Unit 3 Biology Review PDF

# Review: Unit 3 Thursday, October 17, 2024 3:28 PM ## H. Biology Unit 3 - “Cells” Review Packet ### Distinguish the Cell Types: | | Prokaryotic | Eukaryotic | |-------------|-------------|------------| | Size | smaller | 10-100x larger | | Organisms | bacteria | eve...

# Review: Unit 3 Thursday, October 17, 2024 3:28 PM ## H. Biology Unit 3 - “Cells” Review Packet ### Distinguish the Cell Types: | | Prokaryotic | Eukaryotic | |-------------|-------------|------------| | Size | smaller | 10-100x larger | | Organisms | bacteria | everything that is not a bacteria | | Complexity | simple | more complex | | | | | | Unicelullar/Multicellular | unicellular | multicellular | | Organelles/Cell Parts | - cell membrane | - Vacuole (s) | | | - Cytoplasm | - Peroxisome | | | - Ribosomes | - Ribosomes | | | - Flagellum | - Nucleus | | | - Nucleiod. | - Cytoskeleton | | | - Pili | - Mitochondrian | | | - Cell wall | - Golgi apparatus | | | - Capsule | - Smooth/Rough ER | | | - No nucleus | - Cell membrane | | | - No membrane bound organelles | - Plasmodesmata | | DNA Present | Yes | Yes | | Membrane Bound Organelles | No | Yes | ### Explain at least 5 differences between a plant cell and an animal cell. | Plant | Animal | |---------|--------| | large central vacuole | smaller vacuoles | | Chloroplast | No chloroplast | | Cell wall | Only cell membrane | | Lysosome | Cilia | | Plasmodesmata | Centrioles | ### Explain at least 5 similarities between a plant cell and an animal cell. | Plant | Animal | |---------|--------| | Nucleus | Mitochondria | | Ribosomes | Cell membrane | | Cytoplasm | Golgi apparatus | | Endoplasmic reticulum | Nucleolus | | Eukaryotic | Cytoskeleton | ## Organelles/Cell Parts: | Organelles/Cell Parts | Bacteria | Animal | Plant | Function | |------------------------|---------|--------|-------|----------| | Nucleus | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Store DNA that codes for specific traits. | | Nucleolus | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Makes ribosomes that are used in basic DNA instruction | | Ribosome | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Makes proteins that are used in based DNA instruction | | Lysosome | | ✓ | ✓ | Enzymes do hydrolysis to breakdown waste and digest food. | | Mitochondria | | ✓ | ✓ | Produce energy (ATP) by doing cell respiration, breaks down glucose using oxygen making ATP (energy). | | Cell membrane | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Allows materials to enter and exit the cell, which helps homeostasis. | | Cell wall | | | ✓ | Supports and protects cell. | | Golgi | | ✓ | ✓ | Packages and ship out proteins made by the rough ER to the membrane. | | Smooth ER | | ✓ | ✓ | Detoxification of the cell; produce lipids. | | Chloroplast | | | ✓ | Photosynthesis to produce sugar (glucose). chlorophyll pigment captures sun light energy. | | Cytoplasm | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Hold organelle in cell; many chemical reactions here. | | Vacuole | | ✓ | ✓ | Stores food and water. | | Rough ER | | ✓ | ✓ | Makes proteins that are shipped out of the cell by another organelle. | | Cilia | | ✓ | | Move water relative to the cell in a regular movement of the cilia | | Flagellum | ✓ | ✓ | | Movement | | Cytoskeleton | | ✓ | ✓ | Internal structural support of all cells. | | Central Vacuole | | | ✓ | Store food and water. | | Plasmid | ✓ | | | Extra genetic traits. | | Pili | ✓ | | | Exchange DNA plasmids with other bacteria. | ### Label the following organelles/ cell parts: **Cross-Section of a Plant Cell** - cell wall - cytoplasm - cell membrane - ribosomes - vacuole - nucleus - nucleolus - nuclear membrane - chloroplast - mitochondria - golgi - rough ER - smooth ER **Cross-Section of an Animal Cell** - cell membrane - cytoplasm - vacuoles - nucleus - nucleolus - nuclear membrane - lysosomes - mitochondria - golgi - centrioles - rough endoplasmic reticulum - smooth endoplasmic reticulum - ribosomes ### Cellular Transport: Label as active (A) or passive (P) - P: sugar spreads out in a pitcher of sweet tea - A: a cell pumps toxins out of cell - P: water moves with its concentration gradient - A: energy is consumed - A: when a cell is placed in salt water, water exits the cell - A: ions are moved against their concentration gradient - A: calcium (Ca2+) flows through a protein to an area where there is more calcium - P: facilitated diffusion - A: a cell exports the large proteins it has produced into the blood - P: carbon dioxide moves out of the cell where it produced into the bloodstream - A: when placed into fresh water, cells swell up and burst - A: endocytosis - P: osmosis - A: glucose moves down its concentration gradient ### Solution | Solution | Effect on Plant Cell | Effect on Animal Cell | |---|---|---| | Hypertonic | Shrink | Shrink | | Isotonic | Neutral | Neutral | | Hypotonic | Swell | Swell (later burst) | Label each of the solutions below as hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic and draw arrows to show which way water will move. Tell what will happen to the size of the cell: shrink/swell/stay same. - 30% salt: hypertonic, water will move out of the cell, cell will shrink - 60% water: hypotonic, water will move into the cell, cell will swell - 40% salt: hypertonic, water will move out of the cell, cell will shrink - 30% water: hypotonic, water will move into the cell, cell will swell - 50% salt: hypertonic, water will move out of the cell, cell will shrink ### Diffusion: - Spraying perfume in a room will make it smell stronger in front but eventually, it will be equally strong in the room. - Osmosis: You can have too much salt in your cells, thus causing water to transport into the cell in an attempt to maintain homeostasis. - Hypertonic: when plants have more water in the cell, they can swell and become very lush. - Hypotonic: water moving from soil into plant roots; sugars from photosynthesis moving leaves to fruit; glucose; macrophage ingesting bacterial cell. ### What is the difference between diffusion and facilitated diffusion? - Diffusion: passes through the cell membrane. - Facilitated: passes through a protein. ### What are endocytosis and exocytosis? What are they used for? Would they be considered active or passive transport? - Endocytosis: food or drink entering - active transport - Exocytosis: food or drink leaving - active transport ### What is the difference between a channel protein and a carrier protein? Explain using examples. | Channel Protein | Carrier Protein | | ----------- | ----------- | | * In membrane * | * in membrane * | | * As pump * | * As pump * | | * Bind molecules or ions on one side of the membrane and release them on the other * | * Create holes/pores that penetrate, enabling target molecules or ions to flow through via diffusion without interfering with one another * | | * Float * | * Float * | ### Cell Specialization: Describe the steps in detail on how cells become specialized: 1. Stem cell receives a chemical signal (called hormones). 2. DNA of the cell uses the directions in the signals to turn on or off specific genes. 3. Based on activated genes, the cell grows specific structures. 4. The cell is able to do its specific function, it can never go back to being a stem cell ### Review your notes describing 9 types of cells, then complete the table below: | Cell Name | Structure/Function | |---|---| | Neuron Cell | * Structure: dendrites - connect to other nerves * | | | * axon - insulated for super fast message transmission * | | | * Function: sends messages around the body * | | Red Blood Cell | * Structure: very small, flexible, loses nucleus to increase surface area to carry oxygen * | | | * Function: deliver oxygen around the body * | | Sperm Cell | * Structure: flagellum - tail, mitochondria - lots of energy * | | | * Function: swim to egg * |