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Sterile Theory exercise question 😉 Who first described the circulation of blood in the human body? A) Louis Pasteur B) Joseph Lister C) Robert Koch D) Dr. William Harvey Answer: D) Dr. William Harvey What year was the first official injection so...

Sterile Theory exercise question 😉 Who first described the circulation of blood in the human body? A) Louis Pasteur B) Joseph Lister C) Robert Koch D) Dr. William Harvey Answer: D) Dr. William Harvey What year was the first official injection solution added to the National Formulary? A) 1665 B) 1926 C) 1923 D) 1971 Answer: B) 1926 Which scientist discovered that fevers come from pyrogens in improperly distilled water? A) Florence Seibert B) Louis Pasteur C) Sir Christopher Wren D) Dr. William Harvey Answer: A) Florence Seibert What is the purpose of USP Chapter ? A) To ensure safe administration of sterile products B) To regulate the sale of sterile products C) To ensure safe preparation, storage, and distribution of sterile compounded products D) To enforce clinical administration guidelines Answer: C) To ensure safe preparation, storage, and distribution of sterile compounded products Which of the following is an example of a medium-risk level sterile product? A) Reconstitution of sterile powders B) Prefilled syringes from a sterile container C) Batching antibiotics for multiple patients D) Using non-sterile devices to mix sterile components Answer: C) Batching antibiotics for multiple patients Which of these conditions does NOT classify as a high-risk product in sterile compounding? A) Use of non-sterile ingredients B) Exposure outside ISO Class 5 for more than one hour  C) Simple aseptic transfer using fewer than 3 commercial products D) Inappropriate gloving and gowning Answer: C) Simple aseptic transfer using fewer than 3 commercial products Which component of sterile products is described as "absence of viable microorganisms"? A) Stability B) Viscosity C) Sterility D) Pyrogenicity Answer: C) Sterility Which solution is most commonly used for sterile parenteral products? A) Water for injection B) Lactated Ringers C) Dextrose 5% D) Bacteriostatic water Answer: A) Water for injection Which of the following is a characteristic of psychrophiles? A) Prefer high temperatures (40-70°C) B) Thrive in cold temperatures (0-32°C) C) Grow in oxygen-rich environments D) Thrive in alkaline environments Answer: B) Thrive in cold temperatures (0-32°C) Which of the following is an example of mutualism in a symbiotic relationship? A) Tapeworm in the human intestine B) Bacteria in the human colon C) Staphylococcus on human skin D) Tuberculosis bacteria in human lung Answer: B) Bacteria in the human colon What term refers to infections acquired during a stay in a healthcare facility? A) Community-acquired infections B) Iatrogenic infections C) Nosocomial infections D) Opportunistic infections Answer: C) Nosocomial infections What is the primary purpose of an anteroom in a sterile compounding facility? A) To store hazardous materials  B) To act as a staging area before entering the cleanroom C) To mix sterile products D) To dispose of waste products Answer: B) To act as a staging area before entering the cleanroom Which method uses pressurized steam to achieve sterilization? A) Freeze-drying B) Dry heat C) Autoclaving D) Filtration Answer: C) Autoclaving What type of microorganism is NOT considered a common contaminant in sterile products? A) Bacteria B) Viruses C) Fungi D) Particulate matter Answer: B) Viruses Which of the following types of bacteria stains blue to purple following Gram staining? A) Gram-positive bacteria B) Gram-negative bacteria C) Anaerobic bacteria D) Thermophiles Answer: A) Gram-positive bacteria Which of the following is NOT a type of physical anti-microbial method? A) Dry heat B) Filtration C) Moist heat D) Alcohol Answer: D) Alcohol Which chemical disinfectant is known for leaving a residual film to maintain extended microbial killing time? A) Hydrogen peroxide B) Alcohol C) Phenols D) Peracetic acid Answer: C) Phenols What is the maximum allowable particle count in ISO Class 5 environments? A) 352,000 particles per cubic meter of air B) 3,520 particles per cubic meter of air C) 3,520,000 particles per cubic meter of air D) 35,200 particles per cubic meter of air Answer: B) 3,520 particles per cubic meter of air What is the key feature of laminar air flow in cleanrooms? A) Air moves in random patterns B) Air flows in parallel, uniform layers C) Air flows from the floor to the ceiling D) Air is recirculated with high turbulence Answer: B) Air flows in parallel, uniform layers Which of the following is true about bacteriostatic water for injection? A) Contains no preservatives B) Contains preservatives to prevent bacterial growth C) Is used only for irrigation purposes D) Cannot be used for sterile compounding Answer: B) Contains preservatives to prevent bacterial growth Which of the following factors is considered in the stability of sterile products? A) Viscosity B) Sterility assurance level C) Oxidation D) Pyrogenicity Answer: C) Oxidation Which sterilization method is best suited for materials that cannot withstand high temperatures? A) Dry heat B) Moist heat C) Cold sterilization (using chemical agents) D) Autoclaving Answer: C) Cold sterilization (using chemical agents) What is the primary concern when dealing with pyrogens in sterile compounding? A) They cause particles in the product B) They lead to septic shock and fever C) They alter the stability of the product  D) They can cause drug degradation Answer: B) They lead to septic shock and fever What does the term "iso-osmotic" or "isotonic" refer to in sterile preparations? A) pH level matching blood B) Salt concentration similar to blood C) Sterility of the preparation D) Absence of particulates Answer: B) Salt concentration similar to blood Which type of pathogen is most commonly involved in urinary tract infections (UTIs) as nosocomial infections? A) Staphylococcus aureus B) Escherichia coli (E. coli) C) Klebsiella species D) Streptococcus pyogenes Answer: B) Escherichia coli (E. coli) What is the typical pH range for injections to ensure they are safe for administration? A) 0-3 B) 3-8 C) 8-14 D) 5-6 Answer: B) 3-8 Which of the following describes mesophiles? A) Thrive in high temperatures B) Prefer cold temperatures C) Grow in moderate temperatures between 15-43°C D) Require alkaline environments Answer: C) Grow in moderate temperatures between 15-43°C Which of the following statements is true about laminar airflow hoods (LAFH)? A) The air moves randomly in the hood B) They are used to maintain a sterile, particle-free environment C) They use HEPA filters to remove viral particles D) They do not protect against contamination Answer: B) They are used to maintain a sterile, particle-free environment Which of the following is an example of an intermediate-level disinfectant? A) Phenols  B) Alcohol (ethyl/isopropyl) C) Peracetic acid D) Formaldehyde Answer: B) Alcohol (ethyl/isopropyl) What is the best method to prevent the introduction of pyrogens into sterile products? A) Sterilization of equipment and use of pyrogen-free water B) Filtration of all product solutions C) Use of bacteriostatic agents D) Reducing temperature of the compounding area Answer: A) Sterilization of equipment and use of pyrogen-free water What is the function of HEPA filters in a cleanroom environment? A) Remove vapors and gases B) Filter bacteria and particulates from the air C) Control humidity levels D) Provide sterile airflow for non-sterile compounding Answer: B) Filter bacteria and particulates from the air What temperature and pressure are typically used in autoclaving to sterilize equipment? A) 121°C and 15 lbs/sq in for 15-20 minutes B) 170°C for 1 hour C) 135°C and 20 lbs/sq in for 10 minutes D) 100°C for 30 minutes Answer: A) 121°C and 15 lbs/sq in for 15-20 minutes Which term refers to the process of using a chemical agent on living skin to kill microorganisms? A) Disinfection B) Antisepsis C) Sterilization D) Cold sterilization Answer: B) Antisepsis What is the main advantage of using hydrogen peroxide as a high-level disinfectant? A) It is non-corrosive B) It acts quickly and decomposes into water and oxygen C) It leaves a residual antimicrobial effect D) It requires long contact time to be effective Answer: B) It acts quickly and decomposes into water and oxygen Which of the following microorganisms can survive freezing and resume growth upon thawing?  A) Viruses B) Pyrogens C) Fungi D) Some bacteria Answer: D) Some bacteria Which of the following describes an iatrogenic infection? A) An infection contracted in the community B) An infection caused by the patient’s own immune system C) An infection that occurs as a result of medical treatment or procedure D) An infection from contaminated water Answer: C) An infection that occurs as a result of medical treatment or procedure Which component is commonly used to adjust the tonicity of sterile products to match that of blood? A) Water for injection B) Dextrose 5% C) Sodium chloride D) Lactated Ringer’s Answer: C) Sodium chloride Which of the following pathogens is Gram-negative and commonly causes respiratory infections? A) Klebsiella species B) Staphylococcus aureus C) Streptococcus pyogenes D) Enterococcus species Answer: A) Klebsiella species What is the main function of an anteroom in sterile compounding? A) To serve as a primary workspace for sterile compounding B) To maintain a sterile environment for compounding C) To act as a buffer zone where personnel can don protective clothing D) To store sterile products Answer: C) To act as a buffer zone where personnel can don protective clothing Which of the following sterilization methods is used for materials sensitive to heat and moisture? A) Dry heat B) Autoclaving C) Filtration D) Freeze-drying Answer: C) Filtration Which of the following is the primary cause of pyrogenic reactions in sterile products? A) Presence of viruses B) Presence of particulate matter C) Presence of bacterial endotoxins D) Use of non-sterile containers Answer: C) Presence of bacterial endotoxins Which of the following organisms thrive in environments with high atmospheric pressure? A) Barophiles B) Acidophiles C) Thermophiles D) Psychrophiles Answer: A) Barophiles What is the purpose of the Sterility Assurance Level (S.A.L.) in sterile products? A) To indicate the viscosity of a sterile product B) To measure the probability of a viable microorganism in a product C) To ensure proper tonicity in sterile preparations D) To measure the pH level of a sterile solution Answer: B) To measure the probability of a viable microorganism in a product What is the main benefit of using bacteriostatic water for injection over sterile water for injection? A) It contains preservatives to prevent bacterial growth B) It has a longer shelf life C) It is less expensive D) It does not need to be stored in a sterile environment Answer: A) It contains preservatives to prevent bacterial growth Which of the following characteristics is important for ophthalmic preparations to ensure proper contact time with the eye? A) Sterility B) Viscosity C) Tonicity D) Pyrogenicity Answer: B) Viscosity Which of the following types of bacteria do not require oxygen to grow and multiply? A) Aerobic bacteria B) Anaerobic bacteria C) Mesophiles  D) Psychrophiles Answer: B) Anaerobic bacteria What is the primary role of laminar airflow in sterile compounding environments? A) To remove pyrogens from the air B) To sterilize the air C) To maintain a clean, particle-free environment by directing air in a single direction D) To reduce temperature in the sterile compounding area Answer: C) To maintain a clean, particle-free environment by directing air in a single direction Which of the following is a common source of particulate contamination in sterile products? A) Viral particles B) Bacterial endotoxins C) Rubber stoppers D) Fungal spores Answer: C) Rubber stoppers What is the advantage of using a vertical laminar airflow hood (LAFH) for compounding hazardous drugs? A) It reduces the risk of contamination for the operator B) It provides faster air circulation than a horizontal LAFH C) It is more cost-effective than a horizontal LAFH D) It allows for better access to the workspace Answer: A) It reduces the risk of contamination for the operator Which of the following factors does NOT affect the stability of sterile products? A) pH level B) Temperature C) Light exposure D) Oxygen consumption Answer: D) Oxygen consumption Which of the following is a primary feature of sterile water for irrigation? A) Contains preservatives B) Packaged in containers of 1-3 liters with a screw cap C) Used for injection D) Contains bacteriostatic agents Answer: B) Packaged in containers of 1-3 liters with a screw cap What is the role of particulate matter testing in sterile product preparation? A) To check for bacterial growth  B) To ensure that the product is isotonic C) To ensure there are no visible particles such as hair, lint, or dust D) To check for pyrogens Answer: C) To ensure there are no visible particles such as hair, lint, or dust Which of the following terms refers to a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected? A) Parasitism B) Mutualism C) Commensalism D) Symbiosis Answer: C) Commensalism Which of the following is an example of a sterile parenteral dosage form? A) Oral suspension B) Topical cream C) IV solution D) Nasal spray Answer: C) IV solution Which of the following infections is typically caused by Gram-positive cocci? A) E. coli infection B) Klebsiella infection C) Staphylococcus aureus infection D) Neisseria meningitis Answer: C) Staphylococcus aureus infection Which of the following terms describes a chemical agent used to reduce microorganisms on living tissue? A) Disinfectant B) Antiseptic C) Cold sterilant D) Pyrogen Answer: B) Antiseptic Which type of symbiotic relationship is exhibited by tapeworms living in a human host? A) Mutualism B) Commensalism C) Parasitism D) Opportunism Answer: C) Parasitism Which of the following describes a thermophile? A) Organisms that grow in high temperatures (40-70°C) B) Organisms that grow in low temperatures (0-32°C) C) Organisms that grow in moderate temperatures (15-43°C) D) Organisms that grow in extremely cold temperatures Answer: A) Organisms that grow in high temperatures (40-70°C) What is the main characteristic of barophiles? A) They grow in acidic environments B) They thrive in high atmospheric pressure environments C) They grow in cold environments D) They are resistant to sterilization Answer: B) They thrive in high atmospheric pressure environments What is the recommended contact time for alcohol-based disinfectants to be effective? A) 5 seconds B) 10-20 seconds C) 30 seconds to 1 minute D) 5 minutes Answer: C) 30 seconds to 1 minute Which of the following disinfectants is categorized as a low-level disinfectant? A) Hydrogen peroxide B) Phenols C) Alcohol D) Chlorhexidine Answer: B) Phenols Which of the following describes pyrogens? A) Organic solvents that clean products B) Fever-inducing substances often derived from bacteria C) Microscopic particles in sterile solutions D) A type of bacteria that survives high temperatures Answer: B) Fever-inducing substances often derived from bacteria Which of the following is an example of a chemical agent used as a high-level disinfectant? A) Alcohol B) Phenol C) Hydrogen peroxide  D) Bacteriostatic water Answer: C) Hydrogen peroxide Which of the following describes a nosocomial infection? A) Infection acquired from the community B) Infection acquired in a healthcare setting C) Infection caused by parasites D) Infection due to improper hygiene Answer: B) Infection acquired in a healthcare setting What is the purpose of "first air" in a laminar airflow hood? A) To provide non-sterile air for non-critical sites B) To provide HEPA-filtered air directly to critical sites C) To clean the air before entering the room D) To remove particles from the compounding area Answer: B) To provide HEPA-filtered air directly to critical sites Which of the following is a key characteristic of isotonic solutions used in sterile products? A) pH level below 4 B) Same tonicity as blood C) Higher viscosity than water D) Contains pyrogens Answer: B) Same tonicity as blood Which type of sterilization involves dehydration and freezing in a vacuum? A) Autoclaving B) Freeze-drying (Lyophilization) C) Dry heat sterilization D) Filtration Answer: B) Freeze-drying (Lyophilization) What is the main role of a pre-filter in a laminar airflow hood? A) To remove all microorganisms from the air B) To filter out large particles and contaminants before air passes through the HEPA filter C) To sterilize the air before entering the hood D) To increase air velocity in the hood Answer: B) To filter out large particles and contaminants before air passes through the HEPA filter Which of the following pathogens is Gram-negative? A) Staphylococcus aureus B) Streptococcus pyogenes  C) Escherichia coli (E. coli) D) Enterococcus species Answer: C) Escherichia coli (E. coli) Which of the following best describes a cleanroom? A) A room where sterile products are packaged B) A controlled environment where air is filtered and maintained to prevent contamination C) An area for washing and cleaning equipment D) A room used to store sterile products before distribution Answer: B) A controlled environment where air is filtered and maintained to prevent contamination What is the ideal pH range for injections to ensure compatibility with the human body? A) 1-3 B) 3-8 C) 7-14 D) 5-9 Answer: B) 3-8 Which of the following conditions is necessary for proper storage of low-risk level compounded sterile products at room temperature? A) 48 hours or less B) 30 hours or less C) 24 hours or less D) 72 hours or less Answer: A) 48 hours or less Which of the following best defines sterile compounding? A) The preparation of oral medications B) The preparation of sterile medications using aseptic techniques C) The mixing of hazardous chemicals D) The process of sterilizing medical equipment Answer: B) The preparation of sterile medications using aseptic techniques What is the function of a buffer area in sterile compounding? A) It is the primary area where sterile compounding is performed B) It stores all non-sterile materials used in the compounding process C) It serves as a space where personnel can prepare for entry into the cleanroom D) It contains air handling systems for non-sterile compounding Answer: A) It is the primary area where sterile compounding is performed What is the maximum allowable storage time for high-risk compounded sterile products in a solid frozen state without sterility testing? A) 24 hours B) 7 days C) 45 days D) 60 days Answer: C) 45 days Which of the following is an example of an isotonic solution commonly used in sterile compounding? A) Water for injection B) Sodium chloride 0.9% C) Bacteriostatic water D) Sterile water for irrigation Answer: B) Sodium chloride 0.9% What is the purpose of NAPRA's "Model Standards for Pharmacy Compounding of Non-Hazardous Sterile Preparations"? A) To provide guidelines for the administration of sterile products in hospitals B) To establish minimum practice and quality standards for pharmacies compounding sterile products C) To regulate the import and export of sterile pharmaceutical products D) To monitor pharmaceutical manufacturing processes Answer: B) To establish minimum practice and quality standards for pharmacies compounding sterile products Which of the following describes the term "particulate matter" in sterile products? A) Bacteria or viruses that contaminate the product B) Non-sterile ingredients used in the product C) Microscopic particles such as dust, fibers, or rubber in the product D) Chemicals used for sterilization Answer: C) Microscopic particles such as dust, fibers, or rubber in the product Which type of infections are caused by organisms like tapeworms or scabies that live at the expense of the host? A) Mutualistic infections B) Commensalistic infections C) Parasitic infections D) Opportunistic infections Answer: C) Parasitic infections Which of the following components are used as vehicles in sterile products to serve as solvents and carriers? A) Active ingredients B) Preservatives C) Aqueous and non-aqueous solutions D) Pyrogens Answer: C) Aqueous and non-aqueous solutions What is the common storage condition for medium-risk level sterile compounded products under refrigeration? A) 9 days or less B) 14 days or less C) 24 hours or less D) 48 hours or less Answer: A) 9 days or less Which of the following is a key factor in preventing contamination during sterile compounding? A) Using only non-sterile ingredients B) Wearing appropriate protective garb (gowns, gloves, masks) C) Mixing non-sterile solutions in clean environments D) Avoiding the use of preservatives Answer: B) Wearing appropriate protective garb (gowns, gloves, masks) Which of the following best describes a mutualistic relationship in microbiology? A) One organism benefits while the other is harmed B) Both organisms benefit from the relationship C) Neither organism benefits D) Both organisms are harmed Answer: B) Both organisms benefit from the relationship What is the main characteristic of "hypertonic" solutions in sterile compounding? A) They have a lower salt concentration than blood B) They have a higher salt concentration than blood C) They are the same as isotonic solutions D) They are used only for ophthalmic products Answer: B) They have a higher salt concentration than blood Which of the following best describes the use of freeze-drying (lyophilization) in sterile compounding? A) To reduce microbial contamination B) To remove moisture and extend the shelf-life of a product C) To prevent oxidation of the product D) To enhance the viscosity of the product Answer: B) To remove moisture and extend the shelf-life of a product Which of the following bacteria is Gram-positive? A) Escherichia coli (E. coli) B) Neisseria meningitis C) Staphylococcus aureus D) Klebsiella species Answer: C) Staphylococcus aureus What is the role of an ISO Class 5 environment in sterile compounding? A) To filter non-sterile air for cleanroom use B) To maintain an ultra-clean environment for compounding sterile products C) To monitor the humidity and temperature of the compounding area D) To store sterile products before use Answer: B) To maintain an ultra-clean environment for compounding sterile products Which of the following infections is commonly associated with surgical wounds in healthcare facilities? A) Urinary tract infections B) Lower respiratory infections C) Bloodstream infections D) Nosocomial infections Answer: D) Nosocomial infections What is the main advantage of using moist heat sterilization (autoclaving)? A) It is faster than other sterilization methods B) It is ideal for dry materials like powders C) It is highly effective for sterilizing aqueous solutions D) It does not require pressure Answer: C) It is highly effective for sterilizing aqueous solutions Which of the following terms refers to a sporadic infection? A) A widespread infection across multiple countries B) An infection that occurs infrequently and irregularly in a population C) An infection that regularly occurs in a specific geographic area D) An infection acquired through a medical procedure Answer: B) An infection that occurs infrequently and irregularly in a population