UNITS-2-7 PDF - Patient Care Delivery System

GROUP 1 ▪ Subjective data involves verbal Unit 2 - PATIENT CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM statements from the patient or caregiver. a) Nursing Process in the Delivery of Nursing ▪ Objective data is measurable,...

GROUP 1 ▪ Subjective data involves verbal Unit 2 - PATIENT CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM statements from the patient or caregiver. a) Nursing Process in the Delivery of Nursing ▪ Objective data is measurable, tangible Care Service data such as vital signs, intake and output, b) Patient Classification System and height and weight. c) Modalities of Care Data may come from the patient directly or 1. Functional Nursing from primary caregivers who may or may not 2. Primary Nursing be directly related to family members. 3. Team Nursing The nurse gathers information about the 4. Case Method patient’s health status, including physical, 5. Modular Nursing psychological, and social factors using 6. Nursing Case Management different assessment techniques such as 7. Innovative/Contemporary head-to-toe physical assessment. Method The nurse also identifies the patient’s needs and sets priorities for care NURSING PROCESS IN THE DELIVERY OF Electronic health records may populate data NURSING CARE SERVICE and assist in assessment. Introduction Critical thinking skills are essential to In 1958, Ida Jean Orlando, an American assessment, thus the need for concept-based nurse, started the nursing process that still curriculum changes. guides nursing care today. Orlando’s Deliberative Nursing Process DIAGNOSIS Theory focuses on the interaction between The formulation of a nursing diagnosis by the nurse and patient, perception validation, employing clinical judgment assists in the and the use of the nursing process to produce planning and implementation of patient care. positive outcomes or patient improvement. The North American Nursing Diagnosis Defined as a systematic approach to care Association (NANDA) provides nurses with using the fundamental principles of critical an up-to-date list of nursing diagnoses. thinking, client-centered approaches to A nursing diagnosis, according to NANDA, treatment, goal-oriented tasks, evidence- is defined as a clinical judgment about based practice (EBP) recommendations, and responses to actual or potential health nursing intuition. problems on the part of the patient, family, or Holistic and scientific postulates are community. integrated to provide the basis for A nursing diagnosis encompasses Maslow's compassionate, quality-based care. Hierarchy of Needs and helps to prioritize Function and plan care based on patient-centered The nursing process functions as a systematic outcomes. guide to client-centered care with 5 In 1943, Abraham Maslow developed a sequential steps. hierarchy based on fundamental needs innate ▪ assessment, to all individuals. ▪ diagnosis, Basic physiological needs/goals must be met ▪ planning, before higher needs/goals can be achieved ▪ implementation, and such as self-esteem and self-actualization. ▪ evaluation. Physiological and safety needs provide the basis for the implementation of nursing care ASSESSMENT and nursing interventions. Assessment is the first step and involves Thus, they are at the base of Maslow's critical thinking skills and data collection; pyramid, laying the foundation for physical subjective and objective. and emotional health. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs  Basic Physiological Needs: Nutrition (water ✓ Symptoms: Evidence that supports the and food), elimination (Toileting), airway problem, usually collected during the (suction)-breathing (oxygen)-circulation assessment phase, also known as "as (pulse, cardiac monitor, blood pressure) evidenced by." (ABCs), sleep, sex, shelter, and exercise Example: as evidenced by redness, blistering, Safety and Security: Injury prevention (side and the patient reporting pain. rails, call lights, hand hygiene, isolation, suicide precautions, fall precautions, car seats, helmets, seat belts), fostering a climate PLANNING of trust and safety (therapeutic relationship), The planning stage is where goals and patient education (modifiable risk factors for outcomes are formulated that directly impact stroke, heart disease). patient care based on EDP guidelines. Love and Belonging: Foster supportive These patient-specific goals and the relationships, methods to avoid social attainment of such assist in ensuring a isolation (bullying), employ active listening positive outcome. techniques, therapeutic communication, and Nursing care plans are essential in this phase sexual intimacy. of goal setting. Self-Esteem: Acceptance in the community, Care plans provide a course of direction for workforce, personal achievement, sense of personalized care tailored to an individual's control or empowerment, accepting one's unique needs. physical appearance or body habitus. Overall condition and comorbid conditions Self-Actualization: Empowering play a role in the construction of a care plan. environment, spiritual growth, ability to Care plans enhance communication, recognize the point of view of others, documentation, reimbursement, and reaching one's maximum potential. continuity of care across the healthcare continuum. Nursing diagnoses can be classified into three Goals should be SMART: main categories: ▪ Specific Actual Nursing Diagnoses: Problems ▪ Measurable or Meaningful that currently exist and are identified ▪ Attainable or Action-Oriented through data collected in the assessment ▪ Realistic or Results-Oriented phase. These require immediate attention. ▪ Timely or Time-Oriented Risk Nursing Diagnoses: Situations where the patient is at risk of developing IMPLEMENTATION a problem. These diagnoses guide Implementation is the step that involves preventive measures. action or doing and the actual carrying out of Health Promotion Diagnoses: Focus on nursing interventions outlined in the plan of the patient’s readiness to improve their care. health and overall well-being. These are Interventions should be specific to each positive statements aimed at enhancing patient and focus on achievable outcomes. health behaviors. This phase requires nursing interventions such as applying a cardiac monitor or Components of a Nursing Diagnosis oxygen, direct or indirect care, medication ✓ Problem: Describes the health problem or administration, standard treatment protocols, response. and EDP standards. Example: Impaired Skin Integrity. Fields or Classes of Interventions ✓ Etiology: Describes the factors that Behavioral Nursing Interventions - designed contribute to or cause the problem, also to help a patient change their behavior. known as "related to" factors. Community Nursing Interventions - refer to Example: related to immobility. the community-wide approach to health behavior change.  Family Nursing Interventions - influence a Also known as workload management, or patient’s entire family. patient acuity tools which means measures Health System Nursing Interventions - the severity of a patient's condition and the designed to maintain a safe medical facility complexity of the care required. for all patients and staff. Physiological Nursing Interventions - elated 3 BASIC TYPES OF CLASSIFICATION to a patient’s physical health to make sure that SYSTEM any physical needs are being met and that the 1. Descriptive Type or Narrative: patient is in a healthy condition. The nurse classifies the patient into a o Basic category that most closely describes the o Complex care received. Safety Nursing Interventions - maintain a Uses a narrative on a concise acuteness patient’s safety and prevent injuries table. Major issue: Low interrater reliability due 3 Nursing Intervention Categories to subjectivity in interpreting the degree 1. Independent Nursing Interventions – a of care required. registered nurse can perform independent This type is quick but can lead to wide interventions on their own without the help or variations in nurse-to-patient ratios due to assistance from other medical personnel. poor interrater reliability. 2. Dependent Nursing Interventions - a nurse 2. Checklist: cannot initiate dependent interventions alone. Uses an acuteness table that divides care 3. Interdependent Nursing Interventions - a routines into categories such as eating nurse performs as part of collaborative or and bathing. interdependent interventions that involve Each activity level is assigned a point team members across disciplines. score (e.g., 1 for routine care, 4 for comprehensive care). EVALUATION Nurses check activity levels for each This final step of the nursing process is vital patient and total points to determine care to a positive patient outcome. levels. Whenever a healthcare provider intervenes or Usually done per shift or daily but is still implements care, they must reassess or subjective. evaluate their implementation to ensure the 3. Time Standard or Relative Value Unit desired outcome has been met. (RVU): The initial care plan may be adapted and Quantifies the amount of time or relative revised based on new assessment data to effort needed to perform specific nursing achieve the goal and ensure positive patient tasks or care activities. outcomes. Used to measure nursing workload, The possible patient outcomes are generally determine staffing needs, and allocate explained under three terms: the patient’s resources efficiently. condition improved, the patient’s condition In the Patient Classification System stabilized, and the patient’s condition (PCS) used in nursing leadership and worsened. management, patients are often Continuous reassessment may be needed categorized into four main levels based depending upon the overall patient condition. on their care needs: 1. Category I - Minimal Care: PATIENT CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM Patients in this category are stable with Is a method used to categorize patients based minimal care needs. They may require on the level of care they require. It helps in basic assistance such as hygiene, resource allocation, staffing, and ensuring ambulation, and routine monitoring but appropriate patient care. can perform most activities independently.  2. Category II - Intermediate Care: The nurse cares for one or a few patients whom These patients require moderate the nurse cares for exclusively. assistance. They may need help with mobility, medication administration, and ADVANTAGES regular monitoring but remain generally Quality of care-all care is delivered by a stable. registered nurse. 3. Category III - Maximum Care: Continuity of care for a given shift The patient requires close attention and High patient satisfaction complete care throughout the shift. Decreases communication time between staff Nurses are responsible for initiating, Reduces the need for supervision supervising, and performing most of the allows one person to perform more than one task patient’s activities. 4. Category IV - Intensive Care: DISADVANTAGES This category is for patients who are It can be very costly acutely ill and require a high level of Confusing to the patient of nurse modifying care nurse dependency. Intensive therapy regimen during every shift and/or nursing care are necessary due to Tasks can be done with less training, less the patient's unstable condition. Frequent experience, and low cost. evaluation, observation, monitoring, and adjustment of therapy are required. PRIMARY NURSING Patients in this category are in critical It is also known as relationship-based nursing. conditions or facing life-and-death The primary nurse assumes 24-hour situations. responsibility for planning the care of one or more patients from admission or the start of treatment to discharge or the treatment's end. MODALITIES OF CARE Primary nursing was designed for use in hospitals, but it can lend itself well to home MODALITIES OF NURSING health nursing, hospice nursing, and other It is a method to evaluate patient care and save healthcare delivery enterprises as well. money. Each model has advantages and disadvantages, ADVANTAGES and no single method is ideal. Job satisfaction is high It refers to the manner in which nursing care is More professional system: RN organized and delivered. plans and communicates with all healthcare members. TRADITIONAL MODES OF CARE RN develop skills and feel challenged and DELIVERY rewarded at the same time. Case Method Primary Nurse DISADVANTAGES Team Nurse Difficult degree of responsibility and autonomy Modular of the primary nurse. Functional Difficult to retain and recruit RN to be PNs, Nursing Case Management especially in times of nursing shortage. Innovative/Contemporary Method TEAM NURSING Developed that reduced the fragmented care that TOTAL PATIENT CARE accompanied functional nursing. Nurses assume total responsibility for meeting all As the team leader, the nurse is responsible for the needs of assigned patients during their time knowing the condition and needs of all the of duty. patients assigned to the team and for planning case method of assignment individual care.  Team conferences occur in which the expertise of Assignment by function. every staff member is used to plan the care. The advantage is there is no role confusion. The Team Leader has a core of staff reporting to Disadvantage is the client could not identify who her, and together they work to disseminate the their caretake care activities. The team leader's duties vary depending on the ADVANTAGES patient's needs and the workload. Very efficient way to deliver care. Could accomplish a lot of tasks in a small amount DUTIES OF TEAM LEADERS: of time Assisting team members Staff members do only what they are capable of Giving direct personal care to patients doing Teaching, and Least costly as fewer RNs are required Coordinating patient activities. No role confusion. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Job satisfaction is moderate to high depending on Care of patients become fragmented and the member's capabilities depersonalized Patients have one nurse (the Team Leader) with Patients do not have one identifiable nurse immediate access to other health providers. Very narrow scope of practice for RNs Leads to patient and nurse dissatisfaction DISADVANTAGES Requires a team spirit and commitment to NURSING CASE MANAGEMENT succeed. "A collaborative process of assessment, RN may be the Team Leader one day and a team planning, facilitation, and advocacy for options member the next, thus continuity of patient care and services to meet an individual's health needs may suffer. through communication and available resources Care is still fragmented with only 8 or 12-hour to promote quality cost-effective outcomes. accountability Nurses address each patient individually, identifying the most cost-effective providers, MODULAR NURSING treatments, and care settings possible. Uses a mini-team (two or three members with at The case manager helps patients access least one member being an RN) with the community resources, helps patients learn about members of the modular nursing team sometimes their medication regimen and treatment plan, and being called care palls. ensures that they have recommended tests and It is a geographical assignment of patients that procedures. encourages continuity of care by organizing a Acute care case management - integrates group of staff to work with a group of patients in utilization management and discharge planning the same locale. functions and may be unit based, assigned by patient, disease based, or primary nurse case ADVANTAGES managed. Useful when there are a few Rns Disease Management - Aka population-based RNs have more time to plan their care health care and continuous health improvement, is a comprehensive, integrated approach to the care and reimbursement of high-cost, chronic illnesses. The goal of DM is to address such DISADVANTAGES illnesses or conditions with maximum efficiency Paraprofessionals do technical aspects of nursing across treatment settings regardless of typical care reimbursement patterns. FUNCTIONAL NURSING ADVANTAGES Is a task-oriented method wherein a particular All professionals are equal team members. nursing function is assigned to a specific Members take ownership of patient outcomes member. Work assignments by functions or tasks. DISADVANTAGES Requires qualified nurse case manager, team collaboration, and quality management system. Established critical pathways needed. INNOVATIVE/ CONTEMPORARY Healthcare delivery models continue to emerge and expand the role of nurses beyond direct caregivers. This white paper suggested that nurses form the backbone of almost all these new models and that eight common themes could be identified among the most successful care delivery. NEW ROLES FOR THE CHANGING HEALTHCARE ARENA: Nurse Navigators. Clinical Nurse Leaders. Leaders in Patient Care. --------------------------------------------------------------- ABDULSAMAD, Sabereen ABDUSSALAM, Allanah R. ABEDIN, Wafah AL-RASHID RAMOS, Dhania ALANDO, Djehayra AMER, Jannah AMIMITA, Mitche AMPUAN, Johainah References: "Nursing process: A comprehensive guide." (2023). Nurseslabs. https://nurseslabs.com/nursing-process/ Bsn, M. V., RN. (2024, May 19). ADPIE: A Guide to Understanding Nursing Process. Nurseslabs. https://nurseslabs.com/adpie-a-guide-to- understanding-nursing-process/#google_vignette Faust, C. (2002). Orlando’s Deliberative Nursing Process Theory: a practice application in an extended care facility. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 28(7), 14–18. https://doi.org/10.3928/0098-9134- 20020701-05 LaFayette, K., & Armata, N. N. (2024, April 1). ADPIE: Nursing process acronym. Osmosis. https://www.osmosis.org/answers/adpie-nursing- process-acronym Modalities of Care. Scribd. https://www.scribd.com/presentation/638039237/M ODALITIES-OF-CARE. Patient care classification system. (n.d.). Scribd. https://www.scribd.com/document/212564825/1518 03950-Patient-Care-Classification-System  NATIONAL NURSING CORE COMPETENCY STANDARDS The Core Competencies for the Entry Level Competency standards for nursing practice in the Philippines 1. Safe And Quality Nursing Care Core Competencies: The board of nursing created the commission on care a. Demonstrates Knowledge Based on the competency standards development in collaboration with the Health/Illness Status of Individual/Groups commission on higher education technical committee on b. Provides Sound Decision Making in the Care nursing education with the primary goal to develop the of I/G Considering their Beliefs & Values competency standards for nursing practice in the country. c. Promotes Safety & Comfort of Patients Legal bases d. Sets Priorities in Nursing Core Based on Patients Needs ARTICLE 3 SECTION 9 (c) of RA 9173 “Philippine e. Ensures Continuity of Care nursing act of 2002”. f. Administer Medications and Other Health Therapeutics States that the board shall monitor and enforce quality g. Utilizes the Nursing Process as Framework standards of nursing practice necessary to ensure the for Nursing & Performs Comprehensive & maintenance of efficient, ethical, and technical, moral and Systematic Nursing Assessment professional standards in the practice of nursing taking into h. Formulates a Plan of Care in Collaboration account the health needs of the nation. with Patients & Other Members of the Health The naturalistic model “Decker Walker” Team i. Implements Nursing Care Plan to Achieve The model was adopted in Curriculum Development Identified Outcomes j. Evaluates Progress Toward Expected Phases of developing Competency Standards Outcomes The first phase k. Responds to the Urgency of the Patient’s involved identifying the competencies through a Condition “Developing a Curriculum” (DACUM) workshop and a 2. Management Of Resources & Environment series of focus group discussions with the Core Competencies: participation of nurse experts, and consumers of a. Organizes Workload to Facilitate Patient nursing practice such as administrator, such as Care administrators, doctors, and clients. b. Utilizes Resources to Support Patient Care The second phase c. Ensures the Functioning of Resources Included verification of the identified competencies d. Checks Proper Functioning of Equipment among nursing expert from different regions in the e. Maintains Safe Environment country. 3. Health Education The thirst phase Core Competencies: Pilot testing the competencies among senior nursing a. Assesses the Learning Needs of the Patient & Family students of eight colleges of nursing b. Develops Health Ed. Plan Based on The fourth phase Assessed and Anticipated Needs Benchmarking with existing standards from the three c. Develops Learning Materials for Health countries as well as with the international council of Education nurses. d. Implements the Health Education Plan Significance of the core competency standards e. Evaluates Outcome of Health Education 4. Legal Responsibility the competency standards will serve as a unifying Core Competencies: framework for nursing education, regulation, and practice. a. Adheres to Practices in Accordance w/ the Specifically, it will serve as: Nursing Law & Other Relevant Legislation Including Contracts & Informed Consent 1. Guide in developing curriculum in nursing b. Adheres to Organizational Policies and 2. Framework in developing test syllabi for entrants into Procedures, Local and National the nursing profession c. Documents Care Renders to Patients 3. Tool for performance evaluation among nurses 4. Base for advanced nursing practice and specialization 5. Ethico-Moral Responsibility 5. Framework for developing a training curriculum for Core Competencies: nurses a. Respects the Rights of Individuals or Groups 6. Protect the public from incompetent practitioners, b. Accepts Responsibility & Accountability for and Own Decisions & Actions 7. Yardstick for unethical and unprofessional practice in c. Adheres to the National & International Code nursing of Ethics for Nurses The Core Competencies for the Entry level 6. Personal and Professional Development Core Competencies: There are eleven core competency areas for nursing practice a. Identifies own learning need that were identified, which include the following: b. Pursue continuing education 1. Safe and quality nursing care c. Gets involved in professional organization 2. Management of resources and Environment and civic activities 3. Health Education d. Projects a professional image of nurse 4. Legal Responsibility e. Possesses positive attitude towards change 5. Ethico-moral responsibility and criticism 6. Personal and Professional Development f. Performs function according to professional 7. Quality Improvement standards 8. Research 7. Quality Improvement 9. Record Management Core Competencies 10. Communication a. Gathers data for quality improvement 11. Collaboration and Teamwork b. Participates in nursing audits and rounds  c.Identifies and reports variances 8. Participates in quality improvement activities (e.g., d.Recommend solutions to identifies feedback on client’s satisfaction, accreditation, quality assurance, and related activities) problems 8. Research Core Competencies STANDARD A2. ETHICAL, MORAL, LEGAL PRACTIC a. Gathers data using different methodologies Adherence to ethical, moral, and legal standards in the provision of b. Recommends actions for implementation care. c. Disseminates results of research findings d. Applies research findings in nursing practice Ethical refers to principles that encourage universal values 9. Records Management such as trust, respect, fairness, and benevolence. Moral refers to beliefs of what is right or wrong. Core Competencies Legal refers to conformity to the provisions of relevant laws a. Maintains accurate and updated and jurisprudence. documentation of patient care COMPETENCIES b. Records outcome of patient care 1. Adheres to ethico-moral and legal considerations when c. Observes legal imperatives in record keeping providing safe and quality care 2. Protects client’s rights based on “Patient’s Bill of Right and 10. Communication Obligation” Core Competencies 3. Applies ethical reasoning and decision-making process to a. Establishes rapport with patient, significant address situations of ethical and mora dilemma others and member of the health team 4. Adheres to the established norms of conduct based on the Philippine Nursing Law and other legal, regulatory and b. Identifies verbal and non-verbal cues institutional requirements relevant to safe nursing practice c. Utilizes formal and informal channels 5. Accepts responsibility and accountability for own decisions d. Responds to needs of individuals, family, and actions group and community e. Uses appropriate information technology to STANDARD A3. PERSONAL and PROFESSIONAL VALUES facilitate communication 11. Collaborates and Teamwork Personal values are a set of individual principles, standards, Core Competencies concepts, beliefs and ideas that are internalized from the society or culture in which one lives. Professional values are beliefs and a. Establishes collabortive relationships with principles that guide nursing practice, and which influence one's work colleagues and other members of the health behavior. These are acquired through experience, education, training team and practice considering, but not limited by, regulatory standards, b. Collaborates plan of care with other Code of Ethics, and the core values of the nursing profession. members of the health team COMPETENCIES 1. Assumes responsibility and accountability for personal and professional development and for lifelong learning PHILIPPINE PROFESSIONAL NURSING PRACTICE 2. Demonstrates continual competence growth STANDARDS (PPNPS) 3. Engages in advocacy activities to influence health and social care services The Standards of Professional Nursing Practice are 4. Models personal and professional behavior and values authoritative statements of the duties that all registered nurses, regardless of role, population or specialty are expected to perform competently (ANA, 2010, p. 2). B. KNOWLEDGE-DRIVEN NURSING PRACTICE STANDARDS 1. Standard B1: Research NURSING PRACTICE STANDARD DOMAINS 2. Standard B2: Evidence Based Nursing Practice 3. Standard B3: Continual Quality Improvement 1. Value-Based Nursing Practice Knowledge-driven nursing practice refers to the consistent 2. Knowledge-Driven Nursing Practice application of a scientific body of knowledge and skills through the 3. Outcome-Oriented Professional Relationship integration of the different patterns of knowing (Carper, 1978) such as 4. Leadership And Governance esthetics, ethics, and personal relationships as bases for safe and sound judgment to appropriate care of clients. A. VALUE-BASED NURSING PRACTICE STANDARDS Value-Based Nursing Practice is a clinical decision-making STANDARD B1. RESEARCH process guided by empirical body of knowledge, ethico-moral values and practices, rules and regulations, combined with appropriate Research is a scientific process that validates existing competencies in client care reflecting personal and professional values theories/models and generates new knowledge to improve nursing when engaging with others of diverse cultures. practice, client outcomes, and health care delivery system. STANDARD A1. CARE OF CLIENTS COMPETENCIES COMPETENCIES 1. Plans research activities individually or in groups to generate relevant areas of study. Care of Clients is the provision of professional nursing 2. Conducts relevant research studies. services to varied clients: individuals across the lifespan with varying 3. Uses research results/findings to improve nursing practice. health-illness status and gender; to healthy or at-risk families, population groups and communities. STANDARDS B2. EVIDENCE BASED NURSING 1. Provide quality and safe nursing care utilizing the nursing process Evidence-based practice is a problem-solving approach that 2. Demonstrates appropriate knowledge and skills based on the integrates current best evidence, clinical expertise, and client's health/illness status of individual, families, population preference and values in making decisions towards promoting safe and groups and /or communities quality nursing practice. 3. Provides sound decision making in the care of individuals/families/population groups and communities COMPETENCIES considering their beliefs and values 4. Promotes client safely 1. Uses the current best evidence in providing safe and quality 5. Sets priorities in nursing care based on client’s needs care. 6. Implements sound nursing care to achieve identified client 2. Collaborates with the health care team and other outcomes stakeholders in the application of best research evidence in 7. Ensures continuity of care client care. 3. Integrates client's values, preferences, best evidences and clinical expertise in decision making for client care.  STANDARD D: LEADERSHIP AND GOVERNANCE STANDARDS STANDARD B3. CONTINUAL QUALITY IMPROVEMENT Leadership and Governance is influencing other people Continual Quality Improvement is the analysis of through the exercise of authority, direction, control and regulation in performance, monitoring of the outcome of processes, and application the practice of the nursing profession to achieve desired goals. of strategies for the improvement of safe and quality nursing practice. COMPETENCIES STANDARD D1: PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL 1. Participates in quality improvement programs and activities. DEVELOPMENT 2. Contributes to continuing growth and development of the profession and the nurse. This refers to the acquisition of knowledge and skills for 3. Keeps abreast with trends and developments of health care ensuring that one's performance in the chosen area of expertise is system and nursing profession. always at the highest possible level, in both career and life roles. COMPETENCIES C. OUTCOME-ORIENTED PROFESSIONAL RELATIONSHIPS 1. Develop self-awareness towards personal and professional development. 1. Standard C1 Communication 2. Determines one’s career path, considering the current and 2. Standard C2 Collaboration & Teamwork relevant frameworks for development. 3. Standard C3 Transcultural Nursing Care 3. Pursues continuing professional development. Outcome-oriented professional relationships refer to intra- 4. Adapts to changes in nursing and health. and inter-professional relationships that lead to an enhancement of 5. Gets involved in professional organizations and socio-civic one's role through communication, collaboration and understanding of activities cultural context to achieve mutually-agreed upon outcomes for client 6. Perform functions according to professional standards. care. 7. Demonstrates positive attitude towards change and criticism. STANDARD D2: PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY AND STANDARD Cl. COMMUNICATION ACCOUNTABILITY Communication is a relational process whereby messages Responsibility refers to the nurse's obligations, are transmitted and understood by both the sender and the recipient accountability and liability.in Carrying Out the authority accorded by using varied modes, skills and approaches including media and the state through the Nursing Law and other regulatory laws, policies information technology with the goal to facilitate effective health care and rules. delivery. Accountability is the nurse's willingness to be judged against COMPETENCIES performance expectations and live with the consequences of one's actions. 1. Establishes working relationship with clients, family/relatives, health team members, and other COMPETENCIES stakeholders. 2. Communicates effectively with clients, health team 1. Supervises the nursing care given by others, while retaining members and other stakeholders to facilitate delivery of care. accountability for the quality of care given to clients. 3. Responds to needs of individuals, families, population 2. Seeks ways to promote nursing autonomy and groups, and communities. accountability. 4. Uses safe, appropriate and secure technology to facilitate 3. Participates in the development of policies and standards communication. regarding safe nursing practice. STANDARD C2. COLLABORATION AND TEAMWORK STANDARD D3: POSITIVE PRACTICE ENVIRONMENT Collaboration refers to the process where there is partnership Positive practice environment is one where the nurse among the health care professionals which is reciprocal and founded performs in a supportive, safe, caring, encouraging, and positively on respect and trust, considering each other's expertise in achieving charged workplace where the individual's potentials are maximally mutual goals. developed. It Includes the physical, psychological, sociopolitical, cultural, and spiritual dimensions of the work setting Teamwork is to "function effectively within nursing and interprofessional teams, fostering open communication, mutual COMPETENCIES respect, and shared decision-making to achieve quality patient care." (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2013). 1. Promotes a healthy, safe, and quality environment of care. 2. Maintains professionalism in the workplace. COMPETENCIES 1. Establishes collaborative relationships with colleagues and STANDARD D4: SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY other health team members. 2. Coordinates plan of care with inter-professional health team Social responsibility is an obligation to act in fulfilling one's members. civic duty for the benefit of society. The nurse is sensitive and 3. Applies principles of partnership and collaboration to responsive to the social, cultural, economic, political, spiritual and improve delivery of health services. environmental issues. 4. Determines resources available for networking, linkage COMPETENCIES building, and referral necessary for improving delivery of health services 1. Participates in activities that contribute to the attainment of 5. Collaborates with government organizations (GOs}, social goals and development. nongovernment organizations (NGOs) and other socio-civic 2. Empower self, clients, and society towards social organizations on matters related to environmental and responsibility. community health. STANDARD D5: RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 6. Engages in advocacy activities that foster the growth and development of the nursing profession. Resource management refers to the efficient and effective allocation of resources, where and when they are needed, and which include human, organizational, information, financial, technical, STANDARD C3. TRANSCULTURAL NURSING CARE equipment, materials and physical resources. Transcultural nursing care is the provision of safe, COMPETENCIES efficacious, responsible and meaningful nursing services to people according to their cultural values and health-illness context. 1. Utilizes resources necessary to deliver client care. 2. Advocates for safe staffing pattern. COMPETENCIES 3. Utilizes financial, technical, physical and material resources to support client care. Demonstrates better understanding of the role of culture in the 4. Follows established mechanism to ensure proper functioning delivery of nursing care. of equipment. 5. Maintain a safe work environment.  C. Patient Care Safety Standards Standards of Practice Patient Safety – is defined as “the absence of preventable harm The Standards of Practice describe a competent level of to a patient and reduction of risk of unnecessary harm nursing care as demonstrated by the critical thinking model associated with health care to an acceptable minimum”. known as the nursing process. The nursing process includes the components of assessment, diagnosis, outcomes identification, Common sources of patient harm: planning, implementation, and evaluation. Accordingly, the o Medication errors - Medication errors occur when patients nursing process encompasses significant actions taken by receive the wrong medication, dosage, or treatment. This is a registered nurses and forms the foundation of the nurse’s major source of harm, with 1 out of every 30 patients decision-making. affected, and some cases are life-threatening. o Surgical errors - Mistakes during or after surgery contribute Standard 1. Assessment - The registered nurse collects to 10% of preventable harm in health care. Most errors pertinent data and information relative to the healthcare happen before or after the actual surgery, like during consumer’s health or the situation. preparation or recovery. Standard 2. Diagnosis - The registered nurse analyzes the o Health care-associated infections - Infections acquired assessment data to determine actual or potential diagnoses, during hospital stays, like pneumonia or urinary tract infections from catheters, can extend recovery time, increase problems, and issues. medical costs, and even cause death. Standard 3. Outcomes Identification - The registered nurse o Sepsis - Sepsis is a severe response by the body to infection, identifies expected outcomes for a plan individualized to the where it attacks its own organs. About 24% of sepsis cases in healthcare consumer or the situation. hospitals are acquired within the hospital, and it can be deadly. Standard 4. Planning -The registered nurse develops a plan o Diagnostic errors - Misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis that prescribes strategies to attain expected, measurable happens in 5-20% of doctor-patient visits. If a disease is not outcomes. identified correctly, the patient might not get the treatment they need. Standard 5. Implementation - The registered nurse implements o Patient falls. Falls are the most common accidents in the identified plan. hospitals. Around 3-5 patients out of every 1000 bed-days experience falls, and more than a third of these falls cause Standard 5A. Coordination of Care - The registered injuries like broken bones. nurse coordinates care delivery. o Venous thromboembolism - Blood clots can form in patients Standard 5B. Health Teaching and Health Promotion - who are bedridden or not moving for long periods, leading to The registered nurse employs strategies to promote serious complications like a pulmonary embolism, which is health and a safe environment. preventable. Standard 6. Evaluation - The registered nurse evaluates o Pressure ulcers - These occur when patients stay in one progress toward attainment of goals and outcomes. position for too long, causing damage to their skin and tissue. Without care, bedsores can become infected and lead to Standards of Professional Performance serious health issues. o Unsafe transfusion practices - Transfusions, when not done The Standards of Professional Performance describe a correctly, can expose patients to risks like infections or competent level of behavior in the professional role, including allergic reactions. Unnecessary blood transfusions can also activities related to ethics, culturally congruent practice, be harmful. communication, collaboration, leadership, education, evidence- o Patient misidentification - If a patient is not correctly based practice and research, quality of practice, professional identified, serious errors like giving the wrong treatment or practice evaluation, resource utilization, and environmental operating on the wrong body part can occur. health. All registered nurses are expected to engage in o Unsafe injection practices - Reusing needles or using professional role activities, including leadership, appropriate to unsterile equipment can lead to infections and other their education and position. Registered nurses are accountable complications. Every year, billions of injections are given, for their professional actions to themselves, their healthcare and unsafe practices put both patients and healthcare workers consumers, their peers, and ultimately to society. at risk. Standard 7. Ethics - The registered nurse practices ethically. System approach to patient safety Standard 8. Culturally Congruent Practice - The registered A safe health system is one that adopts all necessary nurse practices in a manner that is congruent with cultural measures to avoid and reduce harm through organized diversity and inclusion principles. activities, including: Standard 9. Communication - The registered nurse ✓ Ensuring leadership commitment to safety and creation of a culture whereby safety is prioritized. communicates effectively in all areas of practice. ✓ Ensuring a safe working environment and the safety of Standard 10. Collaboration- The registered nurse collaborates procedures and clinical processes. with healthcare consumer and other key stakeholders in the ✓ Building competencies of health and care workers and conduct of nursing practice. improving teamwork and communication. ✓ Engaging patients and families in policy development, Standard 11. Leadership - The registered nurse leads within the research and shared decision-making; and professional practice setting and the profession. ✓ Establishing systems for patient safety incident reporting for learning and continuous improvement. Standard 12. Education - The registered nurse seeks knowledge and competence that reflects current nursing Investing in patient safety positively impacts health practice and promotes futuristic thinking. outcomes, reduces costs related to patient harm, improves system efficiency, and helps in reassuring communities and Standard 13. Evidence-based Practice and Research - The restoring their trust in health care systems. registered nurse integrates evidence and research findings into practice. Reference:http://www.oecd.org/health/health-systems/Economics-of-Patient- Safety-October-2020.pdf Standard 14. Quality of Practice - The registered nurse contributes to quality nursing practice. Standard 15. Professional Practice Evaluation - The registered nurse evaluates one’s own and others’ nursing practice. Standard 16. Resource Utilization - The registered nurse utilizes appropriate resources to plan, provide, and sustain evidence-based nursing services that are safe, effective, and fiscally responsible. Standard 17. Environmental Health - The registered nurse practices in an environmentally safe and healthy manner. Reference: American Nurses Association. (2010). Scope and standards of nursing practice. American Nurses Association. American Nurses Association. (2015). Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice (3rd ed.). American Nurses Association.  ETHICO-MORAL ASPECTS OF NURSING - promulgated by the Board of Nursing (BON) and was consulted with accredited professional Difference of Ethics, Moral, and Code of Ethics organizations like the Philippine Nurses ▪ Ethics refers to the systematic study of what is Association. right and wrong, guiding principles that govern - it also coincides with the ideals of Republic Act individual behavior in a specific context, often No. 9173 or the Philippine Nursing Act of 2002. within professional or societal frameworks. - the Code of Ethics for Filipino Nurses was made ▪ Morals are personal beliefs about right and after a consultation on October23, 2013 at Iloilo wrong behavior, shaped by individual values, City after accredited professional organizations culture, religion, and life experiences. decided to adopt a new Code of Ethics under the ▪ Code of ethics is a formal document that outlines RA 9173 the ethical principles and standards that members of a profession or organization are ARTICLE I (PREAMBLE) SECTION 1 expected to follow. The code serves as a ✓ health is a fundamental right of every individual. guideline for professional conduct, detailing ✓ Filipino registered nurse, believing in the worth specific responsibilities, duties, and expectations and dignity of each human being, recognizes the to promote integrity and accountability. primary responsibility to preserve health at all cost. Ethical Principles 1. Autonomy – the right/freedom to decide (the LEGAL ASPECTS OF NURSING patient has the right to refuse despite the explanation of the nurse) Example: surgery, or Nurses can be reprimanded or have their licenses any procedure revoked for not appropriately following the Nurse 2. Nonmaleficence – the duty not to harm/cause Practice Act in the state they are practicing. Nurses can harm or inflict harm to others (harm maybe also be held legally liable for negligence, malpractice, or physical, financial or social) breach of client confidentiality when providing client 3. Beneficence– for the goodness and welfare of care. the clients 4. Justice – equality/fairness in terms of Types of Cases resources/personnel 1. Criminal cases 5. Veracity – the act of truthfulness - generally filed by the state or federal attorney 6. Fidelity – faithfulness/loyalty to clients general for crimes committed against an 7. Accountability – Accepting responsibility for individual or society. actions - nurses found guilty of intentionally administering fatal doses of drugs to patients Moral Principles would be charged in a criminal court 2. Civil Cases 1. Golden Rule - one individual sues another for money to 2. The principle of Totality – The whole is greater compensate for a perceived loss. Consequences than its parts of being found guilty in a civil suit are monetary. 3. Epikia – There is always an exemption to the rule - Most malpractice cases are tried in civil court. 4. One who acts through as agent is herself responsible – (instrument to the crime) 3. Administrative Cases 5. No one is obliged to betray herself – You cannot - individual is sued by a state or federal betray yourself governmental agency assigned the responsibility 6. The end does not justify the means of implementing governmental programs 7. Defects of nature maybe corrected - Boards of Nursing may seek to revoke licensure 8. If one is willing to cooperate in the act, no justice or institute some form of discipline. is done to him 9. A little more or a little less does not change the Types of Contracts substance of an act. 1. Expressed – when 2 parties discuss and agree 10. No one is held to impossible orally or in writing the terms and conditions during the creation of the contract. Code of Ethics (Philippine-based)  ▪ Example: nurse will work at a hospital for o No expert witnesses are needed only a stated length of time (6 months), under stated conditions (as volunteer, Unintentional Tort straight AM shift, with Negligence ▪ Misconduct or practice that is below the food/transportation allowance) 2. Implied – one that has not been explicitly agreed standard expected of ordinary, reasonable and to by the parties, but that the law considers to prudent person ▪ Failure to do something due to lack of foresight exist. ▪ Example: Nurse newly employed in a or prudence ▪ Failure of an individual to provide care that a hospital is expected to be competent and to follow hospital policies and reasonable person would ordinarily use in a procedures even though these similar circumstance. ▪ An act of omission or commission wherein a expectations were not written or discussed. nurse fails to act in accordance with the standard ▪ Likewise: the hospital is expected to of care. provide the necessary supplies, equipment needed to provide Doctrines of Negligence: competent, quality nursing care. 1. Res ipsa loquitor – the thing speaks for itself – the injury is enough proof of negligence Characteristics/Elements of a lawful contract 2. Respondeat Superior – let the master 1. Promise or agreement between 2 or more answer command responsibility persons for the performance of an action or 3. Force majuere – unforeseen event, restraint from certain actions. irresistible force Malpractice 2. Mutual understanding of the terms and meaning ▪ stepping beyond one’s authority of the contract by all. 3. A lawful purpose – activity must be legal ▪ DUTY: existence of a duty on the part of the 4. Compensation in the form of something of value- person charged to use care under monetary circumstances. Persons who may not enter into a contract ▪ BREACH: failure to meet standard of care Minor ▪ PROXIMATE CAUSATION (CASUAL Insane RELATIONSHIP): This shows a direct link Deaf between the nurse's actions and the injury. Mute foreseeability of harm resulting from failure Ignorant to meet the standard; breach of duty was the legal cause of injury to the client. Tort law ▪ INJURY: the fact that the breach of this ▪ Is a civil wrong committed against a person or a standard resulted in an injury or damages to person’s property. ▪ Person/person’s responsible for the tort are sued the plaintiff and can be compensated by law. for damages ▪ Is based on: Intentional Tort ▪ ACT OF COMMISSION – something that was done incorrectly Assault ▪ An attempt or threat to touch another person ▪ ACT OF OMMISION – something that should have been done but was not. unjustifiably ▪ Example: ▪ A person who threatens someone with a CLASSIFICATION OF TORT club or closed fist. Unintentional tort – do not require intent but do ▪ Nurse threatens a client with an injection require the element of HARM after refusing to take the meds orally. Intentional tort – the act was done on PURPOSE Battery or with INTENT ▪ Willful touching of a person, person’s clothes or o No harm/injury/damage is needed to be something the person is carrying that may or liable may not cause harm but the touching was done  without permission, without consent, is if someone publishes information about your: embarrassing or causes injury. Health Sexual conduct and Financial troubles. ▪ Example: o A nurse threatens the patient with injection if the patient refuses his meds Defamation orally. If the nurse gave the injection ▪ communication that is false or made with a without client’s consent, the nurse careless disregard for the truth and results in would be committing battery even if the injury to the reputation of a person client benefits from the nurse’s action. Types: False Imprisonment 1. Libel – defamation by means of print, writing or ▪ Unjustifiable detention of a person without legal picture warrant to confine the person 1. Example: ▪ Occurs when clients are made to wrongful 2. o writing in the chart/nurse’s notes that believe that they cannot leave the place doctor A is incompetent because he ▪ Example: didn’t respond immediately to a call o Telling a client no to leave the hospital 2. Slander – defamation by the spoken word stating until bill is paid unprivileged (not legally protected) or false word o Use of physical or chemical restraints by which a reputation is damaged o False Imprisonment Forceful 1. Example: Restraint=Battery ▪ Nurse A telling a client that Invasion of Privacy nurse B is incompetent ▪ intrusion into the client’s private domain ▪ Person defamed may bring the ▪ right to be left alone lawsuit ▪ The material (nurse’s notes) ⚫ Types of Invasions the client must be protected must be communicated to a 3rd from: party in order that the person’s reputation maybe harmed ⚫ Appropriation of Name or Likeness - Protect your LAWS THAT REGULATE THE PRACTICE OF NURSING IN right to control the use of your identity for THE PHILIPPINES commercial use. Example: Someone used your ❖ Republic Act No. 7164 (1991) name, likeness, or identity; They used it for their An Act Regulating the Practice of Nursing in the benefit, whether the benefit is economic or Philippines, which established the legal otherwise; You did not consent to their use; and framework for nursing practice and education. Their use of it injured you. ❖ Republic Act No. 9173 (2002) ⚫ Intrusion Upon Seclusion - intrusion of solitude The Philippine Nursing Act of 2002, which laws protects your right to privacy while in solitude updated and expanded upon the provisions of or seclusion. Example: Peek through your windows RA 7164, promoting the advancement of the Take pictures of you in your home (you have a nursing profession and enhancing standards for reasonable expectation of privacy at home) nursing education and practice. Eavesdrop on your private conversations. ❖ Republic Act No. 10918 (2016) An Act Amending Certain Provisions of RA 9173, ⚫ False Light Public - This includes disclosing which addresses the continuing professional information that may be true but is nonetheless education of nurses and strengthens the misleading or damaging. For example, suppose a professionalization of the nursing workforce. photographer takes a picture of you watching a ❖ Republic Act No. 9170 (2002) protest. It could be an invasion of privacy if the The Nurses’ Competency Framework Act, aimed website includes a photo with a caption that says at developing and maintaining nursing you were participating in the protest. competencies through education and professional development. ⚫ Disclosure of Private Facts - laws protect you from ❖ Republic Act No. 9003 (2000) having the details of your personal life made The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act, public.For example, it is likely an invasion of privacy which includes provisions relevant to nurses in  terms of community health and environmental concerns. ❖ Republic Act No. 9262 (2004) The Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act, which highlights the role of nurses in providing care and support to victims of domestic violence. REFERENCES: RNPedia. (n.d.). Ethico-moral aspects of nursing. RNPedia. Retrieved October 1, 2024, from https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/fundamentals- in-nursing-notes/ethico-moral-aspects-nursing/ RNSpeak. (n.d.). Nurses’ code of ethics. RNSpeak. Retrieved October 1, 2024, from https://rnspeak.com/nurses-code-of-ethics/ Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. (n.d.). Republic Act No. 7164: An act regulating the practice of nursing in the Philippines. Retrieved October 1, 2024, from https://chanrobles.com/republicactno7164.html NSG 129 - ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION 5. Horizontal Communication ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION Flow of messages across functional areas at a Organizational communication is a system of given level of an organization (this permits people pathways through which messages flow patterns at the same level to communicate directly). of interaction among people who comprise the Type of messages: facilitates problem organization (who communicates with whom?) solving, info sharing across different work Organizational Communication is also defined as groups, task “A program that focuses on general 6. Informal Communication communication processes and dynamics within The ‘grapevine’ emerges from social and personal organizations” interests of the employees rather than formal requirements of the Organization Importance of Communication in an Organization 7 Cs in Communication 1. Effective communication is required at various Francis J. Bergin advocates that there are seven Cs to levels and for various aspects in an organization remember in verbal communication. These are also such as: applicable to written communication. 2. For motivation of employee They are: 3. Source of information ✓ Completeness 4. For manager – employee relations ✓ Conciseness 5. Managing people and organizations ✓ Consideration 6. Controlling process ✓ Concreteness 7. To increase productivity ✓ Clarity Types of Organizational Communication ✓ Courtesy 1. Internal Communication: ✓ Correctness This is communication that takes place within (or across) an organization. In addition to the usual face to face, A. BUSINESS WRITING AND REPORTING SKILLS telephone, fax or mail; modern organizations may use BUSINESS WRITING technology to communicate internally. It is a letter written in formal language, used when Example writing from one business organization to another, Notices or for correspondence between such Reports organizations and their customers, clients and Memos other external parties. Team briefing They are used for different purposes; like placing 2. External Communication: orders, making inquiries’, making requests, External communication is communication between the requesting claims and adjustment, to apologize for organization and those outside the organization. a wrong or simply to convey goodwill. etc. Example It produces a permanent record, they are Letters confidential, formal and delivers persuasive, well- Direct email considered messages. 3. Upward Communication Style of the letter depends on the relationship Communication from lower to higher levels of the between the parties concerned. organization (such as communication initiated by 1. THE LETTER HEAD / THE SENDER’S ADDRESS subordinates with their superiors). Includes the company’s logo / symbol / name, Types of messages: performance on the job, job address, ZIP, telephone number, fax number, related problems, fellow employees and their email address and website of the company. problems, subordinates perceptions of org policies Printed at the top center/left or the right side. and practices, tasks and procedures SENDER’S ADDRESS: 4. Downward Communication It is usually given in the letterhead, but if there is From upper to lower (such as manager to none, the Sender’s Name, Address and Contact employer or superior to subordinate). details can be typed. Types of messages: Job instructions, job 2. REFERENCE rationales, procedures and practices information, Include a reference line to identify a file or case feedback, and indoctrination. number, invoice number or any other internal  identifying information, if your company requires Salutation depends on the gender, type, number one. or the social status of the person addressed. Some companies have specific reference codes Ex: Dear Sir, that they place either in a reference line below the Dear Madam, date, or at the very bottom of the letter Dear Amit Das, 3. DATE Dear Mr. John, Date consists of the date, name of the month and Dear Nancy, the year. 7. BODY If the letter sheet includes a letterhead, type the Begins two spaces below the salutation. date from 2 to 3 lines under the letterhead, else Contains the message or the information to be type it under the return address. communicated. Never send a letter without a date. Divided normally into 3 parts: 1) Introductory paragraph The date is written in two styles. 2) Middle paragraph 1. The British Method (ordinal numbers) : 3) Closing paragraph 4th July, 2012 8. COMPLIMENTARY CLOSE 2. The American Method (cardinal numbers) : It Is written two spaces below the last line of the July 4, 20122. body. Never write like 7-2-12 or 7/2/12 because it shows It is a polite way of saying “ Good bye”. that the writer is careless or in a great hurry. It depends on the tone and degree of formality. 4. THE INSIDE ADDRESS Formal: Respectfully yours, Sincerely, Yours faithfully Includes the name and address of the firm or the Informal: Cordially yours, Warm Regards, Best wishes individual to 9. THE SIGNATURE AND DESIGNATION whom the letter is written to. Written double space below the complimentary Written on the left side, beside the margin, two close. spaces below the First comes Signature (pen written). Sign your first date- line. and last name. Use Courtesy titles before names of the receiver Second line - type written name. such as Mr., Mrs., Shri, Smt., Miss, Ms, Messrs, Third line - business title. Dr, Prof., Capt., Maj., Col., Gen. etc. The signature acts as proof. The address can also begin with a job title or a 10. ENCLOSURES department (if you don’t know the name). For e.g.: This line tells the reader to look in the envelope for The Sales Manager, The Accounts Department more. etc. Write Enc./Encl./Enclosure below the signature 5. SUBJECTS AND RECEIVERS REFERENCES NO. block. Subject is used so that the reader immediately e.g. : Enclosure knows what your letter is about. Enclosures: 3 Use “Subject” or “Re”. Enclosures : Check #231 for $500 Subject usually comes between Salutation and If you don't enclose anything, skip it. body. 11. REFERENCE INITIALS The receiver's references i.e. the receiver’s If someone else has composed / typed the letter previous letter number is mentioned under the for you, it is common for them to indicate so with heading reference. initials. This will enable the receiver to easily take out a Typically it is your initials in upper case followed by copy of his own letter from his files and understand the other initials in lower case. the matter in the reply.e.g. Your Reference SWA/KA - (composer/typist) :MBM/SD/285/05 DATED 5th oct.2005 SWA:KA 6. SALUTATION 12. COPY NOTATION It is a compliment or greeting. When other people are to receive a copy of the Written beside the left hand margin, two spaces same letter, their names are noted either by their below the Inside address and two lines above the ranks or by alphabetically. body of the letter. Written just below the reference initials or the It is followed by a comma (,) or a colon (:). enclosure whichever is last. Type “cc” before the names if sending a “carbon  copy(to)” and “pc” for photocopy (to). 2. Analytical reports CC: Jim Blue, Jennifer Louis 3. Formal Reports LAYOUT 4. Progress reports 1. BLOCK 5. Technical reports ➔ Each line of every part begins at the left margin. 6. Research reports ➔ At least one line space between each part. 7. Feasibility Report ➔ Time saving method and beautiful to look at, also 8. Business Reports known as American style. Structure of Report Writing 2. INDENT Preliminary Parts: Title page ➔ New paragraphs begin about 1.5 centimeters to Date the right of the left margin. Acknowledgments ➔ This style is also known as Hanging style. Table of Contents ➔ This method consumes a lot of time, looks shabby, List of Tables and Illustrations therefore out of practice. Main Text: 3. SEMI BLOCK/MODIFIED BLOCK Introduction (clear statement of research ➔ Some parts are typed in block method and other objectives, background information, hypotheses, parts are indented. methodology, statistical analysis, scope of study, ➔ Return address, date, closing and signature start limitations) just to the right of the center of the page or may be Statement of findings and recommendations flush with the right margin. Results ➔ Most widely followed method in our country, Implications of the results especially in the government. offices. Summary End Matter: B. PRESENTATION OF REPORTS Appendices REPORT Bibliography - A formal document that is structured and presented in an organized manner, with the aim of C. PREPARATION AND CONDUCT OF MEETINGS conveying information, analyzing data, and TYPES OF MEETING providing recommendations. 1. Special Meeting - Called for a specific and - It usually contains a clear introduction, body, and urgent purpose. conclusion. 2. Scheduled Meeting - Planned with regular Features of report writing frequency. 1. Clarity 3. Emergency Meeting - Held in response to 2. Objectivity urgent, unexpected situations. 3. Accuracy 4. Consultative Meeting - Focused on gaining 4. Structure advice or input from experts. 5. Visual aids 5. Business Meeting - aimed at achieving business 6. Evidence objectives 7. Recommendations 6. Meeting with the Board of Director/s - A high- Significance of Report Writing level meeting where strategic decisions are Reports provide decision-makers with the made. information they need to make informed decisions. Requisites of a Valid Meeting Effective report writing demonstrates 1. Proper Authority: The proper authority to professionalism and attention to detail, which can convene a general meeting of a company is the help to build trust and credibility with clients. Board of Directors. The Board should pass a Reports can inform planning processes by resolution to call the general meeting. If the providing data and insights that can be used to directors do not call the meeting, the member or develop strategies and allocate resources. the Company Law Board may call the meeting. Reports often include recommendations or 2. Notice of meeting: Proper notice of the meeting suggestions for future action, which can help to should be given to all the members and all others improve processes, procedures, or outcomes. who are entitled to attend the meeting. A general Types of report writing meeting may be called by giving a notice of less 1. Informational reports than 21 days. If the notice of a meeting is not given  to every person entitled to receive notice, then any MEETING MINUTES resolution passed at the meeting will have no - are a crucial element of professional documentation effect but accidental omission may be valid. because they create a formal record of the discussions and 3. Quorum for meeting: Quorum means the decisions made during a meeting. minimum number of members who must be Meeting minutes are a common type of descriptive report. present to constitute a valid meeting. The quorum These reports provide a written report and record is generally fixed by the Articles. 5 members of a group’s activities and decisions. personally present in the case of Public Company Whatever their type and specific purpose, they all and 2 in the case