Static and Current Electricity PDF

Unit review 2 Static vs. Current Electricity **Static** Static: Static electricity is the build-up of electric charge on the surface of a material. This charge remains stationary (static) until it is discharged, usually through contact with another object ---How It Works--- Electric Charges: -...

Unit review 2 Static vs. Current Electricity **Static** Static: Static electricity is the build-up of electric charge on the surface of a material. This charge remains stationary (static) until it is discharged, usually through contact with another object ---How It Works--- Electric Charges: - - Charge Transfer: - - - Common Examples: - - - Key Points: - - ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- **Current** Current: Current electricity is the flow of electric charge through a conductor, such as a wire, due to the movement of electrons. Unlike static electricity, where charges are stationary, current electricity involves charges that move in a continuous and directed manner. ### Key Components of Current Electricity: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ### Everyday Examples: - - - ### Differences Between Static and Current Electricity: Aspects Static electricity Current electricity ---------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------------------- Movement of charges Charges are stationary Charges flow continuously Circuit requirements No circuit is required Requires a closed circuit examples Rubbing a balloon, Lightning Household wiring, electronics ### **Types of Current Electricity:** 1. - - 2. - - Law of electric charge The **Law of Electric Charges** describes how electric charges interact with each other. It states: - - - Positive (+) and positive (+) push each other away (repel). Positive (+) and negative (-) pull each other together (attract). Detecting electric charges Detecting electric charges using a **metal leaf electroscope** or a **pith ball electroscope** is a common way to observe the presence and behavior of electric charges. Here\'s how each works: ### **Metal Leaf Electroscope:** #### **Components:** - - #### **How It Detects Charges:** - - - - - - - - - - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ### **Pith Ball Electroscope:** #### **Components:** - #### **How It Detects Charges:** - - - - - - - - Applications of static and current electricity: **Static** #### **Air Purifiers:** - - **Food Packaging:** - - #### **Powder Coating:** - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Current **Lighting** - - **Home Appliances** - - - #### **Entertainment** - - **Charging** :Charging an object refers to the process of transferring or redistributing electric charge. There are three primary methods of ### **Charging by Friction** **How It Works**: - - **Example**: - **Key Points**: - - - ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- ### **Charging by Conduction** **How It Works**: - - **Example**: - **Key Points**: - - - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ### **Charging by Induction** **How It Works**: - - - - - **Example**: - **Key Points**: - - - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ### **Comparison Table:** Method Initial contact Charge type acquired **Key Characteristics** ------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- -------------------------------------------------- Friction Objects rubbed together Opposite charges Requires two neutral objects and rubbing Conduction Direct contact Same charge Charged object touches neutral object. Induction No contact, uses grounding Opposite charge Charged object induces charge in the neutral one ### **Summary:** - - - **Conductors vs insulators** Conductors and insulators are materials that differ in their ability to allow the flow of electric charges (electrons). ### **Conductors** **Definition**:\ Materials that allow electric charges to move freely through them. In conductors, electrons can easily flow because their outermost electrons (valence electrons) are loosely bound to atoms. - - - - **Applications**: - - - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ### **Insulators** **Definition**:\ Materials that resist or block the flow of electric charges. Electrons in insulators are tightly bound to their atoms, so they do not move freely. **Characteristics**: - - - **Applications**: - - - ### **Static Discharge** **Definition**:\ Static discharge is the sudden and rapid transfer of electric charge between two objects, caused by a buildup of static electricity. It occurs when the potential difference (voltage) between the objects becomes so great that electrons jump across a gap or through a conductive path to balance the charges. ### **How Static Discharge Happens:** - - - - - - ### **Electric Circuits:** An **electric circuit** is a complete, closed path through which electric current flows. It consists of various components, each with a specific function, to control and utilize electrical energy. ### **Key Components of an Electric Circuit:** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ### **Electrical Energy: A Summary** **Electrical energy** is the energy derived from the movement of electric charges (electrons) through a conductor. It powers devices and systems, from household appliances to industrial machinery. ### **Key Concepts:** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ### **Generating Current Electricity** Generating current electricity refers to the process of producing electrical energy by converting other forms of energy, such as mechanical energy, chemical energy, or light, into electrical energy. This is typically done using **generators**, **batteries**, or **solar cells**. ### **Methods of Generating Current Electricity:** #### **Mechanical Energy to Electrical Energy (Electromagnetic Induction)** **How It Works**: - - **Devices**: - - - **Example**: - #### **Chemical Energy to Electrical Energy (Batteries and Fuel Cells)** **How It Works**: - - - **Devices**: - - **Example**: - #### **Light Energy to Electrical Energy (Photovoltaic Cells)** **How It Works**: - - - - - - - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ### **Key Principles Involved in Generating Current Electricity:** - - - - - - - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ### **Examples of Power Generation Methods:** - - - - - - - - ### **Electrical Power** **Definition**:\ Electrical power is the rate at which electrical energy is converted into other forms of energy (such as heat, light, or motion) in an electrical circuit. It is a measure of how much energy is used or produced per unit of time. ### **Formula for Electrical Power:** The formula for electrical power is: P=V×IP = V \\times IP=V×I Where: - - - This equation states that electrical power is the product of the voltage across a component and the current flowing through it.