Water Soluble Vitamins - Shaqra University PDF

College of Applied Medical Sciences - Dawadmi Unit 6 Water Soluble Vitamins Objectives: at the end of this unit each student will be able to: 1- Define water soluble vitamins 2- Memories types of water soluble vitamins 3- Outline functions and sources of water solubl...

College of Applied Medical Sciences - Dawadmi Unit 6 Water Soluble Vitamins Objectives: at the end of this unit each student will be able to: 1- Define water soluble vitamins 2- Memories types of water soluble vitamins 3- Outline functions and sources of water soluble vitamins 4- Recognize nutritional requirement of water soluble vitamins 5- understand the effects of water soluble vitamins deficiency 2- Water Soluble Vitamins 2- Water-soluble vitamins They are vitamins 8 B vitamins and vitamin C Function: mainly as enzyme cofactors, They are hydrophilic compounds dissolve easily in water, Not readily stored, excreted from the body, Their consistent daily intake is important.  Water soluble vitamins Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) Vitamin B1 (thiamine) Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) Vitamin B3 (niacin) Vitamin B5 (panthotenic acid) Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine and pyridoxamine) Vitamin B7 or Vitamin H (biotin) Vitamin B9 or Vitamin M (folic acid) Vitamin B (cobalamin)  1- Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin. Required for collagen synthesis, and as a cofactor for several enzymes. It is easily oxidized and it is a powerful antioxidant The functions of vitaminC 1- Enhance absorption of iron 2- Required for bile acid formation 3- It is important for red blood cells maturation 4- Cofactor in the synthesis of nor epinephrine from dopamine. 5- Involved in a variety of metabolic processes, cellular respiration, carbohydrate metabolism, synthesis of lipids and proteins). 6- Antioxidant and free radical scavenger → maintain proper immune system. 7- Involved in the synthesis of collagen, the major component of ligaments, tendons, cartilages and skin. Stability Vitamin C easily oxidized when exposed to air and heat Daily requirements 30-50 mg / day Toxicity Vitamin C not toxic any excess amount is exerted in urine Sources of vitamin C are Citrus fruits, tomatoes, leafy vegetables and potatoes. Deficiency of vitamin C 1- Fatigue, personality changes, decline in psychomotor performance and motivation. 2- Vitamin C deficiency over 3-5 months results in symptomatic scurvy. Scurvy leads to the formation of liver spots on the skin, spongy gums, and bleeding from all mucous membranes. In advanced scurvy there are open, suppurating wounds and loss of teeth. Severe scurvy may progress to neuritis, jaundice, fever, dyspnea, and death. 3- Subcutaneous hemorrhage 4- Loosening and falling of teeth 5- Delayed wound healing 6- Anemia 7- Rough skin 2- Vitamin B1 (thiamine) It is required for the normal metabolism of carbohydrates. It is highly soluble in water and most unstable vitamin Functions It is important for gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and nervous system Toxicity It is not toxic Stability It is unstable vitamin destroyed by heat Daily requirements 1-1.5 mg/day Source of vitamin B1 Grains Meat Yeast Honey Nuts  Vitamin B1 - deficiency Deficiency signs: loss of appetite, muscular weakness, severe nervous disorders, general weakness and wasting Sever deficiency result in beri-beri disease it is characterized with severe muscle weakness, and muscle wasting, memory loss and degeneration of the cardiovascular system. Beri-beri caused by long-term consumption of foods rich in carbohydrates but poor in thiamine as husked rice, white flour and refined sugar.  Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) -3 It is necessary for normal embryo development, important in the metabolism of amino acids and carbohydrates. Function Vitamin B2 is vital in protein building so it is essential for tissue health and growth Stability Vitamin B2 destroyed by light It is more heat resistant than thiamine Toxicity Vitamin B2 not toxic Daily requirement 1.5-1.8 mg/day Sources of vitamin B2 foods of animal origin (liver, beef, milk, fish eggs) cocoa nuts yeast smaller quantities in cereals. Vitamin B2 symptoms of deficiency Cracked and red lips. Inflammation of the lining of mouth and tongue. Dry and scaling skin and, dermatitis Iron-deficiency anemia  4- Vitamin B3 – Niacin Having enough niacin in the body is important for general good health. As a treatment, higher amounts of niacin can improve cholesterol level and lower cardiovascular risks. Function Niacin is vital in cell metabolism system to produce energy Stability It is stable to acid and heat Daily requirement  Children: between 2-16 milligrams daily, depending on age  Men: 16 milligrams daily  Women: 14 milligrams daily  Women (pregnant): 18 milligrams daily  Women (breastfeeding): 17 milligrams daily  Maximum daily intake for adults of all ages: 35 milligrams daily Sources of vitamin B3 foods of animal origin yeast sunflower seeds, beans, peas green leafy vegetable broccoli, carrots  Vitamin B3 - deficiency Pellagra: A serious deficiency of niacin. The main results of pellagra can easily be remembered as "the four D's": diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and if sever can cause death. Mild deficiencies of niacin can cause dermatitis around the mouth and rashes, fatigue, irritability, poor appetite,, diarrhea and, headache. 5- Vitamin B5 (Panthotenic acid) Functions of Panthotenic acid 1- It assists the following reactions: Formation of sterols (cholesterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol). Formation of fatty acids. Formation of keto acids such as pyruvic acid. 2- Wound healing 3- Cholesterol metabolism Vitamin B5 – deficiency Rare to occur. When occur it leads to paresthesias. Toxicity Toxicity of pantothenic acid is unlikely Daily requirement Infants 0–6 months: 1.7 mg Infants7–12 months: 1.8 mg Children1–3 years: 2 mg Children4–8 years: 3 mg Children9–13 years: 4 mg Adult men and women: 5 mg Pregnant women: 6 mg Breastfeeding women: 7 mg Sources of Vitamin B5 meat, foods of animal origin yeast wholemeal bread, broccoli, avocado royal gelly  6- Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Function: The nervous and immune systems need vitamin B6 to function efficiently. It is also essential for red blood cell metabolism and hemoglobin formation. Vitamin B6 also helps maintain blood glucose within a normal range. Stability Vitamin B6 is stable to heat but sensitive to light Daily requirements 1.5-2 mg/day Vitamin B6 sources cereals beans meat liver fish yeast nuts and some fruits as banana potatoes. It is also produced by bacterial flora in the colon.  Vitamin B6 deficiency Signs of vitamin B6 deficiency include: Skin: dermatitis (skin inflammation) Neurological abnormalities: Depression, confusion, and convulsions. Vitamin B6 deficiency also can cause microcytic anemia. 7- Vitamin B7 - biotin Biotin acts as a coenzyme in fatty acid synthesis Effect of Deficiency: Dermatitis, anorexia, nausea, muscle pain Biotin deficiency is rare. Daily requirements 0-6 months: 5 micrograms/day 7-12 months: 6 mcg/day 1-3 years: 8 mcg/day 4-8 years: 12 mcg/day 9-13 years: 20 mcg/day 14-18 years: 25 mcg/day 19 years and up: 30 mcg/day Pregnant women: 30 mcg/day Breastfeeding women: 35 mcg/day Biotin sources liver meat Fish yeast egg yolk mushrooms milk and diary products. 8- Vitamin B9 (Folic acid) Function It is required for synthesis of nucleotides Important for rapidly dividing cells (very important in early pregnancy). It is important in amino acid metabolism Stability It is stable vitamin Daily requirement 7-11 months: 80 µg/day 1–3 years: 120 µg/day 4–6 years: 140 µg/day 7–10 years: 200 µg/day 11–14 years: 270 µg/day 15 years and older: 330 µg/day Pregnant: 600 µg/day Breast feeding: 500 µg/day Sources of vitamin B9 sources of animal origin milk and milk products yeast greens Folic acid deficiency Deficiency results in anemia. Deficiency in pregnancy causes neural tube defects.(spina bifida)  8- Vitamin B12 - Cobalamin Essential for the maturation of erythrocytes. Protects against pernicious anemia. Essential for cell growth and reproduction. Essential for the formation of myelin and nucleoproteins. Deficiency : lead to anemia Recommended Daily Amount Birth to 6 months: 0.4 mcg Infants 7–12 months: 0.5 mcg Children 1–3 years: 0.9 mcg Children 4–8 years: 1.2 mcg Children 9–13 years: 1.8 mcg Teens 14–18 years: 2.4 mcg Adults: 2.4 mcg Pregnant women: 2.6 mcg Breastfeeding women: 2.8 mcg Sources of vitamin B12 fish and shellfish, meat (especially liver), poultry, eggs, milk, and milk products