Psychology Past Paper PDF

What is the best definition of memory? Recalling specific events from our past Storing information and facts, and being able to explain these ideas Recognizing stimuli that you have seen before The persistence of learning over time through the storage and...

What is the best definition of memory? Recalling specific events from our past Storing information and facts, and being able to explain these ideas Recognizing stimuli that you have seen before The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information and skills 2. The three R's of memory are... Recall, restore, reiterate Recognition, restore, relearn Relearning, recognition, recall Restore, remember, recall 3. How many chunks of information can be held in short-term memory? a) 3 b) 6+/-4 c) 7+/-2 d)9 4. One effective study strategy is... Re-reading and encoding all course material the night before an exam Study spread out over many shorter sessions Self-testing and quizzing Both b and c 5. Which is TRUE of long-term memory: As you age, information in LTM gets replaced by new information Each individual has a certain limit of information that can be stored in LTM The two main types of long-term memories are explicit, and cognitive appraisal As you age, LTM does not get full, it becomes more elaborate and interconnected. 6. Lauren had a traumatic childhood experience, in her twenties she still finds herself having emotional moments of recalling this event. This would be described as a/an: Explicit memory Flashbulb memory c)Procedural memory d) Conditioned association 7. Sue has an extensive amount of knowledge of facts about different types of elephants. Which area of brain damage would most likely impact learning this type of factual knowledge? Hippocampus Corpus callosum Basal ganglia None of the above 8. Right before an exam, Gerald forgets a key psychological concept. There is a question on the exam that deals with this concept, so Gerald is unable to answer the question. Later on, when seeing the name of the concept, Gerald finally remembers what it is. This type of forgetting is called what? Encoding failure.stp Storage decay sepl Retrieval failure.ste There is no specific name for it. 9. Joe hops on to his bike, and quickly rides to school in order not to be late for his PSYC 1000 class. This ability to ride a bike without much effort would be considered a... Procedural memory Declarative memory Cerebellum memory Flashbulb memory 10. Rachel is at No Frills, and needs to choose a brand of yogurt. She usually chooses Activia, but for some reason she feels that she likes Oikos. One possible explanation for this ambiguous "liking" could be... Misinformation effect Source amnesia False memory d)Two of the above 11. A neurotransmitter has a specific "shape" which allows it to be absorbed into specific receptor sites on a neuron's dendrites. What is the name of this crucial idea?S? The Lock and Key idea The Shape Specific idea The Cube and Sphere ideast? The Receptive Site idea 12. Ross has been experiencing a consistent bad mood. He feels unaffectionate towards the things he once loved and finds little enjoyment in anything. He often has a hard time getting out of bed in the morning. In this case, what neurotransmitter might Ross be low in? a) Norepinephrine b) Endorphins C)Serotonin d) Acetylcholine 13. Which of the following best describes an agonist? Molecule that fills a receptor site so the neurotransmitter is it intended to block cannot get in. Molecule that speeds up the release of the neurotransmitter it is intended to affect. Molecule that fills the receptor site and activates it (just like a neurotransmitter). Molecule that decreases the speed of release of a neurotransmitter. 14. After falling off his pet unicorn, Jake was found with severe damage to the thalamus. What effects will be seen in Jake's neurological functioning? Jake will be dead because the thalamus controls the functions necessary for life.sep Jake will have difficulty coordinating his movement. He may stumble often and trip over his own paws. stel Jake will have a hard time remembering recent events. He may be able to recall events further in his past.sep Jake may not be able to process sensory information. Information from the eyes could be sent to the auditory area of the brain, and vice versa. 15. What best describes theory of mind? The ability to see things from someone else's perspective The ability to see situation from one's own perspective The ability to think abstractly about complex topics The ability to recognize that objects still exist, even when the object is removed from site 16. Marceline is being conditioned through classical conditioning. If Marceline hears the sound. of a bell, and there is no noticeable reaction from Marceline, then what is the bell??? Conditioned stimulus (CS) Neutral stimulus (NS) Unconditioned stimulus (US) d) Unconditioned response (UR) 17. What happens when there is a spontaneous recovery? There is a reappearance of the neutral stimulus (NS). There is a reappearance of a weakened conditioned response (CR).  There is a reappearance of a weakened unconditioned response (UR). There is a reappearance of the unconditioned stimulus (US). 18. Madison has been conditioned to expect food when she hears the oven bell ring. Madison finds herself salivating to different types of bells as well, like the "ding" on the bus. This situation is best described as... Discrimination Generalization High order conditioning None of the above 19. In order to coax Monica and Rachel to attend his party, Chandler says he has a surprise for them. Once they arrive, he gives them a pizza. What type of reinforcement/punishment is this? Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Positive punishment Negative punishment 20. What is the major difference between reinforcement and punishment? Reinforcement encourages behaviour. Punishment encourages behaviour in a different way Reinforcement tries to prevent bebaviour. Punishment encourages bebaxiour. Reinforcement tries to produce a desirable behaviour. Punishment tries to reduce an undesirable behaviour Reinforcement tries to reduce an undesirable behaviour. Punishment tries to produce a desirable behaviour 21. Getting a free coffee at Starbucks, after ever 12 purchases is an example of what type of reinforcement? Fixed-ratio Fixed-interval Variable-interval Variable-ratio 22. Concepts are derived from prototypes, which can be best defined as: Someone's favourite example of a type of thing Mental images of the most frequently seen example of a concept within a category Prototypes are not related to concepts Mental images of the best example of a concept within a category 23. Zehan needs to solve a difficult math problem on his stats exam. In order to complete this, he will most likely rely on: The representativeness heuristic An algorithm Confirmation bias Heuristics 24. The idea that our specific language determines how we think is known as: Overconfidence The availability heuristic Fixation Linguistic Determinism 25. Which of the following is an aspect of "The Bilingual Advantage"? Increased confusion for children raised with two languages Greater executive control Greater number of synapses Two of the above 26. Eden suddenly realizes she is thirsty, so she goes to have a glass of water. What theory does this behavior best fit? Drive-reduction theory Approach vs. avoidance motivation Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation Optimal arousal theory 27. The highest level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is known as: Transcendent-Self Creative-actualization Self-acceptance Self-actualization 28. Flow can best be defined as: Pushing past one's comfort zone to feel a rush of adrenaline and power Taking part in risky activities such as sky diving, surfing and bungee jumping A state of experience where a person, totally absorbed feels exhilaration, and enjoyment in an activity with high challenge, where they have high skill. None of the above 29. Set-point theory relates to which human need?  The need to belong Hunger Sex Social connection 30. Which is TRUE with regards to the social need to belong? Single men and women fair better than married people The pain of social exclusion is associated with specific, different areas in the brain than those linked to physical pain Loneliness is associated with greater risk of psychological and physiological disorders Survival requires autonomy, and independence 31. The A,B,C's of emotion are: Arousal, belief, cognition Attention, behavior, compromise Attention, behavior, cognition None of the above 32. Cannon-Bard proposed that emotions occur... Simultaneously with our body's response After the physical response Simultaneously with cognitive appraisal of a stimulus Cannon-Bard did not study emotion 33. James-Lange theory would explain that if one saw an oncoming car, they would first experience _____and then ____ Fear, arousal (pounding heart) Arousal (pounding heart), fear cognitive appraisal, Fear cognitive appraisal, arousal (pounding heart) 34. Robert Zajonc proposed that some emotional reactions develop in "low road" through the brain, and thus skip ____ Conscious thought Encoding Attention Perception 35. The two dimensions of emotions are... intensity, extroversion  positive/negative, low/high arousal Impulsivity, accuracy low/high arousal, extroversion/introversion 36. Phoebe and Joey are venting about how they are poor, compared to their friends. This act of aggressively blowing off steam has been found to be counterproductive. This phenomenon is known as... Anger-reduction theory Emotional regulation The catharsis myth Two of the above 37. Which of the following are all basic human emotions? Guilt, happiness, disgust, fear Surprise, anger, disgust, shame Sadness, guilt, fear, anger Happiness, surprise, fear, anger 38. Someone who feels primarily guilt after drinking more then they should have will... Increase future alcohol consumption Decrease future alcohol consumption go see a therapist for alcohol abuse Have no change in drinking behaviours 39. According to Freud's theory, if a child wanted another kids toy, the Id would say... "Just take the toy, you know you want it!"" "Ask the other kid to share with you." "Go look for another toy that is free to play with." "It is socially unacceptable to take another kids toy!" 40. According to Freud, the part of the personality that is closest to the surface of consciousness is the: Superego Id Ego Latent dreams 41. Which of Freud's psychosexual stages does the proposed "Dedidpus Complex" occur? Oral Latency  Genital Phallic 42. If somebody is stuck in the anal stage, they might display which behavior: Smoking, or biting finger nails Intense sexual desire at irrational times Extreme desire to conform to societal norms Intense desire for control, and order 43. Cassandra gets a 65% on an assignment that she worked very hard on. After seeing this mark on course-link, she curls up into a little ball and cries. Which defence mechanism is being employed here? Displacement Regression Denial Reaction Formation 44. Taylor Swift really does not like being approached by fans when she is out, but when these situations occur she appears happy and excited in order to avoid looking like a mean person. Which defence mechanism is Taylor using in these situations? Denial Projection Reaction Formation Pop stars do not use defence mechanisms 45. Which of the following are critiques of Freud's methods? Post-facto explanations rather than predictions Biased observations Assumes all human nature is well intended Both a, and b 46. Carl Roger's three conditions that facilitate growth are: Acceptance, happiness, challenges Genuineness, acceptance, self-actualization Acceptance, Empathy, Self-Esteem None of the above is correct 47. Hans and Sybil Eysenck proposed two dimensions to capture all human traits. What are the dimensions?  Stable/Unstable, Introverted/Extroverted Active/Calm, Reliable/Unreliable Introverted/Extroverted, Calm/Restless Open/closed, Agreeable/Argumentative 48. According to the 5-factor model, which of the following traits is NOT one of the "Big Five"? Conscientiousness Agreeableness Extraversion None of the above 49. What is the main difference between personality tests based upon empirical/atheoretical strategy VS those based upon theory? sep: Theory-based tests have items selected to match theoretical aspects of personality, whereas empirical strategy-based tests have items that differentiate groups of people Theory-based tests have items that differentiate groups of people, whereas empirical strategy-based tests have items selected to match theoretical aspects of personality Theory-based tests have items that are based on all of the theories of personality, Whereas empirical strategy-based tests focus on reliability, validity, and standardization. Theory-based tests have items based on very specific personality theories, whereas empirical strategy-based tests are based on clinical, validity and supplemental scales. 50. What is the social-cognitive perspective on personality? Behaviour is influenced by our society sep Behaviour is influenced by the interactions between people's traits and their social context. sepl Behaviour is influenced by the interaction between our societal views and our persor interests. Biologically driven personality traits cannot be altered by societal context 51. Self-esteem can be best described as: The amount of skills one can preform at a high level How much value other people place on your friendships The value of the self How one feels about their body, and academic performance 52. If you had to tell your friend one problem with Sherif's conformity experiment it would be that... There was an objective reference point, which made it easy for participants to conform There was only females used as participants, and therefore the found data is invalid Sherif manipulated the data before it was released, making the whole experiment bogus.  There was no objective reference point, and therefore we cannot prove anything 53. There is a very desirable sweater on sale at the Bookstore for $90. Jim buys it at regular price. A few weeks later, the sweater goes on sale for $20 dollars, and Susie picks up the sweater. Joe then sees Susie in the sweater, and initially can't believe that she got it for such a cheap price. According to cognitive dissonance theory, who will enjoy their sweater more? Susie Jim They will both like the sweater to the same degree Jim will begin to dislike the sweater 54. What is a reason for why we conform? To get information when a situation is ambiguous To look cool and popular To fulfill our need to belong Both a and c 55. Jessica is waiting in Line at Starbucks when a friend of hers passes her without waving or saying hello. Jessica assumes that this is because this friend is upset at her, and is not actually a nice person. Jessica is making the... Personality attribution error Frequency attribution effect Fundamental attribution enor Situational attribution euet 56. SpongeBob runs into Patrick at the Crusty Crab, where he greets him unexcitedly, and with a rude look. Which of the following would represent a situational attribution? Patrick must be having a bad day, that is why he is in a bad mood Patrick must be mad at me, he no longer wants to be friends. Patrick must not be as nice of a person as I thought None of the above 57. When Ben gets a 95% on his PSYC*1000 exam, he exclaims that "I am so smart, I should be a tutor for psychology!" However, when he received a 65% on his stats exam, he proclaims that "The Prof. doesn't explain material, and the exam was unfair". This situation represents... The self-serving bias The actor-observer effect Hindsight bias Cognitive appraisal error 58. What is the difference between central route persuasion and peripheral route persuasion?  Central route occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, whereas peripheral route occurs when people focus on the argument and respond with favourable thought Central route occurs when we unconsciously process information, whereas peripheral route occurs when we consciously process informationiste Central route occurs when people focus on the argument and respond with favourable thought, whereas peripheral occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues. There is no difference between central and peripheral route persuasions 59. Which are conditions for when attitudes are accurate predictors of behavior? When the attitude is stable When the attitude is central to ones social identity When the attitude is specific to behavior Two of the above are true 60. Compliance works by... Changing behavior and letting cognitive dissonance change attitudes Changing attitude to change behavior Changing social context to change attitude Changing view of self to change behavior 61. When buying a used car, the salesperson initially offers you a fantastic deal. Right as you are going to sign for the car, the salesperson discusses some additional fees. What is this technique called? Door-in-the-face Foot-in-the-door Lowballing Norm of reciprocity 62. Which of the following is FALSE in terms of marketing? Fear-based messages in advertising have been found to be risky, and can sometimes backfire Fear-based messages are best used in combination with instructions on how to avoid negative outcomes Fear-based messages are never effective All of the above are true 63. Which of the following is NOT necessary to classify a behavior as abnormal? Deviance Distress Disability Dysfunction 64. What is "normal" is a complex question. "Normality" may be classified by: Averages Values Homeostasis a and b 65. The DSM classifies disorders primarily based on: Type/number of symptoms, causes of symptoms, prognosis Aetiolegy of problems, abnormality, social context Depressive, Anxiety or body image disorders Prognosis, type of therapy, severity of symptoms 66. Which of the following is NOT a reason for creating classifications for disorders? Increases reliability between psychologists' assessments Diagnosis allow to statistically study similar cases to improve practice Diagnosis create a verbal shorthand for labelling a client, to predict prognosis. c) Diagnoses create a verbal shorthand for referring to a list of associated symptoms 67. Your friend Autumn buys a DSM-V and tells you that she is excited to talk to all of her friends, and help them realize their true struggles, by diagnosing them with her new book. You tell her "I'm glad you care about your friends, but you should know some critiques of the DSM, such as... The border between disorder and normal, and between diagnoses is often blurry New disorders were added, that pathologize normal behaviour such as grief. The DSM has specific sections for different cultures, which you should use a and b 68. Susannah's struggles with anxiety have left her unable to pick up her kids, or cook dinner. She is dysfunctional, on axis V of the DSM She is in a dysfunctional environment, axis IV She has a medical condition The 5 axis of the DSM are no longer relevant or useful 69. What is the medical model approach to psychological disorders ?ste: There are many factors that contribute to the development of psychological disorders, so many so that psychological disorders cannot be treated. SEp Psychological disorders have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured through treatment. spl  Identifying someone as "mentally ill" may not be the bet approach because there could be environmental/biological factors, psychological factors, and socio-cultural factors that are contributing to the person's abnormal behaviour sepi None of the above fit the medical model approach.sp: 70. Which of the following is a FALSE statistic on disorders? Three of the most common types of disorders are: anxiety, substance, and mood Substance abuse disorders are more commonly reported in men Substance abuse is likely under-reported on campus Substance abuse is likely over-reported on campus 68. Susannah's struggles with anxiety have left her unable to pick up her kids, or cook dinner. She is dysfunctional, on axis V of the DSM She is in a dysfunctional environment, axis IV She has a medical condition The 5 axis of the DSM are no longer relevant or useful 69. What is the medical model approach to psychological disorders ?ste: There are many factors that contribute to the development of psychological disorders, so many so that psychological disorders cannot be treated. SEp Psychological disorders have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured through treatment. spl Identifying someone as "mentally ill" may not be the bet approach because there could be environmental/biological factors, psychological factors, and socio-cultural factors that are contributing to the person's abnormal behaviour sepi None of the above fit the medical model approach.sp: 70. Which of the following is a FALSE statistic on disorders? Three of the most common types of disorders are: anxiety, substance, and mood Substance abuse disorders are more commonly reported in men Substance abuse is likely under-reported on campus Substance abuse is likely over-reported on campus 72. Which of the following is NOT a critique of the DSM-V for analyzing and diagnosing disorders? The new manual turns challenging, but normal behaviours such as grief into new disorders The new manual has taken out age ranges for disorders The new manual separates diagnosis material too much, getting rid of overlapping qualities and traits Two of the above are false 73. Which of the following people would most likely fit the description for having a phobia of spiders? Bob, who screams when he sees a spider, and insists that his mom kills it Sophie, who is afraid that spiders could crawl out of the ceiling at any time, and avoids outdoor activities Jim, whose gut reaction is usually that any black mark on a wall is a spider. Jason, who wines, and goes into the fetal position every time he sees a spider up close 74. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of generalized anxiety disorder? Apprehension and agitation persistent and uncontrollable Inability to identify the causes of anxiety The anxiety is a free-floating fear Activation of the sympathetic system, generalized to a range of stimuli 75. Christina and Judi frequently rant about how stressful their school days were as soon as they both get home. This is known as... Observational learning Associative appraisal Rumination Generalized anxiety disorder 76. Which of the following is FALSE in regard to biological basis for mood disorders? Low quantities of serotonin is associated with the presence of depression Someone with depression likely has higher-than-normal amounts of norepinephrine Exercise can help to increase serotonin, and endorphins One with depression should avoid excessive alcohol or drug use 77. When Charlie loses his job, he feels that it is entirely his fault, and that this will negatively impact all of the spheres of his life. Charlie appears to have... A depressive explanatory style; which sees a stressful event as stable, global, and internal A counter-productive explanatory style, which sees a stressful event as temporary, and specific. A depressive explanatory style, which sees a stressful event as a temporary, specific, and external Major depressive disorder 78. Tolerance to a substance may come with... Physical dependence, and withdrawal syndrome Decreased quantity needed to feel same effects  Increased sensations of exhilaration while on the substance Increased sexual desire while under the influence of alcohol 79.An unhealthy habit of drinking becomes a disorder when: Loss of control over the use of the substance Impairment in daily functioning and continued use of substance despite adverse consequences Physical or emotional adaptation to the drug Someone can acknowledge that they have a problem 80. The main neurotransmitters affected when alcohol crosses the blood-brain barrier are: Norepinephrine Dopamine Serotonin All of the above 81.Sam is generally a calm, stable person. However, when visiting the mall, he began to experience a sudden feeling a dread and terror, along with choking sensations and serious dizziness. This is not the first time this has occurred. What is Sam likely suffering from ?sep. Generalized anxiety disorder Panic disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder