Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells PDF

REVIEWER FOR SCIENCE PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS/ UNICELLULAR CELLS AND MULTICELLULAR CELLS Prokaryotic cells: Simple Structure: Lack of a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Smaller Size: Typically much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Genetic Material: DNA is...

REVIEWER FOR SCIENCE PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS/ UNICELLULAR CELLS AND MULTICELLULAR CELLS Prokaryotic cells: Simple Structure: Lack of a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Smaller Size: Typically much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Genetic Material: DNA is circular and located in a region called the nucleoid. Examples: Bacteria and Archaea Eukaryotic cells: Possesses a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Larger Size: Generally larger than prokaryotic cells. Genetic Material: DNA is linear and enclosed within the nucleus. Examples: Plants, animals, fungi, and protists. Unicellular Organisms Single-celled: These organisms consist of only one cell. All-in-One: A single cell performs all life functions, including nutrition, respiration, excretion, reproduction, and growth. Examples: Bacteria, amoeba, paramecium, yeast Multicellular Organisms Many Cells: These organisms are composed of many cells. Complex Structure: They have a complex structure with specialized cells for different functions. Division of Labor: Different cells perform specific tasks, allowing for efficient functioning. Examples: Humans, animals, plants Protists: These can be both multicellular or unicellular. -PLANTLIKE: From single-celled to multicelled (phytoplanktons) -ANIMALLIKE: Depends on other organisms for food. PARTS: - Nucleus: Control center of the cell - Cell membrane: regulates the movement of materials (water-loving) and has 2 layers (phospholipid bilayer) - Cytoplasm: Contains all organelles except the nucleus. - Golgi body: Packs, sorts, and labels - Lysosome: Breaks down worn-out organelles. - Peroxisome: - Mitochondrion: Powerhouse of the cell - Vacuole: Small (animals) Control Vacuole(plant cell)/ largest. Serves as a storage. - Rough endoplasmic reticulum: This part of the line has little workers (ribosomes) attached to it. These workers build proteins - Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: This part of the line doesn't have workers attached. It's where fats and other substances are made, like creating packaging materials. -ribosome: Make protein for export -Plastid: Chloroplast(photosynthesis, has green pigment called chlorophyll) leucoplast(proteins,fats, colorless) - Centrioles: organizes microtubules - Cell wall: defines the shape of the cell, Covers bacteria, and animal cells, and Prevents the cell from bursting. - Cytoskeleton: Serves as a structure for the cell, Framework of a cell. Meiosis Purpose: Sexual reproduction. Outcome: Four genetically different haploid daughter cells (gametes). Cell Type: Germ cells (sex cells) gametes. Phases: (Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I) and Meiosis II (Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II). Mitosis Purpose: Growth, repair, and asexual reproduction. Outcome: Two genetically identical daughter cells. Cell Type: Somatic cells (body cells). Phases: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase. Prophase in meiosis and mitosis Mitosis: The condensing or thickening of chromosomes Meiosis: The pairing with their homologous pairs (Chromosomes that have the same size, and same genes. Crossing over also occurs wherein they exchange their genetic information or so-called “recombinant chromosomes” Metaphase in meiosis and mitosis Mitosis: The Nuclear Envelope is already broken in previous stages. Chromosomes gather in the middle. Meiosis: Also lining up in the middle but with their pairs NOT forming a single line. Anaphase in meiosis and mitosis Mitosis: The spindle fiber pulls them apart at the centromere and moves at the opposite side of the cells. (Chromatid) Meiosis: From the previous stages, they are paired, in anaphase 1, the spindle fibers pull them apart which causes the pairs to separate. Telophase in meiosis and mitosis both: The chromosomes are on complete opposite ends and new nuclei are forming on each side. After this happens, cytokinesis occurs. MEIOSIS: PRODUCE HAPLOID CELLS PROPHASE II: Chromosomes are condensing in each cell. (2 cells formed) Metaphase 11: Like mitosis, in a single formed line but in 2 cells Anaphase II: It is the chromatids that are getting pulled away. Telophase ii: chromosomes are at the complete opposite side of the cell and ready for cytokinesis. INTERPHASE: G1 (gap 1)- A cell grows S (synthesis)- Replicates itself (PRODUCE AN EXACT COPY) G2 (gap 2)- Grow some more Bulbs Definition: Bulbs are underground stems surrounded by fleshy leaves. Examples: Onions, tulips, lilies, daffodils. Rhizomes Definition: Rhizomes are horizontal underground stems that grow along the surface of the soil or just below it. Examples: Ginger, bamboo, irises. Tubers Definition: Swollen underground stems that store food. Examples: Potatoes, yams, Jerusalem artichokes. Runners Definition: Horizontal stems that grow along the ground's surface.  Examples: Strawberries, and spider plants. Stolons Definition: Similar to runners, they are horizontal stems that grow above or just below the ground's surface. Examples: Mint, couch grass. Parts of a Flower and Their Functions 1. Stamen: The male reproductive part of a flower. ○ Anther: Produces pollen grains, which contain male gametes. ○ Filament: Supports the anther. 2. Pistil (Carpel): The female reproductive part of a flower. ○ Stigma: Receives pollen grains. ○ Style: Connects the stigma to the ovary. ○ Ovary: Contains ovules, which develop into seeds after fertilization. Non-Reproductive Parts 1. Petal: Often brightly colored to attract pollinators. 2. Sepal: Protects the developing flower bud. 3. Receptacle: The base of the flower that supports other parts.