Basics of IT PDF

**[BASICS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ]** **[UNIT -- III]** **What is Computer Networking?** A computer network is a system that connects many independent computers to share information (data) and resources. The integration of computers and other different devices allows users to communicate more e...

**[BASICS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ]** **[UNIT -- III]** **What is Computer Networking?** A computer network is a system that connects many independent computers to share information (data) and resources. The integration of computers and other different devices allows users to communicate more easily. A computer network is a collection of two or more computer systems that are linked together. A network connection can be established using either cable or wireless media. Hardware and software are used to connect computers and tools in any network. Key Components of a Computer Network ------------------------------------ It is made up of two main parts: devices (called nodes) and connections (called links). The links connect the devices to each other. The rules for how these connections send information are called communication protocols. The starting and ending points of these communications are often called ports**.** Key-components-of-computer-network *Key Components of Computer Network* ### 1. Network Devices Basic hardware interconnecting network nodes, such as Network Interface Cards (NICs), Bridges, Hubs, Switches, and Routers, are used in all networks. In addition, a mechanism for connecting these building parts is necessary, which is usually galvanic cable and optical cable are less popular ("optical fiber")The following are the network devices : - - - - - - - ### 2. Links Links are the ways information travels between devices, and they can be of two types: - - ### 3. Communication Protocols A communication protocol is a set of rules that all devices follow when they share information It has four functional layers for these communication links: - - - - Most of the modern internet structure is based on the TCP/IP model, although the similar seven-layer OSI model still has a strong influence. ### 4. Network Defense While nodes, links, and protocols are the building blocks of a network, a modern network also needs strong defenses. Security is crucial because huge amounts of data are constantly being created, moved, and processed. Some examples of network defense tools are firewalls, intrusion detection systems (IDS), intrusion prevention systems (IPS), network access control (NAC), content filters, proxy servers and load balancers. **Types of Computer Networks** ------------------------------ There are mainly five types of Computer Networks 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.  1. Personal Area Network (PAN) ------------------------------ PAN is the most basic type of computer network. It is a type of network designed to connect devices within a short range, typically around one person. It allows your personal devices, like smartphones, tablets, laptops, and wearables, to communicate and share data with each other. PAN offers a network range of 1 to 100 meters from person to device providing communication. Its transmission speed is very high with very easy maintenance and very low cost. This uses Bluetooth**, **IrDA**, **and Zigbee as technology. Examples of PAN are USB, computer, phone, tablet, printer, PDA, etc. Personal Area Network (PAN) ### **Types of PAN** - - ### Advantages of PAN - - - - - ### **Disadvantages of PAN** - - - - ### Applications of PAN - - - - - 2. Local Area Network (LAN) --------------------------- LAN is the most frequently used network. A LAN is a computer network that connects computers through a common communication path, contained within a limited area, that is, locally. A LAN encompasses two or more computers connected over a server. The two important technologies involved in this network are Ethernet** **and Wi-fi.  It ranges up to 2km & transmission speed is very high with easy maintenance and low cost. Examples of LAN are networking in a home, school, library, laboratory, college, office, etc.  ### **Advantages of a LAN** - - - - ### **Disadvantages of LAN** - - - - - 3. Campus Area Network (CAN) ---------------------------- CAN is bigger than a LAN but smaller than a MAN. This is a type of computer network that is usually used in places like a school or colleges. This network covers a limited geographical area that is, it spreads across several buildings within the campus. CAN mainly use Ethernet technology with a range from 1km to 5km. Its transmission speed is very high with a moderate maintenance cost and moderate cost. Examples of CAN are networks that cover schools, colleges, buildings, etc. Campus Area Network (CAN) *Campus Area Network (CAN)* ### Advantages of CAN - - - A MAN is larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN. This is the type of computer network that connects computers over a geographical distance through a shared communication path over a city, town, or metropolitan area. This network mainly uses FDDI, CDDI, and ATM as the technology with a range from 5km to 50km. Its transmission speed is average. It is difficult to maintain and it comes with a high cost. Examples of MAN are networking in towns, cities, a single large city, a large area within multiple buildings, etc.  *Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)* ### Advantages of MAN - - - - ### Disadvantages of MAN - - - - 5. Wide Area Network (WAN) -------------------------- WAN is a type of computer network that connects computers over a large geographical distance through a shared communication path. It is not restrained to a single location but extends over many locations. WAN can also be defined as a group of local area networks that communicate with each other with a range above 50km. Here we use Leased-Line & Dial-up technology. Its transmission speed is very low and it comes with very high maintenance and very high cost. The most common example of WAN is the Internet. Wide Area Network (WAN) *Wide Area Network (WAN)* ### **Advantages of WAN** - - - ### **Disadvantages of WAN** - - - What is Network Topology? ------------------------- Network topology is the way devices are connected in a network. It defines how these components are connected and how data transfer between the network. Understanding the different types of network topologies can help in choosing the right design for a specific network. There are two major categories of Network Topology i.e. Physical Network topology and Logical Network Topology. Physical Network Topology refers to the actual structure of the physical medium for the transmission of data. Logical network Topology refers to the transmission of data between devices present in the network irrespective of the way devices are connected.  Types of Network Topology ------------------------- Below mentioned are the types of Network Topology - - - - - - - Point to Point Topology ----------------------- Point-to-point topology is a type of topology that works on the functionality of the sender and receiver. It is the simplest communication between two nodes, in which one is the sender and the other one is the receiver. Point-to-Point provides high bandwidth.  -------------------------------------------- **Mesh Topology** ----------------- In a mesh topology, every device is connected to another device via a particular channel. Every device is connected to another via dedicated channels. These channels are known as links. Mesh-Topology - - ### Advantages of Mesh Topology - - - - ### Disadvantages of Mesh Topology - - - **Star Topology** ----------------- In Star Topology, all the devices are connected to a single hub through a cable. This hub is the central node and all other nodes are connected to the central node. The hub can be passive in nature i.e., not an intelligent hub such as broadcasting devices, at the same time the hub can be intelligent known as an active hub. Active hubs have repeaters in them. In Star Topology, many popular Ethernet LAN protocols are used as CD(Collision Detection), CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access), etc.  *Star Topology* ### Advantages - - - - ### Disadvantages - - - A common example of star topology is a **local area network (LAN)** in an office where all computers are connected to a central hub. This topology is also used in wireless networks where all devices are connected to a wireless access point. **Bus Topology** ---------------- Bus Topology is a network type in which every computer and network device is connected to a single cable. It is bi-directional. It is a multi-point connection and a non-robust topology because if the backbone fails the topology crashes. In Bus Topology, various MAC (Media Access Control) protocols are followed by LAN ethernet connections like TDMA, Pure Aloha, CDMA, Slotted Aloha, etc. Bus Topology *Bus Topology* ### Advantages - - - ### Disadvantages - - - - A common example of bus topology is the Ethernet LAN, where all devices are connected to a single coaxial cable or twisted pair cable. This topology is also used in cable television networks. **Ring Topology** ----------------- In a Ring Topology, it forms a ring connecting devices with exactly two neighboring devices. A number of repeaters are used for Ring topology with a large number of nodes, because if someone wants to send some data to the last node in the ring topology with 100 nodes, then the data will have to pass through 99 nodes to reach the 100th node. Hence to prevent data loss repeaters are used in the network. The data flows in one direction, i.e. it is unidirectional, but it can be made bidirectional by having 2 connections between each Network Node, it is called Dual Ring Topology  *Ring Topology* The most common access method of ring topology is token passing. - - ### Advantages - - - - ### Disadvantages - - - - Tree Topology ------------- Tree topology is the variation of the Star topology. This topology has a hierarchical flow of data. In Tree Topology, protocols like DHCP and **SAC (Standard Automatic Configuration) **are used. Tree-topology *Tree Topology* In tree topology, the various secondary hubs are connected to the central hub which contains the repeater. This data flow from top to bottom i.e. from the central hub to the secondary and then to the devices or from bottom to top. ### Advantages - - - - ### Disadvantages - - - A common example of a tree topology is the hierarchy in a large organization. At the top of the tree is the CEO, who is connected to the different departments or divisions (child nodes) of the company. **Hybrid Topology** ------------------- Hybrid Topology is the combination of all the various types of topologies we have studied above. Hybrid Topology is used when the nodes are free to take any form. It means these can be individuals such as Ring or Star topology or can be a combination of various types of topologies.  *Hybrid Topology* ### Advantages of Hybrid Topology - - ### Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology - - - A common example of a hybrid topology is a university campus network. **INTERNET** **Internet** is a group of computer systems connected from all around the world. The Internet protocol suite is a framework defined through the Internet standards. Methods are divided right into a layered set of protocols on this architecture. The Internet gives a huge variety of statistics and communique offerings, which includes forums, databases, email, and hypertext. It is made of the neighborhood to global personal, public networks connected through plenty of digital, wireless, and networking technologies. **History of the Internet** --------------------------- The Internet came in the year 1960 with the creation of the first working model called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency). It allowed multiple computers to work on a single network which was their biggest achievement at that time. ARPANET uses packet switching to communicate multiple computer systems under a single network. In October 1969, using ARPANET first message was transferred from one computer to another. After that technology continues to grow.  ### Application of Internet #### 1. Smart Home Smart Home has become the evolutionary ladder in residential and developing as common as smartphones. It is a special feature of Google and now deployed in many areas to make life convenient and user-friendly. The smart home is designed to save time, money and energy. #### 2. Electronic Devices Electronic devices like wearables are installed with different sensors and software, which gather data and information of the user where data is processed to give required info about the user. The devices mainly used to monitor fitness, entertainment, and health. They mostly work on ultra-low power and available in small sizes. #### 3. Automated Digital Technology The automated digital technology has concentrated on the optimization of vehicles and their internal functions. the automated car is designed with special features that give a comfort zone to passengers with onboard sensors and internet establishment. Popular companies like Tesla, Apple, BMW, Google is yet to aboard their revolution in the automobile industry by installing excellent features. #### 4. Industrial Internet The industrial internet is investing in industrial engineering with Artificial intelligence and data analytics to build brilliant machines. The important moto is to build smart machines that are accurate and compatible with a human. It holds vast potential with good quality and reliability. The applications are deployed for tracing the goods to be delivered, real-time data regarding retails and supplies that increase the efficiency of the business's supply chain and productivity. #### 5. Smart City A smart city is another major implementation of the internet, which is employed for smart surveillance, water distribution, automatic transportation, environment monitoring. People are prone to pollution, improper supplies and shortage of sources, and the installation of traffic sensors solves irregular traffic flow, and the app is developed to report the municipal systems. Citizens can able to diagnose simple malfunctions in meter and can report to the electricity system via electricity board applications or websites, and they can also find available slots for vehicle parking easily in sensor systems. #### 6. Smartphones Smartphones are also used for retailers and customers to stay connected for their business transactions, even out of the store. They have using Beacon technology to help business people to provide smart service to the client. They can track the products and enhance the store dashboard and deliver premium order before the scheduled date, even in congested traffic areas. #### 7. Smart Grids The idea applied in smart grids is to gather data in an automated way to analyze the attribute of electricity. Consumers to improve the efficiency and economics of usage. Smart grids can easily detect the power outage and shortage quickly and fix them shortly. #### 8. Major Application Another major application of the internet is in healthcare as it is smart medical systems installed to diagnose and cure the disease at an earlier stage. Many **machine learning** algorithms are used in image processing and classification to detect the fetus's abnormalities before birth. The main aim applied in the medical field is to provide a healthier life for all by wearing connected devices. The gathered medical data of patients made the treatment easier, and a monitoring device is installed to track the sugar and blood pressure. **Advantages of Internet:** - - - - - ### Disadvantages of Internet - - - - - - - - An internet service provider (ISP) is a company that provides access to the internet. ISPs can provide this access through multiple means, including dial-up, DSL, cable, wireless and fiber-optic connections. - A variety of companies serve as ISPs, including cable providers, mobile carriers, and telephone companies. In some cases, a single company may offer multiple types of service (e.g., cable and wireless), while in other cases, a company may focus on just one type of service (e.g., fiber-optic). Without an ISP, individuals and businesses could not reach the internet and the opportunities it provides. **Services offered by ISPs** ---------------------------- - **Equipment rental**: Many ISPs will rent equipment like modems and routers to their customers. This can be a convenient option for those who do not want to purchase their own equipment or do not need the latest and greatest technology. - **Tech support**: Many ISPs offer tech support to their customers. This can be a valuable service for those unfamiliar with setting up or troubleshooting internet connections. - **Email access**: Some ISPs offer email services to their customers. This can be a convenient way to have an email address linked to your ISP account. - **Tiered connection plans**: ISPs typically offer different tiers of service, with different speeds and data allowances. This is a good option for those who want to pay for a higher-speed connection or who need more data than what is included in the basic package. **How to choose an ISP?** ------------------------- - **Location**: Depending on your location, you may only have a few choices for ISPs. This is because each ISP has coverage areas that they serve. If an ISP does not serve your area, you may have to use a different type of connection, like a mobile data plan. - **Speed**: How fast do you need your connection to be? If you are just browsing the web or checking email, you may not need a particularly fast connection. However, if you are streaming video or gaming online, you will need a much faster connection. An even faster connection is required for those who work from home and need to upload large files. - **Data cap**: Some ISPs have data caps, which means you could be charged overage fees if you use too much data in a month. If you are a heavy internet user, you will want to choose an ISP with an unlimited data plan. - **Budget**: The cost of an ISP plan will vary depending on the speed and data allowance you need. You can get a cheaper plan if you only need a basic internet connection for email and web browsing. However, you will need to pay more if you need a faster connection for using multiple apps or streaming. How is Information Technology Impacting Businesses? --------------------------------------------------- There are several ways information technology has impacted businesses. The following list is just a few ways that IT has impacted businesses across the globe. ### 1. Automation With the help of information technology, businesses can automate certain processes and tasks including customer support, data entry, and bookkeeping. This reduces the need for manual labor and frees up time for employees to focus on their core competencies. Automation can help businesses become more efficient and save time, money, and resources. ### 2. Artificial Intelligence AI can analyze data quickly and accurately, making it easier for businesses to make well-informed decisions quickly. It also helps reduce the need for manual labor and the associated costs. This is especially helpful when large amounts of data must be analyzed and processed. ### 3. Improved Productivity Information technology helps businesses increase their productivity by allowing them to access data quickly and accurately, which can help improve decision-making processes. Improved productivity can lead to increased profits, as businesses will be able to produce more products or services in less time. ### 4. Improved Customer Service Information technology helps businesses interact with customers in real time, thus providing them with better customer service. Businesses can also use AI to handle complex customer queries and provide personalized experiences to customers. This helps build customer loyalty and improves brand reputation. ### 5. Cloud Computing By using cloud-based applications, businesses can store and access data from any device or location. This can help businesses save resources and time by eliminating the need to install software on individual devices or maintain server hardware. Increasingly, businesses are shifting to cloud computing to leverage its many benefits. ### 6. Remote Working Information technology enables businesses to provide their employees with the option of remote working. This can help reduce costs associated with office space and increase productivity by allowing employees to work from anywhere in the world. In addition, it helps businesses become more flexible as they can hire employees without having to worry about geographical boundaries. ### 7. Mobile Technology The increasing use of mobile technology has enabled businesses to access data and communicate with customers in real time. Businesses are now able to offer their customers a wide range of products and services via their mobile devices. This increases customer engagement, which can lead to increased sales and revenues. Mobile technology has become an integral part of businesses in today's digital world and its importance is set to continue growing. ### 8. CyberSecurity The use of information technology has created a need for businesses to secure their networks from cyber threats. Businesses are now investing more in cyber security solutions such as firewalls and antivirus software to protect their data from hackers and malware. This is crucial as cyber-attacks can have a devastating effect on businesses, resulting in financial losses and damage to their reputation. ### 9. Management of Resources Information technology has enabled businesses to better manage their resources. This includes the ability to monitor and track employee performance, inventory levels, customer data, and financial information in real time. Businesses can also use software applications such as enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems to manage their operations more efficiently. ERP systems enable businesses to manage their resources in a more cost-effective way at reduced expenses. ### 11. Customer Support The use of information technology has enabled businesses to provide better customer support. Businesses can now offer their customers a wide range of services such as online chat, email support, and self-help options. This helps to reduce costs and improve customer satisfaction. It also enables businesses to quickly respond to customer queries, which is essential for creating a positive customer experience. Businesses are increasingly investing in customer relationship management (CRM) software to manage their customer interactions more effectively. CRM systems enable businesses to collect, store, and analyze customer data. This helps them understand customer behavior and identify opportunities for improvement. ### ***APPLICATIONS OF IT*** ### ***1. Healthcare*** - - - - ### ***2. Education*** - - - ### ***3. Communications*** The advancement of information technology has made the world a smaller place, and the entire world is now connected. Data can now be shared anywhere in the world, regardless of geographical location. ### ***4. Employment***  Every day, we could see hundreds of job openings from all over the world. Software engineers, data scientists, cloud analysts, designers, and developers are all involved in data management in some way. ### ***5. Security***  Because the entire data is stored on the cloud, and physical devices, and there is a lot of data transferring involved, it is critical to safeguard all of the data.IT aids in the secure reading and transfer of data via risk-free network channels.  ### ***6. Governance*** The concept of E-Governance is currently transforming the lives of millions of people all over the world. The digitalisation of government activities has made the administration more accountable and responsive to societal issues. ### ***7. Entertainment*** Information Technology has brought about significant changes in all of our lifestyles. IT has introduced new entertainment options into our lives. People can now watch their favourite shows and movies and listen to music via cable or wirelessly. People can now watch 3D and even 7D movies, special audio systems, and even access global radio channels thanks to technological advancements. ### ***8. Finance:*** IT has transformed the way we manage our finances, making it easier to access banking services and invest in the stock market. Online banking has made it possible to check account balances, transfer funds, and pay bills from anywhere in the world. ### ***9. Transportation:*** IT has also had a significant impact on transportation, making it easier to navigate and plan travel. GPS technology has made it easier to navigate unfamiliar roads and find the fastest route to our destination. Ride-sharing services like Uber and Ola have made it easier to hail a ride and avoid the hassles of public transportation. ### ***10. Virtual and Augmented Reality:*** Virtual reality technology can create a simulated environment, while augmented reality technology can enhance the real-world environment with digital information. These technologies have enabled immersive learning experiences, improved the accuracy of medical procedures, and created new forms of entertainment, such as virtual concerts and games. **WHAT IS MULTIMEDIA?** The word **multi** and **media** are combined to form the word **multimedia**. The word "**multi" signifies "many**." **Multimedia is a type of medium that allows information to be easily transferred from one location to another**. Multimedia is the presentation of **text**, **pictures**, **audio**, and **video** with links and tools that allow the user to navigate, engage, create, and communicate using a computer. Multimedia refers to the computer-assisted integration of text, drawings, still and moving images (videos) graphics, audio, animation, and any other media in which any type of information can be expressed, stored, communicated, and processed digitally. Components of Multimedia ------------------------ Multimedia consists of the following 5 components: ### 1. Text Characters are used to form words, phrases, and paragraphs in the text. Text appears in all multimedia creations of some kind. The text can be in a variety of fonts and sizes to match the multimedia software's professional presentation. Text in multimedia systems can communicate specific information or serve as a supplement to the information provided by the other media. ### 2. Graphics Non-text information, such as a sketch, chart, or photograph, is represented digitally. Graphics add to the appeal of the multimedia application. In many circumstances, people dislike reading big amounts of material on computers. As a result, pictures are more frequently used than words to clarify concepts, offer background information, and so on. Graphics are at the heart of any multimedia presentation. ### 3. Animations A sequence of still photographs is being flipped through. It's a set of visuals that give the impression of movement. Animation is the process of making a still image appear to move. A presentation can also be made lighter and more appealing by using animation. In multimedia applications, the animation is quite popular. ### 4. Video The term video refers to a moving image that is accompanied by sound, such as a television picture. Of course, text can be included in videos, either as captioning for spoken words or as text embedded in an image, as in a slide presentation. The following programs are widely used to view videos: Real Player, Window Media Player, etc. ### 5. Audio Any sound, whether it's music, conversation, or something else. Sound is the most serious aspect of multimedia, delivering the joy of music, special effects, and other forms of entertainment. MP3, WMA, Wave, MIDI, and RealAudio are examples of audio formats. The following programs are widely used to view videos: Real Player, Window Media Player, etc. **Applications of Multimedia** ------------------------------ - Creative Industries - Commerce - Entertainment  - Education - Educational Technology - Social Work Purposes - Communication - Journalism - Engineering - Medicine - Research - Interior Designing