Organic Compounds Study Guide PDF

Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons: Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Functional Groups Alcohols Carboxylic Acids Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons Drawing the structure of Hydrocarbons Characteristics of Organic Compounds 1. Contain carbon and hydrogen; may...

Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons: Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Functional Groups Alcohols Carboxylic Acids Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons Drawing the structure of Hydrocarbons Characteristics of Organic Compounds 1. Contain carbon and hydrogen; may include other elements like O, N, S, etc. 2. Typically covalently bonded. 3. Can form large chains or rings. Hydrocarbon Compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen. Types: Alkanes: Saturated (single bonds). Alkenes: Unsaturated (at least one double bond). Alkynes: Unsaturated (at least one triple bond). A saturated compound has only single bonds between its carbon atoms, meaning no double or triple bonds are present. Each carbon atom is fully "saturated" with the maximum number of hydrogen atoms it can bond with. Example: Alkanes (e.g., methane, CH₄). IUPAC Systematic naming of organic compounds based on chain length, functional groups, and substituents. Compound: CH₃-CH₂-OH IUPAC Name: Ethanol Functional Group of Carboxylic Acids -COOH (Carboxyl group). Molecular and Structural Formula Molecular formula: Shows number and type of atoms (e.g., C2H4O2)= word. Structural formula: Shows atom arrangement (e.g., CH3COOH for acetic acid)= Drawing. Bonding and Reactivity Alkane: Single bonds, less reactive. Undergo combustion and substitution. Alkene: Double bonds, more reactive. Undergo additional reactions. Alkyne: Triple bonds, highly reactive. Undergo additional reactions. Solubility of Carboxylic Acids and Alcohols Soluble in water due to hydrogen bonding. Solubility decreases as the carbon chain length increases (hydrophobic effect). Structural Formula of Carboxylic Acids For ethanoic acid (acetic acid): mathematica Copy code H | H-C-C=O | \ H OH 4o Organic Compounds Study Guide Overview of Organic Compounds Definition: Chemical compounds containing carbon and hydrogen Composition: ○ Primarily carbon and hydrogen ○ May include other elements like oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur ○ Typically form covalent bonds ○ Can create large chains or ring structures Hydrocarbon Classification Types of Hydrocarbons 1. Alkanes ○ Saturated compounds ○ Only single bonds between carbon atoms ○ Maximum hydrogen bonding possible ○ Least reactive hydrocarbon type 2. Alkenes ○ Unsaturated compounds ○ Contain at least one double bond ○ More reactive than alkanes ○ Undergo addition reactions 3. Alkynes ○ Unsaturated compounds ○ Contain at least one triple bond ○ Highest reactivity ○ Undergo addition reactions Bonding and Reactivity Characteristics Hydrocarbon Type Bond Type Reactivity Typical Reactions Alkanes Single Bonds Low Combustion, Substitution Alkenes Double Bonds Moderate Addition Reactions Alkynes Triple Bonds High Addition Reactions IUPAC Nomenclature Purpose: Systematic naming of organic compounds Considerations: ○ Chain length ○ Functional groups ○ Substituents  Example: ○ Compound CH₃-CH₂-OH ○ IUPAC Name: Ethanol Functional Groups Carboxylic Acids Characteristic Group: -COOH (Carboxyl Group) Structural Representation: H|H-C-C=O| \H OH Molecular Representations 1. Molecular Formula ○ Shows number and type of atoms ○ Example: C₂H₄O₂ ○ Represents the "word" description 2. Structural Formula ○ Shows actual atom arrangement ○ Example: CH₃COOH (Acetic Acid) ○ Represents the "drawing" description Solubility Characteristics Carboxylic Acids and Alcohols Soluble in water due to hydrogen bonding Solubility decreases with increasing carbon chain length Hydrophobic Effect: Longer carbon chains reduce water solubility Key Concepts to Remember Organic compounds are carbon-based Different hydrocarbon types have varying reactivity IUPAC nomenclature provides standardized naming Functional groups determine chemical behavior Molecular representations help understand chemical structure Mermaid Diagram: Hydrocarbon Classification