collapsed lung pic air - pleura cavity atelectasis : partial collapse due to obstruction or full lung  Eure 19 - 20 (GI tract) : alimentary t Canal digestive tupe from mouth to anys accessary organs-digestive System accessory digestive organs : Secrete Saliva , bile a digestive enzymes 1) teeth 3) gallbladder 4) 2) tongue large glands peptic ulcers : erosions of the mucosa in regions exposed to stomach secretions right upper quad : R liver, gallbladder , medial of pancreas, small a large Intestine left upper quad : L liver stomach , pancreas, L kidney , Spleen, large Intestine , right hypochondriac region : liver a gallbladder epigastric region : Stomach left hypochondriac region : diaghram , spleen illiac appendix right region : cecum , hypogastric region Urinary , bladder : left illiac region : Sigmoid Colon faciform ligament : attaches liver to abdominal wall d diaghphram lesser omentum : attaches stomach -> liver transverse messcolan : mesentry -> transverse color Visceral peritoneum : inner layer of peritoneum Surrounding organs partial peritoneum : outer layer of peritoneum that lines abdominal wall peritoneal Cavity: Space blu viscerald parietal deglutition: passing material from the mouth esophagus e stomach propulsion : movement of food through alimentary canal Segmentation : Constructions of intestines W food digestion : food broken down by chemical building blocks defecation Elimination of feces indigestible : peristalsis : GI tract organs contracting + relaxing Mucosa layer : 1) Epithelium-absorbs nutrients, secrete mucus 2) lamina tissue ↓ propria-connective Cappiaries 3) muscularis mucosae-smooth muscle , , intermost layer local movement submucosa : Tissue a blood & vessels + nerve fibres major lymphatic muscularis externa : i) circular layer of Smooth muscle 2) longitudinal layer of smooth muscle - myentric nerve plexus : blu circular o longitudinal layer submucosai nerve plexus : Win submucosa oral vestibule : space biw teeth/cheeks milk/decidous teeth : 1st set of teeth permanent teeth : 32 teeth adult incisors : front teeth Canine: Aka eyetooth bicuspids : premolars molars : back teeth , grind food liver detox , makes blood , proteins : digest , stores & concentrates from liver gallbladder : bile pancreas : Secretes insulin a glucagon - digestive enzymes S pleen : near stomach , produces , stores a eliminates blood cells small intestine : Site of enzymatic digestion 2 nutrient absorption of 5% of duodenum Ist : part small Intestine , length of (40%.) jejenum : and part small intestine ileum : 3rd part " "160% mastication : Chewing of rugae ridges: on wall stomach Microscopic anatomy : gastric pits -> -> gastric glands neck cells cells : Secrete Hel factor parietal f Intrinsic Chief cells : Secrete pepsinogen entertoendocrine cells : hormone secreting Secreteonto Internal surface of intestine goblet cells : pancreatic duct : conducts pancreatic juice into small intestine pile duct : Dile > small - intestine hepatopancreatic Ampulla : connect common bile docto pancreatic duct to duodenum Major duodenal Papilla : marks where hepatopancreatic ampulla sits interstinal flora : perminal pacterial residents of intestinal lumen intensive : nutrients large absorbs few maintaining ↳ results in feces haustra: pouches of the colon i leocecal value : value biw ileuma cecum diverticulosis : herniations of mucosa ↳o can lead to diverticulitis diverticula : pressure on walls - > multiple sacs Dile : breaks up fat particles hepatocyte : liver cell porta hepatis: where portal vein , common ductd hepatic artery enter central vein : drains blood from sinusoids & out of liver portal triad : portal Vein , hepatic artery, be duct