Untitled Document PDF - Muscles and Anatomy

Name the four different types of muscle fascicle arrangements and relate them to strength and amount of movement. Circular: Surround body openings, powerful but limited range (e.g., orbicularis oris). Parallel: Long range of movement, less power (e.g., biceps brachii). Convergent:...

Name the four different types of muscle fascicle arrangements and relate them to strength and amount of movement. Circular: Surround body openings, powerful but limited range (e.g., orbicularis oris). Parallel: Long range of movement, less power (e.g., biceps brachii). Convergent: Powerful, reduced range of movement (e.g., pectoralis major). Pennate: Most powerful, reduced shortening speed, and range (e.g., rectus femoris). What is meant by the terms prime mover, agonist, synergist, and antagonist? Prime mover (agonist): Main muscle for an action. Synergist: Assists the agonist in the movement. Antagonist: Opposes the action of the agonist. Know the seven categories by which muscles are named. Size: (e.g., maximus, minimus). Shape: (e.g., deltoid, trapezius). Direction of fibers: (e.g., rectus, oblique). Action: (e.g., flexor, extensor). Number of origins: (e.g., biceps, triceps). Origin and insertion: (e.g., sternocleidomastoid). Location: (e.g., temporalis). Understand that there are two main categories of muscle that relate to the axial and appendicular skeleton. Axial muscles: Support and move the head, neck, and trunk. Appendicular muscles: Move the limbs and stabilize the pectoral and pelvic girdles. For each category and subcategory discussed above, know the major muscles in the group and their actions. If there was any discussion of origin and insertion, know those anatomical landmarks. Axial Muscles: E.g., sternocleidomastoid (flexes neck), rectus abdominis (flexes trunk). Appendicular Muscles: E.g., biceps brachii (flexes elbow), quadriceps femoris (extends knee). What are the muscles of facial expression and what is unique about their insertion? What are the muscles of mastication? Muscles of facial expression: Insert into skin, not bone (e.g., orbicularis oris, zygomaticus major). Muscles of mastication: Masseter, temporalis, medial and lateral pterygoid. What muscles flex, extend, or laterally flex the neck? Flex: Sternocleidomastoid. Extend: Trapezius, splenius capitis. Lateral Flexion: Scalenes. What muscle(s) would be used to twist from side to side? External obliques, internal obliques, and transversus abdominis. What muscle(s) would be used to perform a sit-up? To bow (bend forward and backward at the waist)? Sit-up: Rectus abdominis, external obliques. Bowing forward: Iliopsoas, rectus abdominis. Bowing backward: Erector spinae. Know the structure/function of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles, specifically in ventilation. Diaphragm: Contracts to increase thoracic cavity volume for inspiration. Intercostal muscles: ○ External intercostals elevate ribs during inspiration. ○ Internal intercostals depress ribs during forced expiration. Understand the function of the perineal muscles. Perineal muscles: Support pelvic organs, control urination/defecation, aid in childbirth. Know the mechanisms behind upper cross and lower cross syndrome, including the general muscle groups involved. Upper Cross Syndrome: Tight pectorals and upper trapezius, weak neck flexors and rhomboids. Lower Cross Syndrome: Tight hip flexors and erector spinae, weak abdominals and gluteals. Know the two major categories of appendicular musculature and their functions. Upper limb muscles: Move the shoulder, arm, wrist, and hand. Lower limb muscles: Move the hip, knee, ankle, and toes. Why is stabilization of the pectoral girdle important? Stabilization is necessary to allow the full range of motion for arm movements and to prevent injury during movement. Know the four muscles of the rotator cuff and their function. Supraspinatus: Abducts arm. Infraspinatus: Externally rotates arm. Teres minor: Externally rotates arm. Subscapularis: Internally rotates arm. What muscle(s) would be used to raise your hand in class? Deltoid, supraspinatus (abduction of the shoulder). What muscle(s) would be used to raise and lower a barbell? Raise: Biceps brachii, brachialis (flexion). Lower: Triceps brachii (extension). What muscle(s) are used to flex the wrist? Abduct the hand? Adduct the hand? Flex wrist: Flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris. Abduct hand: Flexor carpi radialis, extensor carpi radialis longus. Adduct hand: Flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi ulnaris. What muscle(s) are used to turn the hands palm up? Palm down? Palm up: Supinator, biceps brachii. Palm down: Pronator teres, pronator quadratus. What muscle(s) would be used when lifting the knee (as in marching)? Iliopsoas, rectus femoris. What muscle(s) would be used to kick backwards? Gluteus maximus, hamstrings. What muscle(s) are used when the standing leg moves sideways as you balance on one foot? What muscles are used to raise the other foot? Standing leg sideways movement: Gluteus medius. Raise the other foot: Quadriceps, iliopsoas. Think about the knee joint. What muscles stabilize it when standing or walking? Quadriceps, hamstrings, gastrocnemius. What muscle(s) are used to stand on your heels? To walk "tip toe?" Stand on heels: Tibialis anterior. Walk on tiptoe: Gastrocnemius, soleus.