Male Reproductive System Conditions PDF

## PENIS ### I. HYPOSPADIAS - Opening of urethra on inferior surface of penis - Due to failure of the urethral folds to close ### II. EPISPADIAS - Opening of urethra on superior surface of penis - Due to abnormal positioning of the genital tubercle - Associated with bladder exstrophy ### III. C...

## PENIS ### I. HYPOSPADIAS - Opening of urethra on inferior surface of penis - Due to failure of the urethral folds to close ### II. EPISPADIAS - Opening of urethra on superior surface of penis - Due to abnormal positioning of the genital tubercle - Associated with bladder exstrophy ### III. CONDYLOMA ACUMINATUM - Benign warty growth on genital skin - Due to HPV type 6 or 11; characterized by koilocytic change ### IV. LYMPHOGRANULOMA VENEREUM - Necrotizing granulomatous inflammation of the inguinal lymphatics and lymph nodes - Sexually transmitted disease caused by *Chlamydia trachomatis* (serotypes L1-L3) - Eventually heals with fibrosis; perianal involvement may result in rectal stricture. ### V. SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA - Malignant proliferation of squamous cells of penile skin - **Risk factors** - High risk HPV (2/3 of cases) - Lack of circumcision - Foreskin acts as a nidus for inflammation and irritation if not properly maintained. - **Precursor in situ lesions** - **Bowen disease** - in situ carcinoma of the penile shaft or scrotum that presents as leukoplakia - **Erythroplasia of Queyrat** - in situ carcinoma on the glans that presents as erythroplakia - **Bowenoid papulosis** - in situ carcinoma that presents as multiple reddish papules - Seen in younger patients (40s) relative to Bowen disease and erythroplasia of Queyrat - Does not progress to invasive carcinoma ## FUNDAMENTALS OF PATHOLOGY ### II. ORCHITIS - Inflammation of the testicle - **Causes** - *Chlamydia trachomatis* (serotypes D-K) or *Neisseria gonorrhoeae* - Seen in young adults. Increased risk of sterility, but libido is not affected because Leydig cells are spared. - *Escherichia coli* and *Pseudomonas* - Seen in older adults; urinary tract infection pathogens spread into the reproductive tract. - Mumps virus (teenage males) - increased risk for infertility; testicular inflammation is usually not seen in children < 10 years old. - Autoimmune orchitis - characterized by granulomas involving the seminiferous tubules ### III. TESTICULAR TORSION - Twisting of the spermatic cord; thin-walled veins become obstructed leading to congestion and hemorrhagic infarction. - Usually due to congenital failure of testes to attach to the inner lining of the scrotum (via the processus vaginalis) - Presents in adolescents with sudden testicular pain and absent cremasteric reflex ### IV. VARICOCELE - Dilation of the spermatic vein due to impaired drainage - Presents as scrotal swelling with a "bag of worms" appearance - Usually left sided; left testicular vein drains into the left renal vein, while the right testicular vein drains directly into the IVC. - Associated with left-sided renal cell carcinoma; RCC often invades the renal vein. - Seen in a large percentage of infertile males ### V. HYDROCELE - Fluid collection within the tunica vaginalis - Tunica vaginalis is a serous membrane that covers the testicle as well as the internal surface of the scrotum. - Associated with incomplete closure of the processus vaginalis leading to communication with the peritoneal cavity (infants) or blockage of lymphatic drainage (adults) The image describes various conditions that affect the male reproductive system. It also contains multiple diagrams, including those illustrating koilocytic change, hemorrhagic infarction of the testicle, and hydrocele.