Unit IV Environmental Policy PDF

UNIT IV ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY  ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS Environment Protection Act, 1986 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 The Forest Conservation Act, 1980 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 The Wildlife Protecti...

UNIT IV ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY  ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS Environment Protection Act, 1986 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 The Forest Conservation Act, 1980 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 OZONE LAYER DEPLETION  OZONE LAYER DEPLETION Ozone layer depletion or ozone hole is the gradual thinning of the earth’s ozone layer in the upper atmosphere caused due to the release of chemical compounds containing gaseous bromine or chlorine from industries or other human activities. Chlorofluorocarbons are the most abundant ozone-depleting substance. It is only when the chlorine atom reacts with some other molecule, it does not react with ozone.  MONTREAL PROTOCOL The Montreal Protocol, finalized in 1987, is a global agreement to protect the stratospheric ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of ozone- depleting substances (ODS). ODS are substances that were commonly used in products such as refrigerators, air conditioners, fire extinguishers, and aerosols.  GREENHOUSE EFFECT Greenhouse effect is the process by which radiations from the sun are absorbed by the greenhouse gases and not reflected back into space. This insulates the surface of the earth and prevents it from freezing. Greenhouse gases are the gases that absorb the infrared radiations and create a greenhouse effect. For eg., carbondioxide and chlorofluorocarbons.” Greenhouse effect leads to Global warming.  KYOTO PROTOCOL The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty to reduce greenhouse gas emissions on 1997, in Kyoto, Japan. Kyoto Protocol applies to 6 greenhouse gases; carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride. India is currently the world's third largest emitter of greenhouse gases after China and the US. CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (CBD) The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was negotiated and signed by nations at the Earth Summit at Rio de Janeiro in Brazil on June 5, 1992. It is a key document regarding sustainable development. It comes under the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).  EARTH SUMMIT/RIO SUMMIT This summit led to the development of the following documents: Rio Declaration on Environment and Development Agenda 21 Forest Principles The first document called the Rio Declaration, in short, contained 27 principles that were supposed to guide countries in future sustainable development. Agenda 21 is an action plan concerning sustainable development, but it is non-binding. The Forest Principles is formally called ‘Non- Legally Binding Authoritative Statement of Principles for a Global Consensus on the Management, Conservation and Sustainable Development of All Types of Forests’. It makes many recommendations for conservation and sustainable development forestry and is non-binding.  RIGHTS OF TRIBALS Article 46 of the Constitution provides that the State shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the society and in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation. The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, also referred to as the Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006, recognizes the rights of the forest-dwelling tribal communities and other traditional forest dwellers to forest resources.  Rights for the Forest dwellers As per India State of Forest Report- 2019, published by Forest Survey of India, approximately 300 million people are dependent on forests. HUMAN WILDLIFE CONFLICT  HUMAN WILDLIFE CONFLICT Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) occurs when animals pose a direct and recurring threat to the livelihood or safety of people. Human-Wildlife Conflict cases due to many reasons, which include competition for food, space, deforestation and encroachments. Most of the conflict takes place in human settlements, forest areas where deforestation and encroachments have taken place.