UNIT D SECTION 1 STRUCTURE & FORCES PRESENTATION PDF

1.0 Structures are found in natural and human-made environments. 1 Biomimicry Biomimicry is the practice of emulating nature's designs to solve human problems. Discover how gecko-inspired adhesives and sharkskin-inspired swimsuits have revolutionized technology. By studying nature's efficiency an...

1.0 Structures are found in natural and human-made environments. 1 Biomimicry Biomimicry is the practice of emulating nature's designs to solve human problems. Discover how gecko-inspired adhesives and sharkskin-inspired swimsuits have revolutionized technology. By studying nature's efficiency and resilience, engineers have developed innovative solutions that are both sustainable and effective. 2 Architecture has long drawn inspiration from nature's forms and patterns. Iconic buildings inspired by seashells, tree-like structures, and honeycomb patterns. Witness the harmony between human ingenuity and the beauty of nature, as architects push boundaries to create sustainable and visually stunning structures. 3 Sharkskin-inspired swimsuits These swimsuits received a lot of media attention during the 2008 Summer Olympics when the spotlight was shining on Michael Phelps. Seen under an electron microscope, sharkskin is made up of countless overlapping scales called dermal denticles (or "little skin teeth"). The denticles have grooves running down their length in alignment with water flow. These grooves disrupt the formation of eddies, or turbulent swirls of slower water, making the water pass by faster. Photo: Matt9122/Shutterstock; Michael Kappeler/AFP/Getty Images 4 Beaver Pelt = Wetsuits Beavers have a thick layer of blubber that keeps them warm while they're diving and swimming in their water environments. But they have another trick up their sleeves for staying toasty. Their fur is so dense that it traps warm pockets of air in between the layers, keeping these aquatic mammals not only warm, but dry. Photo: Rudmer Zwerver/Shutterstock;MIT 5 Terminate Den = Building Cooling Termite dens look otherworldly, but they are surprisingly comfortable places to live. While the temperature outside swings wildly throughout the day from lows in the 30s to highs over 100, the inside of a termite den holds steady at a comfortable (to a termite) 87 degrees. 6 Mick Pearce, architect of Eastgate Centre in Harare, Zimbabwe, studied the cooling chimneys and tunnels of termite dens. He applied those lessons to the 333,000 square-foot Eastgate Centre, which uses 90 percent less energy to heat and cool than traditional buildings. The building has large chimneys that naturally draw in cool air at night to lower the temperature of the floor slabs, just like termite dens. During the day, these slabs retain the coolness, greatly reducing the need for supplemental air conditioning. Photo: fritz16/Shutterstock; David Brazier/Wikimedia Commons Burr = Velcro Velcro is widely known example of biomimicry. You may have worn shoes with velcro straps as a youngster and you can certainly look forward to wearing the same kind of shoes in retirement. Velcro was invented by Swiss engineer George de Mestral in 1941 after he removed burrs from his dog and decided to take a closer look at how they worked. The small hooks found at the end of the burr needles inspired him to create velcro. Photo: cpreiser000,Stocksnapper/Shutterstock 7 Birds = Jets Birds have been able to boost the distance they're able to fly by more than 70 percent though the use of the V-shape. Scientists have discovered that when a flocks takes on the familiar V-formation, when one bird flaps its wings it creates a small updraft that lifts the bird behind. As each bird passes, they add their own energy to the stroke helping all the birds maintain flight. By rotating their order through the stack, they spread out the exertion. 8 A group of researchers at Stanford University thinks passenger airlines could realize fuel savings by taking the same tactic. The team, lead by Professor Ilan Kroo, envisions scenarios where jets from West Coast airports meet up and fly in formation en route to their East Coast destinations. By traveling in a V-shape with planes taking turns in front as birds do, Kroo and his researchers think aircraft could use 15 percent less fuel compared to flying solo. Photo: Kevin Burkett/flickr; Ana Gram/Shutterstock Beetle = Water Collection The Stenocara beetle is a master water collector. The small black bug lives in a harsh, dry desert environment and is able to survive thanks to the unique design of its shell. The Stenocara's back is covered in small, smooth bumps that serve as collection points for condensed water or fog. The entire shell is covered in a slick, Teflon-like wax and is channeled so that condensed water from morning fog is funneled into the beetle's mouth. It's brilliant in its simplicity. MIT have crafted a material that collects water from the air more efficiently than existing designs. About 22 countries around the world use nets to collect water from the air, so such a boost in efficiency could have a big impact. Photo: Kevin Burkett/flickr; Ana Gram/Shutterstock 9 STRUCTURE: ANY object that provides support STRUCTURAL STRENGTH: The ability of a structure to hold itself up, over and above any weight that is added. STRUCTURAL STABILITY: The ability to maintain its position even if a FORCE is acting on it. FORCE: A push or a pull that tends to cause an object to change its movement or shape; measurement is Newtons. 10 1.1 CLASSIFYING STRUCTURAL FORMS THREE STRUCTURAL FORMS 1. Mass (solid) Structure 2. Frame Structure 3. Shell Structure 11 3. Shell Structure ● Has a solid outer surface, may be rounded or flat with a hollow inner area. ● Rounded outside is stronger due to the curved area distributing the load around the whole surface. ● Hollow interior allows it to be lighter. 1.2 THE FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES FUNCTION: ⬗ A structure's use or purpose Example: The function of an airplane or car is transportation. It has multiple functions, movement and shelter. ⬗ When a structure is built knowing the main function (i.e. comfort, transportation or shelter) of the structure will allow the designers to build it accordingly 13 Example: The function of a roof is to provide a cover and to protect what is inside. FUNCTION & EFFECTIVE DESIGN Technological problems can often be solved in a variety of ways, using many different structural designs, materials, and processes. What all successful solutions have in common, however, is that they pay close attention to function. Paint Roller Invented by Norman Breakey, a Torontonian who wanted to apply paint quicker without sacrificing a smooth finish. Up until his invention, which he developed in the 1940s, the only painting was done with paint brushes. 14 COMMON FUNCTION, DIFFERENT DESIGN Some structures, although they look very different from one another in their design, actually share a common function. 15 COMMON FUNCTION, DIFFERENT DESIGN A Gabled Roof: Gable roofs will easily shed water and snow, provide more space for the attic or vaulted ceilings and allow more ventilation. B Steep Pitch Steep pitch roofs are found in locations with large snow falls to shed snow more easily resulting in a decreased snow load that may damage the roof. 16 COMMON FUNCTION, DIFFERENT DESIGN C Gambrel Roof: Most barns and many stables in the United States use this design as a way to improve storage for agricultural products. Some churches use the concept to provide high ceilings. D Dome Shape Roof A dome allows for more storage than a silo with a comparable footprint. Because the hemispherical geometry of a dome provides strength at all points of the structure, the entire interior can be used to contain product, right up to the apex 17 COMMON FUNCTION, DIFFERENT DESIGN E Flat Roof: Flat roofs are generally versatile, easier to maintain, and more energy-efficient than most sloped roofs, so new home builders, in particular, enjoy the lower cost of long-term ownership. F Onion-Doe Roof Some scholars believe that onion domes first appeared in Russian wooden architecture above tent-like churches. According to this theory, onion domes were strictly utilitarian, as they prevented snow from piling on the roof. 18 COMMON FUNCTION, DIFFERENT DESIGN G Sail Roof: Used as a protective awning to shield people from the elements as they gather to learn, perform and celebrate their culture. A symbol of the west coast and its heritage. It is also aesthetically pleasing. 19 NATURAL vs. MAN-MADE STRUCTURES Structures can be interpreted and classified according to the materials and components they are made of. 20 AESTHETICS Aesthetics refers to the pleasing appearance or effect that an object has because of its design. Aesthetics is often in the “eye of the beholder”. Aesthetics has always played an important role in the structural designs of First Nations people. The design on teepees used by Plains First Nations reflected the environment as well as the 21 owner’s personal spiritual beliefs. Section 1 Let’s review some concepts STRUCTURE: ANY object that provides support CLASSIFICATIONS OF STRUCTURAL FORMS 22 Mass Frame Shell STRUCTURAL STRENGTH: STRUCTURAL STABILITY: The ability of a structure to hold itself up, over and above any weight that is added. The ability to maintain its position even if a FORCE is acting on it. FUNCTION A structure's use or purpose AESTHETICS FORCE: A push or a pull that tends to cause an object to change its movement or shape; measurement is the Newton (N), Aesthetics refers to the pleasing appearance or effect that an object has because of its design. 1.3 HUMAN BUILT STRUCTURES AROUND THE WORLD Homes Homes developed by different cultures and at different times are just one example of how widely humans have adapted a basic form. 23 24