Untitled Document PDF - Sensation & Perception

sensation - conversion of energy perception - interpretation of that detected information vision- first research discovery in psychology Ibn al-Haytham - Islamic scholar, reflected directly to the viewer's eye sensation - detection of stimuli stimuli- energies from around us receptors - specialized...

sensation - conversion of energy perception - interpretation of that detected information vision- first research discovery in psychology Ibn al-Haytham - Islamic scholar, reflected directly to the viewer's eye sensation - detection of stimuli stimuli- energies from around us receptors - specialized cells electromagnetic spectrum - spectrum, continuum of all frequencies light- part of electromagnetic spectrum pupil- entry point of light iris - colored structured vitreous humor - jelly-like substance retina - light strikes after vitreous cornea - transparent structure lens - flexible structure fovea - central area presbyopia - nearby objects myopia- nearsightedness, distant objects hyperopia - farsightedness, close objects glaucoma- damage to optic nerve cataract- lens becomes cloudy cones- bright light rods- dim light dark adaptation - ability to see in dim light retinaldehyde - molecules derived from vitamin a bipolar cell- contact neurons ganglion cell - other neurons axons and ganglion cell- form the optic nerve optic chiasm- opposite sides of the brain blind spot - optic nerve exits thomas young- Rosetta stone, introduced modern concept of energy hermann von helmholtz- modified young's theory, young helmholtz or trichromatic theory trichromatic theory - three colors blue - short wavelengths green- medium wavelengths red- long wavelengths helmholtz- observers could mix various amounts of three wavelengths of light ewald hering - who proposed opponents theory opponent-process theory - perceived colors in terms of paired opposites negative afterimage - experience one color after the removal of another bright contrast - brightness color constancy- same color edwin land- Polaroid Land Camera, proposed retinex theory retinex theory- compares the patterns of light color blindness - x-linked condition ear- fleshy structure, known as pinna mammalian ears- convert sound waves into mechanical displacement sound waves - vibrations of air, water or medium hertz (Hz) - number of cycles per second pitch- related to frequency loudness - intensity of sound waves timbre- tone complexity prosody - tone of voice cochlea - snail hammer, anvil, stirrup - three tiny bones conduction deafness - fail to transmit sound waves nerve deafness - damage to cochlea hearing aids- tools for hearing loss lip reading - watching the speaker's lip frequency principle - action potentials in synchrony volley principle - beyond 100Hz place principle - 4000 Hz auditory system - comparing the message from the two ears vestibular sense - lined with hair cells and jelly like substance otolith organs - lie next to otolith cutaneous senses - somatosensory system, products of many kind of receptors pain - mixture of body sensation and emotional reaction anterior cingulate system - emotional pain of watching someone else get hurt placebo - drug or other procedure without effects gate theory of pain - proposed by ronald melzack & p.d wall gate theory of pain - pain messages must pass through gate endorphins - weaken pain sensation morphine - lingering pains capsaicin - respond to painful heat phantom limb - amputated taste - detect chemicals on the tongue taste buds - folds on the surface of the tongue sense of smell - known as olfaction olfactory receptors - located on the mucous membrane linda buck and Richard axel - modern biochemical technology synesthesia - elicits another experience just noticeable difference (jnd) - smallest difference threshold of hearing - minimum intensity you can hear absolute sensory threshold - detects a stimulus 50% of the time signal detection theory - tendencies to make hit, correct rejections, misses, and false alrms subliminal perception - influence behavior even when it is presented so finely or briefly feature-detector approach - respond to the presence of simple features gestalt psychology - perception of overall patterns figure and ground - you distinguish the object from the background reversible figures- are figures that can be preserved in more than one way proximity - perceive objects that are close together as belonging to a group similarity - tendency to perceive similar as being a group continuation - when lines are interrupted we perceive a feeling in of the gaps closure - imagine the rest of the figure to see something that is simple symmetrical, etc. visual consistency - tendency to perceive objects shape constancy - shape of a given object color constancy- perceive colors are relatively constant size constancy - receive an object as being the same size induced movement - incorrectly perceive the objects as moving stroboscopic movement -illusion of movement depth perception - perception of distance retinal disparity - position of an object as seen by the left and right retinas convergence - degree binocular cues - visual information taken in by two eyes monocular cues - judge death and distance with just one eye linear perspective - parallel lines interposition - a nearby object interrupts our view motion parallax - the difference in speed of movement of images across the retina as you travel optical illusion - misinterpretation of visual stimulus motion illusion - the moon at horizon appears about 30% larger than it appears when it is higher in the sky