Unit 4 Study Guide PDF

**Chapter 14** **Overview of the Nervous System\ Learning Outcome**:\ 1. Distinguish between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system with regard to location and function The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. It receives sensory information and initi...

**Chapter 14** **Overview of the Nervous System\ Learning Outcome**:\ 1. Distinguish between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system with regard to location and function The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. It receives sensory information and initiates motor control. The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves. The function is to communicate with the body. 2\. List the three types of neurons and provide a function for each Sensory: carries nerve signals from a sensory receptor to CNS Interneuron: found within only the cns, receives info from sensory and other neurons, sums up signals received from other neurons then communicate with motor neurons. Motor: carries nerve impulses away from CNS to an effector which carries out a response to environment. 3\. Summarize the activities that generate and propagate an action potential It occurs only in axons, it is all or nothing, it is a rapid sequence of changes in voltage across a membrane. 4\. Explain the role of neurotransmitters and the process of synaptic integration Neurotransmitters transmit action potential across a synapse. The process of synaptic intergration is summing up multiple signals **Check Your Progress\ **1. Describe the three types of neurons, and list the three main parts of a neuron Main types: sensory, interneuron, and motorneuron. Main parts: dendrites, axon, cell body 2\. Describe how a nerve impulse is propagated Through a series of electrical and chemical changes in neurons 3\. Summarize how a nerve impulse is transmitted from one neuron to the next The nerve signal travels along the axon and reaches the axon terminal, exocytosis of synaptic vesicles occur, neurotransmitter release to synaptic cleft & diffuses across postsynaptic membrane. **The Central Nervous System\ Learning Outcomes:**\ 1. Identify the structures of the spinal cord and provide a function for each Central canal: cushioning spine Gray matter: receives sensory info White matter: carries info to and from brain 2\. Identify the structures of the brain and provide a function for each Cerebrum: controls how we move, behaviors such as thirst, sleep,& sexual responses Diencephalon: includes thalamus and hypothalamus, receives all sensory input expect for smell, controls endocrine system Cerebellum: maintain posture and balances, provides smooth coordinated, voluntary movements Brainstem: contains midbrain, pons, medulla, Midbrain has reflex centers for visual, auditory, and tactile. Pons: communicates between cerebellum and rest of CNS. Medulla contains reflec centers for regulating heart rate, breathing, etc. 3\. Identify the lobes and major areas of the human brain Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, magnum foreman 4\. Distinguish between the functions of the primary motor and the primary somatosensory areas of the brain Primary motor: in frontal lobe, voluntary signals to skeletal muscles begin here, muscules that control facial movements take up large portion Somatosensory: in parietal lobe, sensory info from skin and skeletal muscles arrives here **Check Your Progress\ **1. List the functions of the spinal cord Send motor commands from the brain to body, send sensory info, and coordinate reflexes. 2\. Summarize the major regions of the brain, and describe the general function of each Frontal: cognitive Parietal: process sensory info Occipital: visual processing center Temporal: auditory stimuli **The Peripheral Nervous System\ Learning Outcomes:\ **1. Describe the series of events during a spinal reflex A spinal reflex occurs when a sensory receptor detects a stimulus, sending signals along a sensory neuron to the spinal cord, where the information is processed by interneurons, and then signals are sent via motor neurons to the effector muscle, resulting in a rapid, involuntary response without conscious brain involvement 2\. Distinguish between the somatic and autonomic divisions of the peripheral nervous system Somatic: serves skin and skeletal muscles, controls voluntary movement and sensory input Autonomic: regulates cardiac and smooth muscles, organs, and glands, divided into 2: sympathetic and para sympathetic, 3\. Distinguish between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic division Sympathetic: in emergency settings like fight mode Parasympathetic: in a relaxed state responses **Check Your Progress**\ 1. Contrast cranial and spinal nerves Cranial: 12 pairs, nerves attached to brain, connected with head, neck, and facial region Spinal: 31 pairs, emerges from either side of spinal cord 2\. Detail the fastest way for you to react to a stimulus Sympathetic system would be quickest way to react to stimulus 3\. Predict what could happen to homeostasis if the autonomic nervous system failed Significant disruptions in vital functions. **Drug Therapy and Substance Use Disorders\ Learning Outcomes:**\ 1. Explain the ways that drugs interact with the nervous system Some drugs effect neurotrasnmitters they try to mimic or decrease a neurotransmitter 2\. Classify drugs as to whether they have a depressant, stimulant, or psychoactive effect on the nervous system Alc is a depressant. Nic stimulant, cocaine sitmultant, meth stimulant. Tch is psychoactive 3\. List the long-term effects of drug use on the body Neglect basic needs **Check Your Progress\ **1. Contrast drug therapy and drug abuse Drug therapy is used to treat a disease. Drug abuse is using drugs without symptoms of disease or disorder.\ 2. List how the abuse of drugs, including alcohol, affects the nervous system Alc and heroin are depressants, nicotine, cocaine, and meth are stimulants. Marijuana produces euphora 3\. Detail several modes of action of pharmaceutical and illegal drugs Alcohol increases GABA and releases more endorphins. Nicotine stimulates dopamine release. **Chapter 15:** **Overview of Sensory Receptors and Sensations\ Learning Outcomes:\ **1. List the four categories of sensory receptors and describe what each responds to Chemoreceptors: respond to chemical substances such as blood ph. Nociceptors are a type of chemoreceptors that recept to pain. Photoreactor: respond to light Mechanoreceptor: stimulated by mechanical forces such as hearing, seeing, touch, and pressure Thermoreceptor: stimulated by changes in tempature 2\. Distinguish between perception and sensation Perception is how you interpret the stimulation Sensation is the stimulation happening aka generate nerve impulse\ 3. Explain the purpose of sensory adaptation The purpose is to get used to a stimuls over time **Check Your Progress\ **\ 1. Summarize the importance of sensory receptors in the maintenance of homeostasis in the body Sensory receptors can help maintain homeostasis by understanding signals from the environment **Sense of Taste and Smell\ Learning Outcomes:\ **1. Compare and contrast the senses of taste and smell Taste: on tongue, go to parietal for sensation Smell: nasal cavity, go to temporal lobe and limbic system **Check Your Progress\ **1. Identify the structures of the tongue and nose that are involved in the senses of taste and smell On the tongue it is the taste buds. On the nose it is the olfactory cells in nasal cavity. 2\. Summarize the pathway of sensory information regarding taste and smell from the receptors to the brain **Sense of Vision**\ **Learning Outcomes:**\ 1. Identify the structures of the human eye Sclera: protects and supports eyeball Cornea: refracts light rays Pupil: admits light Choroid: absorbs stray light Ciliary body: holds lens in place, focusing Iris: regulates entry of light Retina: contains sensory receptors for light Cones detect color and fine detail Rods: make black and white possible Fovea: acute vison Lens: refracts and focues light rays Humors: transmit light rays and support eye Optic nerve: transmits impulses to brain 2\. Explain how the eye focuses on near and far objects By changing the shape through a process called accommodation where tin muscles called ciliary muscles contract or relax to adjust the lens thickness.\ 3. Describe the role of photoreceptors in vision Photoreceptos help respond to light\ 4. Summarize the abnormalities of the eye that produce vision problems Color blindness: 1 type of cone is defective **Check Your Progress\ ** 2\. Describe the two types of photoreceptors, and state the function of each Rod cells function in black and white vision and are very sensitive to light. Cone cells are activated by bright light and function in color vision **Sense of Hearing**\ **Learning Outcomes:**\ 1. Identify the structures of the ear that are involved in hearing 2\. Describe the pathway of sensory information from the ear to the brain **Check Your Progress\ **1. Identify the structures of the ear involved in hearing, and provide a function for each The outer ear directs sound into the middle ear causing vibrations in the tympanic membrane and the ossicles that attach to inner ear, where fluid stimulates receptors that generate impulses in nerves, sending signals to the brain.