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Proclamation of 1763: Issued by King George III after the British victory in the French and Indian War, this proclamation forbade colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. It was intended to stabilize relations with Native Americans by preventing encroachment on their lands, but it ange...

Proclamation of 1763: Issued by King George III after the British victory in the French and Indian War, this proclamation forbade colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. It was intended to stabilize relations with Native Americans by preventing encroachment on their lands, but it angered colonists eager to expand westward, contributing to growing tensions between the colonies and Britain. Sugar Act 1764: This act, officially titled the "American Revenue Act," lowered the tax on molasses but increased enforcement of customs duties on sugar and other imports. It aimed to raise revenue for the British treasury, heavily strained by war debt, and was part of a broader British effort to assert more control over colonial trade. Colonists viewed it as an infringement on their rights, as they had no representation in Parliament. End of Salutary Neglect: For much of the early 18th century, Britain had practiced "salutary neglect," a policy of lax enforcement of colonial laws, allowing the colonies a degree of self-governance. This changed after the French and Indian War when Britain, needing to pay off war debts, began enforcing strict regulations and taxes. The end of salutary neglect marked a turning point in colonial-British relations, as colonists resented the sudden imposition of British control. Vice-admiralty courts: These were courts established by the British to deal with maritime and trade-related cases. Unlike traditional colonial courts, they did not have juries, and judges were often appointed by the Crown. Colonists saw vice-admiralty courts as denying their rights to a fair trial by jury, and these courts became a symbol of British oppression. Stamp Act of 1765: This act was the first direct tax levied by Britain on the colonies, requiring them to purchase special stamped paper for all legal documents, newspapers, and other publications. The revenue was intended to help pay for British troops stationed in the colonies, but colonists opposed it as taxation without representation. The widespread protests it triggered eventually led to its repeal in 1766. Virtual representation: The British government argued that colonists were "virtually represented" in Parliament because members of Parliament represented the interests of all British subjects, not just those in their own districts. This was the British response to colonial complaints of "no taxation without representation." However, colonists rejected this notion, insisting that they could only be taxed by their own elected representatives. Stamp Act Congress: In response to the Stamp Act, delegates from nine colonies met in New York in 1765 to coordinate resistance. They drafted a petition to the king and Parliament, asserting that only colonial assemblies had the right to tax the colonies. The Stamp Act Congress was an important step toward colonial unity, laying the groundwork for future coordinated actions against British policies. Sons of Liberty: A secret organization of colonists formed to oppose the Stamp Act and other British policies. The Sons of Liberty, led by figures like Samuel Adams, organized protests, boycotts, and sometimes violent demonstrations against British officials. Their actions were instrumental in forcing the repeal of the Stamp Act and helped radicalize the movement for independence. Non-importation movement: This was a widespread boycott of British goods organized by American colonists in response to British taxation policies, such as the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts. By refusing to import British goods, colonists aimed to put economic pressure on Britain to repeal the taxes. The movement was an early example of collective colonial action and contributed to the growing sense of American unity. Committees of correspondence: These were local groups formed in the colonies to communicate and coordinate resistance to British policies. The committees spread information quickly between the colonies and helped unify colonial opposition. They played a critical role in organizing the colonies leading up to the Revolutionary War, fostering a sense of shared purpose and mutual support. Second Continental Congress: Convened in May 1775, after the battles of Lexington and Concord, this body acted as the de facto national government during the Revolutionary War. It organized the Continental Army, appointed George Washington as commander, and eventually declared independence from Britain in 1776. The Second Continental Congress was crucial in coordinating the war effort and drafting the Declaration of Independence. King George III: The monarch of Great Britain during the period leading up to and during the American Revolution, King George III is often seen as a symbol of British oppression in the colonies. His support for measures like the Stamp Act, the Intolerable Acts, and the military crackdown on colonial rebellion made him a target of colonial anger. His refusal to compromise with the colonies helped push them toward declaring independence. Thomas Paine’s Common Sense: Published in January 1776, Common Sense was a powerful pamphlet that argued for immediate independence from Britain. Written in plain language, it criticized monarchy and called for the establishment of a republican government. Paine’s ideas resonated with the public and played a significant role in shifting colonial opinion in favor of independence, making it one of the most influential works of the American Revolution. Declaration of Independence: Adopted on July 4, 1776, by the Second Continental Congress, this document formally declared the American colonies' independence from Britain. Drafted primarily by Thomas Jefferson, it outlined the colonies’ grievances against King George III and articulated the principles of natural rights and government by consent of the governed, setting the ideological foundation for the new nation. Popular sovereignty: The idea that the authority of a government comes from the consent of the people, often through elected representatives. In the context of the American Revolution, popular sovereignty was a central principle in the colonists' argument for self-governance and against British rule. It would later become a key concept in the development of American democracy.