Unit 5: Genetics & Biotechnology Notes PDF

UNIT 5: Genetics & Biotechnol ogy Biology TABLE OF DAY O1 DAY 02 CONTENTS Punnett Squar es Genetic Dise...

UNIT 5: Genetics & Biotechnol ogy Biology TABLE OF DAY O1 DAY 02 CONTENTS Punnett Squar es Genetic Dise ases DAY 04 DAY 03 DAY 05 DAY 06 Project IntroductionIncomplete/Domina Blood Typi Sex-Linked nce ng DAY 07 DAY 08 DAY 09 DAY 10 Mutatio Pedigre Quiz + Workti Gel Electrophoresis ns es me DAY 12 DAY 11 Biotechnolo DAY 13 DAY 14 DNA technology & Etgy Review Test hics  Learning Objectives SWBAT use punnett squares to determine the traits of an organism Agenda: Warm-up > write down Item 1 notes> Work on punnett square packet pg 1 to 4> Start Mouse Genetics (One Trait) Gizmos > complete Discussion Board Prompt in Canvas ★ Ms. Mendy will be out for a Science Conference on 11/7 and 11/8 (So you will start work on Unit 5) ★ Unit 4 Test 11/12/24!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!  Today, on your own, 1. you Stay will: in your Assigned Seats!!! 1. After you are done taking notes, students will work on the Punnett Square Packet Pages. 2. Come to class and get started on your warm-up immediately! 2. After you are done, students will start the Mouse Genetics (One 3. Then, learning about the first topic in Unit Trait) Gizmos Assignment 5: Item 1: Punnett Squares. On their 3. Students will complete the Own, students will take notes on Unit 5, Discussion Board prompt on Item 1 ( Punnett Squares). Students Canvas. Each student will asking should make sure to read and learn a question about the lesson, and about these topics. If you need further answering and explaining one explanations, you can use their online other student’s question textbooks and videos on youtube, and post questions on the discussion boards  Item PUNNETT 01. SQUARES PUNNETT SQUARES In order to determine the traits that a person might inherit, we use a simple diagram called a Punnett Square! Punnett Squares give us the probability of an offspring having particular traits PUNNETT SQUARE NOTES & PRACTICE  PIECES OF THE The weaker allele - PUZZLE A variant will only show up if form of a no dominant gene. RECESSI present. Before ALLELE VE completing a square, you must know the DOMINA components! TheNT strong allele - will always show up if present.  ABOUT ALLELES Humans inherit one allele from each parent that determines a trait. For example, alleles might determine if you have curly or straight hair, are tall or short, etc. Dominant and recessive alleles pair together to display a trait (AA, Aa, or aa). If you get the dominant allele from either parent, you will show the dominant trait. Only someone who  LET’S PRACTICE Is an allele represented by DOMINA RECESSI A NT VE dominant or recessive?  LET’S PRACTICE Is an allele represented by DOMINA RECESSI a NT VE dominant or recessive?  LET’S PRACTICE A person has alleles AA Will they DOMINA RECESSI show the NT VE dominant or recessive trait?  LET’S PRACTICE A person has alleles aa Will they DOMINA RECESSI show the NT VE dominant or recessive trait?  LET’S PRACTICE A person has alleles Aa Will they DOMINA RECESSI show the NT VE dominant or recessive trait? PIECES OF THE PUZZLE The alleles The outward, (letters) are physical appearance HETEROZY different. - Aa PHENOT of an organism. GOUS YPE HOMOZYG GENOTY OUS Both alleles PE The genetic, (letters) are inheritable information identical. - AA, of an organism. aa  ABOUT Prefix: homo- means “same” ALLELES Homozygous alleles are those where both letters are the same - AA or aa. The prefix homo- means “same.” Heterozygous alleles are those where the two letters are different - Aa. The prefix hetero- means “different.” An organism who is homozygous dominant (AA) and one who is heterozygous (Aa) will display the Prefix: hetero- means  ABOUT ALLELES The genotype represents the genetic information, or the alleles - AA, Aa, aa The phenotype is the physical trait expressed by the organism. An organism with alleles AA has the same phenotype as one with Aa, but different genotypes! Answer the questions on your notes  LET’S PRACTICE Are the alleles Aa HETEROZYG HOMOZYGO heterozygous OUS US or homozygous?  PRACTICE This with your groups Are the alleles aa HETEROZYG HOMOZYGO heterozygous OUS US or homozygous?  LET’S PRACTICE The alleles AA Homozygous DOMINA RECESSI dominant or NT VE recessive?  LET’S PRACTICE They have brown eyes. GENOTY PHENOT Genotype or PE YPE phenotype?  LET’S PRACTICE They have alleles aa. GENOTY PHENOT Genotype or PE YPE phenotype?  LET’S PRACTICE They are homozygous recessive for blue eyes. GENOTY PHENOT PE YPE Genotype or phenotype? BUILDING A SQUARE Consider the following alleles for pea plant color, where yellow is the dominant allele and green is the recessive. AA (Yellow-homozygous dominant) Aa (Yellow-heterozygous) aa (Green-homozygous recessive) BUILDING A SQUARE Let’s say you had two pea plants, both heterozygous yellow (Aa), and you wanted to know what color plants would be produced. We could find out the probability of their offspring’s alleles by setting up a Punnett Square! SETTING UP THE SQUARE We know both parents are heterozygo us yellow (Aa). We will setup the SETTING UP THE SQUARE Father’s letters cross to the right. Mother’s alleles cross down, filling in the squares to complete INTERPRETING RESULTS Once the square is finished, always determine the genotype and phenotype ratios of the possible offspring. Genotype: 1:2:1 1 AA, 2 Aa, and 1aa Phenotype: 3:1 3 Yellow, 1 Green PRACTICE: Results: Tt x tt Phenotype: Genotype: PRACTICE: Long whiskers are dominant to short whiskers. What Results: is the probability of producing offspring that have short whiskers from a cross of two long whiskered seals, one homozygous dominant and one Phenotype: heterozygous? Genotype: ABOUT GENETICS Some traits are controlled by more than one pair of genes, and so present a wide range of phenotypes (ex. Skin, hair, eye color) All traits depend on both genetic and environmental factors. Heredity determines your traits, but the environment may play a role in how  PUNNETT SQUARES PACKET Classwork Assignment - Pages 1 and 4 Work on Mouse Genetics (One Trait) Gizmos Complet e your daily warm up!  Yellow is Dominant, Warm-up 11/8/24 Green is recessive Create a Punnett Square showing the following cross: A pea plant that is heterozygous for seed color is crossed with a green seeded pea plant: Write the possible genotypes: Write the possible phenotypes: What is the chance of a yellow seeded pea plant?  Learning Objectives 11/8/24 SWBAT Predict offspring ratios based on a variety of inheritance patterns (including dominance, co-dominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, and sex-linked traits). Agenda: Warm-up > Write down Item 2 notes> Work on punnett square packet pg 5-6> Complete Mouse Genetics (One Trait) Gizmos ★ Ms. Mendy will be out for a Science Conference on 11/7 and 11/8 (So you will start work on Unit 5) ★ Unit 4 Test 11/12/24  Today, on your own, 1. you Stay will: in your Assigned Seats!!! 1. After you are done taking notes, students will work on the Punnett Square Packet Pages. 2. Come to class and get started on your warm-up immediately! 2. After you are done, students will Complete the Mouse Genetics 3. Then, learning about the 2nd topic in Unit (One Trait) Gizmos Assignment 5: Item 2: Genetic Diseases. On your and turn it in before you leave Own, students will take notes on Unit 5, 3. Students will complete the Item Item 2 ( Punnett Squares). Discussion Board prompt on Students should make sure to read and Canvas. Each student will asking learn about these topics. If you need a question about the lesson, and further explanations, you can use your answering and explaining one online textbooks and videos on youtube, other student’s question and post questions on the discussion boards  Item GENETIC 02. DISEASES GENETIC DISEASES We learned how some traits are dominant and some are recessive! Recessive traits only show up if you have two recessive alleles. There are several examples of human diseases that follow this dominant/recessive pattern!  RECESSIVE DISEASES If a disease is recessive, both parents have to pass on a mutated allele to the offspring Those who are heterozygous (Aa) are carriers, meaning they have the mutated allele and can pass it on, but are healthy themselves CYSTIC FIBROSIS TYPE Recessive SYMPTOM S Mucus buildup in the lungs and digestive system. Difficulty breathing and poor growth. PKU TYPE Recessive SYMPTOM S Body missing enzyme to break down phenylalanine, an amino acid. Results in mental SICKLE CELL ANEMIA TYPE Recessive SYMPTOM S A mutation causes blood cells to be long and bent, cutting off blood flow and circulation. PRACTICE: A woman who is a carrier for Cystic Fibrosis Results: marries a man who is also a carrier. What is the probability that they will have a child with Cystic Fibrosis? HUNTINGTO N’S TYPE Dominant SYMPTOM S Causes slow deterioration of body’s muscles; often doesn’t show signs until mid-30s  DOMINANT DISEASES If a disease is dominant, only one parent has to pass on the mutated allele for offspring to have it Challenge question: Can a person with a dominant disease be a carrier? PRACTICE: A woman is concerned that she may develop Results: Huntington’s Disease because her father has it (Hh). What is the probability that she has Huntington’s? Note: The mother does not have Huntington’s Disease. SQUARES PACKET- Go around and check your answers with 2 people Classwork Assignment - Pages 1- 4 Work on Mouse Genetics (One Trait) Gizmos Complet e your daily warm up!  Warm-up R c Some diseases that have a dominant/recessive inheritance 11/12/24 b pattern. For recessive diseases, heterozygous individuals are For recessive called D diseases: c They are healthy, but carry the recessive gene and could pass b A = healthy it on to offspring. a = healthy (c Cystic Fibrosis Sickle Cell Anemia R arrier) c a = has disea se fo o r d o m in a n t R c seases: PKU Huntington’s lu = has disease = has disease = healthy  Learning Objectives 11/12/24 SWBAT Predict offspring ratios based on a variety of inheritance patterns (including dominance, co-dominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, and sex-linked traits). Agenda: Warm-up > 10 min reading > Unit 5 Project introduction > Teview for the Unit 4 Test ★ Ms. Mendy will be out for a Science Conference on 11/7 and 11/8 (So you will start work on Unit 5) ★ Unit 4 Test 11/12/24  Unit 5 Project: Exploring The Amazing World of Genetics and Biotechnology link https://docs.google.com/document/d/1rGGUNEBTT K44vlZUIJeoH3jNjWADEpQhg9M3W6rRl5o/edit?ta b=t.0 TEST DAY :))))))) 11/13/24  Warm-up 11/14/24 incomplete/codominance Answer the following questions about fuzzles: Fuzzles are creatures that can have yellow or blue fur Write the genotypes for each phenotype: Blue ______________ Yellow _________________ If fur color in fuzzles is incompletely dominant, what color fur would a heterozygous fuzzle have? _________________ If fur color in fuzzles is codominant, what color fur would a heterozygous fuzzle have? _________________  Learning Objectives 11/12/24 SWBAT Predict offspring ratios based on a variety of inheritance patterns (including dominance, co-dominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, and sex-linked traits). Agenda: Warm-up > 10 min reading > Co-dominance and Incomplete dominance notes > Punnett Square Packages pg 5 and 6 > Work on projects ★ NC Check in 2 on Friday 11/15/24 ★ Unit 5 Quiz is on ★ Unit 5 projects due and Science convention on ★ Unit 5 Test is on 10 min Silent R eading INCOMPLETE AND 03. CODOMINAN CE COMPLEX GENETICS So far, we’ve learned about simple cases of dominant and recessive genes. Sometimes, things aren’t quite so simple! Over the next days, we’ll be exploring cases of more complex genetics! INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE Sometimes, one allele is not completely dominant over another allele! In this case, the offspring are blends of both parents! Example: Red Flower (RR) + White Flower (WW)= Pink Flowers (RW) PRACTICE: A red carnation is crossed with a white Results: carnation and the resulting offspring are all pink (indicating incomplete dominance). What would be the result of a cross between a pink and a white carnation? CODOMINANCE Sometimes, both alleles are equally dominant! In this case, the offspring display the traits of both parents! Example: White Cow (WW) + Brown Cow (BB)= White and Brown Cow (BW) SCIENCE IN REAL LIFE! Although we discussed the recessive inheritance of Sickle Cell, the disease does display a certain codominance! Those homozygous affected (aa) have misshapen cells, those homozygous unaffected (AA) have normal cells, and those heterozygous (Aa) are unaffected carriers, but can have some misshapen cells mixed in! This unique feature means heterozygous individuals are resistant to severe malaria! PRACTICE: A bird with white and blue feathers mates with Results: another white and blue bird (BW). What are the phenotypic ratios of the offspring?  PUNNETT SQUARES PACKET Classwork Assignment - Pages 5 &6 Project Link 1st period: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1CPpz7 DwGvenHGuAfrtE1JQZIvVSuzHP-Pwmp7RrwPl 0/edit?tab=t.0 2nd pd: https://docs.google.com/document/d/ 1v_xopsKJK0axAoCimampzKzuOwPWpKsmEZ gmtd0iNf8/edit?tab=t.0  PROJECT 04. INTRODUCTIO N Complet e your daily warm up! Warm-up 11/15/24 What is your project about? What are you hoping to learn and teach the class? Learning Objectives SWBAT Predict offspring ratios based on a variety of inheritance patterns (including dominance, co-dominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, and sex-linked traits). Agenda: warm-up > NC Check-in 2> Work on Projects Announcements: ★ Unit 5 Quiz is on 11/20/24 ★ Unit 5 projects due and Science convention on 12/2/24 ★ Unit 5 Test is on 12/3/24 NC Check-in  Work on your projects Come talk to me about your projects if we have not talked yet Review the rubric and ask questions !!!!! Project Work Time Learning Objectives SWBAT Predict offspring ratios based on a variety of inheritance patterns (including dominance, co-dominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, and sex-linked traits). Agenda: warm-up > blood typing and sex-linked traits notes > blood typing game >Punnett Square Packet > Work on Projects Announcements: ★ Unit 5 Quiz is on 11/20/24 ★ Punnett Square Packets due 11/20/24 ★ Unit 5 projects due and Science convention on 12/2/24 ★ Unit 5 Test is on 12/3/24  Warm-up 11/18/24: incomplete/codominance Write the phenotypes for the following Write the phenotypes for the genotypes: following genotypes: In snapdragons, flowers can be Red (R) or white In cows, coat color can be red (R) or white (W). Crossing a red and white snapdragon would (W). Crossing a red and white cow will result in pink snapdragons. result in a roan coat (The cow looks spotted). RR_______________ WW_____________ RR ____________ WW ___________ RW ________________ RW___________ What type of inheritance is this an example of? __________________ What type of inheritance is this an example of? _________________ What percentage of the offspring would be pink in a cross between a red and a pink What percentage of the offspring flower?__________________________ would be roan in a cross between 2 My Weekend was Amazing!!! How was yours :)?????  BLOOD TYPING 05. PUNNETT SQUARES BLOOD TYPING Yesterday, we talked about codominance, where both alleles are equally dominant! Human blood types include a codominance pattern The alleles involved are two codominant alleles (A and B), and one recessive allele (O). BLOOD TYPING Humans can have type A, B, AB, or O blood, depending on their alleles. Blood Alleles Type A AA or AO B BB or BO AB AB O OO PRACTICE: The father is type A homozygous, and Results: the mother is type O. What are the possible blood types of their children? PRACTICE: Ralph has type B blood and his wife Rachel has Results: type A blood. They are very shocked to hear that their baby has type O blood and think that a switch might have been made at the hospital. Can this baby be theirs? Explain. SEX-LINKED 06. PUNNETT SQUARES SEX-LINKED TRAITS Recall that humans have 1 set of sex chromosomes (XX or XY). Genes located on the sex chromosomes are called sex-linked genes! Most sex-linked genes are found on the X chromosome. The Y chromosome is much smaller and contains fewer genes. SEX-LINKED TRAITS Because males only have one X chromosome, they are much more likely to display recessive sex-linked traits, like colorblindness and hemophilia! Females can be carriers, because they have two X chromosomes! SEX-LINKED TRAITS Let’s take a look at the possible alleles in a recessive sex-linked Notice the male does NOT have an disease extra X to mask the Sex Possible trait. He either inherits the gene or Alleles he doesn’t. Female XAXA or XAXa or Females, on the XaXa other hand, have Male XAY or XaY the possibility of masking the disease trait as a COLOR BLINDNESS TYPE X-Linked SYMPTOM Recessive S The inability to see color, or perceive color differences HEMOPHILIA TYPE X-Linked SYMPTOM Recessive S A bleeding disorder that slows the blood clotting process. PRACTICE: Cross a woman carrier for hemophilia Results: to a hemophiliac man. What percentage of the females could inherit the trait? Males?  PUNNETT SQUARES PACKET Classwork Assignment - Pages 9 & 10  PUNNETT SQUARES PACKET Classwork Assignment - Pages 7 &8 Done early? Make sure Pgs. 1-6 are complete Work on your Research Project! Complet e your daily warm up! Warm-up 11/19/24 Write the phenotype for the following genotypes: In humans, baldness is a recessive trait controlled by a gene on the X chromosome. XBxb ___________ XbY ___________ Xbxb ______________ XBY ____________ XBxB If a carrier female and a bald man have children, What are the chances their daughters will go bald? __________ What are the chances their sons will go bald? How does independent assortment and crossing over during meiosis results in genetic diversity among offspring with the same parents.? Summaries of Patterns of Inheritance Different inheritance patterns show characteristic genotypic and phenotypic ratios. ○ Mendelian inheritance: dominant alleles mask recessive alleles. ○ Codominance: heterozygotes express both alleles. ○ Incomplete dominance: heterozygotes have an intermediate phenotype. ○ Sex-linked: males are more likely to express a sex-linked trait. Academic Language Questions/Sentence Stems that utilize academic language: I/We observe the pattern of _______ in the data. The following predictions can be made about _______ based on the pattern found in the data. The pattern in the data allows me/us to conclude (know) that _______. The pattern in the data supports the conclusion that _______ is caused by _______ because _______. Learning Objectives SWBAT explain how mutations in DNA that result from interactions with the environment (i.e. radiation and chemicals) or new combinations in existing genes lead to changes in function and phenotype. Agenda: warm-up > Mutation notes> Mutations review> DNA manipulation activity> Students are expected to recognize that changes in nucleotide sequence (mutations) may be positive, negative, or neutral to protein function and/or the organism. Announcements ★ Unit 5 Quiz is on 11/20/24 ★ Punnett Square Packets due 11/20/24 ★ Unit 5 projects due and Science convention on 12/2/24 ★ Unit 5 Test is on 12/3/24  07. Mutations Mutations in DNA There is a lot going on in our cells, and sometimes, things don’t go as planned. We call these changes in DNA mutations. These mutations change the mRNA code that determines the proteins being made.  Why Do Mutations Happen? Mutations may be random, or they can be caused by exposure to radiation or chemicals. Sometimes, mutations result in no change. These are called silent mutations. Other times, they may change one of the amino acids in the sequence. Sometimes, they change the entire protein! Types of Mutations One type of mutation is called a substitution. In this mutation, one base (letter) is changed in the DNA (ex. C instead of G). This could result in a different amino acid, or it may be a silent mutation - no change to Substitution Sickle cell anemia, a condition in which some Example blood cells are misshapen, is caused by a substitution mutation. Types of Mutations Mutations can also take the form of additions or deletions. In this mutation, one base (letter) is added or removed. Ex. AACG instead of AAG This shifts the way the Mutation s Review Substitut Addition Deletion Couldion change 1 Will shift entire amino acid or be sequence, since silent. codons are read in threes. Heredity of Mutations Only mutations located in sex cells (sperm and egg) can be passed on! For example, you could not inherit skin cancer from a family member who developed it after extensive UV exposure.  Mutati ons Review Which Mutation is Shown? ADDITION / SUBSTITUTI DELETION ON Which Mutation is Shown? ADDITION / SUBSTITUTI DELETION ON Which Mutation is Shown? ADDITION / SUBSTITUTI DELETION ON  Which Mutation is Original DNA Sequence TAC AAC TTG GCG ACG ACT Shown? Mutated Sequence TAC AAC TTG GGA CGA CT ADDITION / SUBSTITUTI DELETION ON What Would Happen? Original DNA Sequence TAC AAC TTG GCG ACG ACT Mutated Sequence TAC AAC TTG GGA CGA CT WHOLE NO ONE AMINO PROTEIN CHANGE ACID DIFFERENT CHANGE  Which Mutation is Original DNA Sequence TAC AAC TTG GCG ACG ACT Shown? Mutated Sequence TAC ATC TTG GCG ACG ACT ADDITION / SUBSTITUTI DELETION ON  What Would Happen? Original DNA Sequence Mutated Sequence TAC AAC TTG GCG ACG ACT TAC ATC TTG GCG ACG ACT WHOLE NO ONE AMINO PROTEIN CHANGE ACID DIFFERENT CHANGE  Which Mutation is Shown? Original DNA Sequence Mutated Sequence TAC AAC TTG GCG ACG ACT TAC AAC TTA GCG ACG ACT ADDITION / SUBSTITUTI DELETION ON What Would Happen? Original DNA Sequence Mutated Sequence TAC AAC TTG GCG ACG ACT TAC AAC TTA GCG ACG ACT WHOLE NO ONE AMINO PROTEIN CHANGE ACID DIFFERENT CHANGE  DNA Manipulatio n Mutation Practice🧬 Quiz Review Complet e your daily warm up! Warm-up 11/20/24 Write the genotypes for the following phenotypes: In humans, blood type is controlled by A, B, or O alleles. A & B are codominant, O is recessive. O blood _______________ Heterozygous A blood ____________ AB blood _________________ Homozygous B blood ______________  Learning Objectives SWBAT apply their knowledge of genetics on today’s quiz. Also work on their research projects Agenda: warm-up > turn in punnett square packets > Quiz > Rest of class is to work on projects ★ Unit 5 Quiz is today ★ Punnett Square Packets due today ★ Unit 5 projects due and Science convention on 12/2/24 ★ Unit 5 Test is on 12/3/24 Quiz Time: 20 min: Great Luck :) Work ! On! PROJECTs! No warm up Today 11/21/24 !  Learning Objectives SWBAT LS.Bio.7.2 Analyze and interpret data to explain how polygenic traits result in a wide range of phenotypes. LS.Bio.7.3 Construct an explanation to summarize how traits result from interactions of genetic factors (multiple genes and/or alleles) and environmental factors. Agenda: warm-up >Heredity video > Pedigrees > Polygenic and environmental effects of traits reading and comprehension ★ Punnett Square Packets due yesterday ★ Unit 5 projects due and Science convention on 12/2/24 ★ Unit 5 Test is on 12/3/24 PEDIGREES Now that we know how ge nes are passed on, we can track those genes through family trees! A pedigree is the recorded ancestry of a family. They allow us to see the genotypes and inheritance patterns through the generations of a family!  08. PEDIGREES PARTS OF A PEDIGREE The shading represents the genotype of the individual. Shaded represents someone affected with a trait. Half shaded are carriers. White does not PARTS OF A PEDIGREE Each generation is represented by a roman numeral. Using pedigrees, we can tell which traits were actually inherited through the generations. PEDIGREE KEYS PRACTICING PEDIGREES WHAT’S THE SEX OF THE CIRCLED INDIVIDUAL? MALE FEMALE WHAT’S THE SEX OF INDIVIDUAL I3? MALE FEMALE HOW MANY CHILDREN DID THE COUPLE SHOWN HAVE? WHAT COULD BE A POSSIBLE GENOTYPE OF THE INDIVIDUAL? COULD THE CIRCLED COUPLE HAVE A CHILD WITH GENOTYPE AA? YES! NOPE! WHAT TYPE OF INHERITANCE? RECESSIV E DOMINA NT WHAT TYPE OF INHERITANCE? RECESSIV E (NORMAL ) RECESSIV E (X- LINKED)  09. Polygenic Traits and Environmental Impacts on Traits  Instructions You will learn about item 9 by completing this reading and comprehension worksheet with your group. After you are done reading, you will answer 8 questions  After you are done reading with your groups; Answer the following Questions Comprehension Questions: 1. What is polygenic inheritance, and how does it contribute to the wide range of phenotypes observed in human height? (Standard 2: Analyze and interpret data) 2. Summarize how the concept of continuous variation is evident in human height, and provide examples from the reading. (Standard 2: Analyze and interpret data) 3. According to the reading, how many genes have been linked to variations in height? Explain their role in determining height. (Standard 2: Analyze and interpret data) 4. Describe the relationship between genetic and environmental factors in determining a person's height. How does this illustrate the interaction between these factors? (LS.Bio.7.3: Construct an explanation)  After you are done reading with your groups; Answer the following Questions Critical Thinking Questions: 5. Analyze how environmental factors, such as nutrition and overall health, can influence the expression of height as a polygenic trait. (LS.Bio.7.3: Construct an explanation) 6. Discuss the implications of polygenic inheritance for understanding human traits beyond height, such as eye color and skin color. How does this relate to the range of phenotypes? (Standard 2: Analyze and interpret data) 7. Explain how the example of wheat kernel coloration illustrates the additive effects of multiple genes on a single trait. How can this be applied to understand human height? (Standard 2: Analyze and interpret data) 8. In the context of variable expressivity and incomplete penetrance, discuss how individuals with the same genotype can display different phenotypes. What factors might contribute to this variation? (LS.Bio.7.3: Construct an explanation) Complet e your daily warm up!  Learning Objectives SWBAT Agenda: warm-up >Gel Electrophoresis > DNA Profiling Gizmos (due today) > take the rest of class to work on projects, or your 3 extra Gizmos assignments or study for test ★ Unit 5 projects due and Science convention on 12/2/24 ★ Unit 5 Test is MOVED TO 12/4/24 ★ Meiosis Gizmos due 11/26/24 ★ GMOS and the Environment Gismos due 12/2/24 ★ Genetic Engineering Gizmos due 12/2/24 Warm-up 11/22/24 Write down any Roses, Buds, or Thorns that you might have and share with people :)  Gel Electrophores 10. is STUDYING DNA One way humans use DNA is through gel electrophoresis. This is when molecules (DNA, RNA, proteins) are sorted based on size This process of comparing DNA is used in a number of things, including identifying individuals through fingerprinting, parental ID, and evolutionary relationships!  STEPS IN GEL ELECTROPHORESIS TWO THREE Fragments are run Smaller fragments on gels with a move farther negative electric through the gel, current. creating bands. ONE FOUR Restriction DNA bands can enzymes cut DNA be compared for into different sized genetic fragments. similarities. GEL ELECTROPHORESIS USING GEL ELECTROPHORESIS Gel electrophoresi s can be used for all sorts of things, from testing paternity to crime scene investigation!  Classwork: DNA Profiling Gizmos (Using Gel Electrophoresis) Practice: Reading Gels  largest DNA fragments? How do you know? Warm-up 11/25/24 2. Who is the father of the child? 3. What is recombinant DNA? 4. True/False: genetic diseases could be the result of both genetics and an individual’s environment 5. True/False: hair color, eye color, heigh are examples  Learning Objectives SWBAT LS.Bio.8.2 Obtain and communicate information that summarizes the impact of biotechnology applications on the individual, society, and the environment, including agriculture and medicine. Agenda: warm-up >biotechnology and ethics notes > play blookets https://www.scu.edu/ethics/ethics-resources/ethical-decision-making/ what-is-ethics/ ★ Unit 5 projects due 12/2/24 BUT Presentations are MOVED to and Science convention on 12/3/24 ★ Unit 5 Test is MOVED TO 12/4/24 ★ Meiosis Gizmos due 11/26/24 ★ GMOS and the Environment Gizmos due 12/2/24 ★ Genetic Engineering Gizmos due 12/2/24 DNA Technology 11. +Ethics DNA TECHNOLOGY Yesterday we discussed how scientists use gel electrophoresis to compare DNA samples. Today, we’ll explore different ways that scientists can alter WHAT IS GENETIC ENGINEERING? Genetic engineering refers to any process in which man alters an organism’s DNA Examples: cloning, GMOS There are several methods of genetic engineering that have been developed! TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS A transgenic organism is any organism that has a gene from another organism within it, This is done by inserting a foreign piece of DNA into a cell Transgenic organisms come about when humans would like the traits of one organism to be present in another! SCIENCE IN REAL LIFE! Oil spills are a big environmental problem that come from using fossil fuels. With the help of genetically modified bacteria, we can clean them up! Pseudomonas putida are the bacteria commonly used for this purpose. By inserting the genes needed to degrade oil into the species using bacterial transformation, scientists can produce an organism that quickly consumes the  TRANSGENICS IN Transgenic plants can be used to AGRICULTURE keep crops healthy, reduce pests, and produce higher yield. Example: Pesticide resistant corn, frost resistant strawberries  TRANSGENICS Transgenic IN organisms have PHARMACEUTICALS allowed for the production of medicines! Example: The production of human insulin by bacteria or yeast HOW ARE THEY CREATED? Getting bacteria to produce a new product, like human insulin, is done through a process called bacterial transformation. There are several steps to this process, where foreign DNA is inserted into the bacterial cell!  STEPS IN BACTERIAL TRANSFORMATION TWO THREE Heat shock is Foreign DNA is used to get inserted into bacteria to take bacterial up plasmid. Not plasmid with the all will, but some help of enzymes. do. FOUR ONE The successfully The gene of transformed interest is bacteria are isolated. selected and used to produce the product! ABOUT GENETIC ENGINEERING It should be noted that genetic engineering is different from other practices, like selective breeding. Genetic engineering involves the manipulation of DNA itself to produce desired traits!  SCIENCE IN REAL LIFE! In 1990, the Human Genome Project was started with the goal of determining the sequence of chemical base pairs that make up human DNA. Scientists wanted to identify and map all the genes of the human genome! Scientists hoped that knowing the human genome would allow them not only to identify genes that cause genetic conditions (diabetes, heart disease, cancer, etc.), but also treat those diseases! The Human Genome Project was successfully completed in April of 2003! For the first time, scientists were able to read the genetic blueprint of a human being! Just as scientists hoped, this project has been useful in determining carrying genes and developing gene  GENE THERAPY Gene therapy is a method of using genes to treat or prevent disease Remember-DNA codes for proteins that determine traits! Uses include treatment of diseases such as Severe Combined Immunodeficiency and Cystic Fibrosis. ETHICS IN DNA TECHNOLOGY We’ve been talking a lot about DNA technology and the scientific advancements that are possible. Often, new scientific possibilities come with ethical scenarios that must be considered. Today, we’ll discuss the ethics of genetic WHAT ARE ETHICS? Ethics describes the moral principles that govern a person’s behavior or the conducting of an activity. Essentially, we must consider the ethics of a situation in science - from the research to the results. DEBATES IN BIOTECHNOL When talking about DNA technology, there are OGY several ethical implications to consider... Should science improve humans? Should science improve other organisms? What consequences might there be to this technology? Let’s look at some examples of ethical considerations in GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMSWHAT IS IT? THE ETHICAL DEBATE(S) A genetically modified Is there potential organism is any harm to human organism whose health? genetic material has Is there the been altered. They are potential for often used to benefit environmental agriculture, like the damage? production of disease Animal welfare resistant plants. concerns CLONING WHAT IS IT? THE ETHICAL DEBATE(S) Making an identical copy Informed of an organism. This is consent of done by replacing the women egg nucleus of an unfertilized donors female egg with one of a Would cloned somatic cell you would organisms have like to clone. the same rights as other The first animal to be organisms? cloned was Dolly the STEM CELL RESEARCH WHAT IS IT? THE ETHICAL DEBATE(S) Stem cells are Some consider it undifferentiated cells that unethical to deal with can become any type of human embryonic body cell. Though there are stem cells in a lab. adult stem cells, Informed consent of embryonic stem cells are donors - embryos often used for medical often come from research and are thought unused embryos to have great potential for fertilized in a lab disease treatment. HUMAN GENOME PROJECT WHAT IS IT? THE ETHICAL DEBATE(S) An international Questions of scientific research fairness in the project with the goal of use/confidentiality determining the base of genetic pairs that make up information human DNA, and of Future use of identifying and samples and data mapping all of the taken for whole- genes of the human genome genome. It was sequencing Gene Therapy Basics Video Biotechnology Blooket Complet e your daily warm up!  11/26/24- TODAY, YOU HAVE THE CHOICE ★ Unit 5 projects due 12/2/24 TO WATCH THE MOVIE, BUT Presentations are MOVED to and Science convention on 12/3/24 WORK ON YOUR ★ Unit 5 Test is PROJECTS, CATCH UP MOVED TO 12/4/24 ★ Meiosis Gizmos due ON NOTES, WORK ON 11/26/24 ★ GMOS and the Environment GIZMOS, Gizmos due 12/2/24 ★ Genetic Engineering Gizmos due 12/2/24 The next two NC Check In OR JUST RELAX (YOU Dates are ★ Heredity: Thursday, DESERVE IT! IM SO December 5th PROUD OF YOU FOR ★ Evolution and Genetics: Monday, January 6th ALL YOUR HARD https://sites.google.com /students.w cpss.net/me Complet e your daily warm up! Warm-up 12/2/24 Match the process with its description: A. Process by which an embryo can be conceived and grown outside of a woman’s body B. Process that can be used to solve crimes or determine paternity C. Process by which a person is given new DNA from a donor for the purpose of curing a genetic disease D. Process by which an exact genetic copy of an organism is made E. Process by which foreign DNA is inserted into an organism F. Which parent determines the sex of the child?  PROs and CONs of GMOS Pros Cons more nutritious food may cause antibiotic resistance farmers can keep costs down by recombinant DNA could increase making plants resistant to disease chances of certain cancers less expensive food for the consumer could affect the food web in a negative fewer pesticides on food  Learning Objectives SWBAT Review for Unit 5 test Agenda: warm-up > Take 30 min to talk about and practice presentations> Review for test ★ Unit 5 projects due 12/2/24 BUT Presentations are MOVED to and Science convention on 12/3/24 ★ Unit 5 Test is MOVED TO 12/4/24 ★ Meiosis Gizmos due 11/26/24 ★ GMOS and the Environment Gizmos due 12/2/24 ★ Genetic Engineering Gizmos due 12/2/24 The next two NC Check In Dates are ★ Heredity: Thursday, December 5th ★ Evolution and Genetics: Monday, January 6th My Thanksgiving/Birthday BREAK was AMAZING!!! How was yours??? Sex-Linked Punnett Squares Review Ethical Scenarios: What Do You Think? MEIOSIS AND DIVERSITY PUNNETT SQUARES REVIEW Biotechnology Blooket  Incomplete and Codominance REVIEW UNIT 5 REVIEW! PUNNETT SQUARE REVIEW 12. Test