A&P Lecture Notes PDF
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These notes cover the counter-current multiplier system in the kidney, explaining how it concentrates urine. It also details blood pressure regulation. The document features diagrams and explanations of key processes. It is useful for studying the physiology of the human body.
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# A&P Lecture Notes ## What if the counter-current system did not exist? * 85%, 300 mosm * Everything would be at equilibrium. * People who live in dry climates would be in danger, because they would be losing more water than they could intake. * The purpose of the counter-current system is to...
# A&P Lecture Notes ## What if the counter-current system did not exist? * 85%, 300 mosm * Everything would be at equilibrium. * People who live in dry climates would be in danger, because they would be losing more water than they could intake. * The purpose of the counter-current system is to produce concentrated urine, this means the concentration should be more than 300 mosm. * In this way, we don't have to consume so much water every day. * Every human has 1 million nephron in a kidney * Nephrons are located in the cortex of the kidney * On a 24 hour basis the amount of fluid that travels through these capsules is 180L * 45 gallons of fluids * Our body filters waste materials 30 times per day * Counter-current multiplier system turned on: * Descending: Not actively transporting NaCl * Permeable to water * Relatively impermeable to NaCl * Ascending: NaCL actively transported ## ULURE024 * Descending: not actively transporting * 300 - 300 * 400 - 400 * 500 - 500 permeable to H2O * Relatively impermeable to NaCl * 600 * 700 - 700 * Ascending: actively transporting NaCl * Permeable to H2O * Relatively impermeable to NaCl * NaCl can come back through a little by diffusion * The maximum difference is 200 * Top to bottom max difference = 400 * Urea is in this fluid, we want to remove this waste product. * When we remove water, urea is now more concentrated. * To remove the urea, it passes by diffusion at the descending loop. * With the counter current system, the highest concentration of NaCl is in the middle of the descending loop. * Side to side difference = 200 * Top to bottom difference = 1,100 # A & P Lecture Notes ## Counter current multiplier system * Liver * Angiotensinogen * Low afferent arteriole blood pressure * Baroreceptors in afferent arteriole walls * Kidney * Juxtaglomerular cells * Renin * Angiotensin
