Diploma in Healthcare - Respiratory System PDF

Diploma in Healthcare Write an optional subtitle here Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. UNIT 4 DRUGS THAT ACT ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Topi...

Diploma in Healthcare Write an optional subtitle here Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. UNIT 4 DRUGS THAT ACT ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Topic/ Chapter Learning Outcome Identify the structure and function of respiratory system. Identify types of drugs that act on respiratory system. Define Obstruction, chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Describe Antitussive, Mucolytics and expectorants. Define asthma and related drugs (bronchodilators and corticosteroids. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Respiratory System The respiratory system consist of the upper and lower airways, the lungs and the thoracic cavity. The function of the respiratory system is to provide a mechanism for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs. Any change in the respiratory status will effect the whole body system. (cause all body cells need adequate oxygen supply) Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Upper Respiratory System Functions: Conduct air to lungs Filter and moisten air Plays a part in communication Parts: Nose and Nasal Cavities Sinuses Pharynx Larynx Trachea Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Lower Respiratory System Trachea – windpipe to bronchi. Bronchi – lead to each lung, lined with cilia and mucus to filter the air. Bronchioles – subdivisions from bronchia leading to lobes in lungs Lungs – a pair of organ for gaseous exchange. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders (COPD) Air does not flow freely in the airways Inhalation and exhalation are difficult. Chronic bronchitis – inflammation of airways and causes swelling. Emphysema - alveolar walls break down and combines together (reduce the rate of gas exchange) Asthma - constricted bronchioles obstruct the airways and tend to get progressively worse. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Lung Cancer Lung cancer Thickening of airway cells Loss of cilia on the lining Cells with abnormal nuclei Tumor development Finally metastasis. Smoking, whether active or passive, is a major cause of lung cancer. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Drugs act on the respiratory center in brain Respiratory Stimulants Treatment for asphyxia (Difficulty in breathing) Will increase breathing Example: Carbon dioxide Respiratory Depressants Given during surgery Will decrease breathing Examples: Morphine and Barbiturates Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Drug that act on mucous membrane Will relieve cough (reflex action) Antitussives Mucolytics Expectorants Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Antitussives MOA: Depress the cough center located in the medulla. Therapeutic Use: To relieve a non-productive cough (dry, hacking with no secretions). Adverse reactions: Respiratory depression Sedation Nausea and vomiting Hypersensitivity (allergic) Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Mucolytics MOA: Reduce the viscosity (thickness) of the mucus. Is a drug that loosen respiratory secretions. Expectorants MOA: Increase the production of respiratory secretions and decrease the viscosity of the mucus. This helps to raise mucus secretions from the respiratory passages. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Mucolytics and Expectorants Therapeutic Uses: Treatment acute and chronic emphysema Emphysema with bronchitis Bronchitis Chronic asthma Tuberculosis (TB) Pneumonia Adverse Reactions: Sedation Nausea and vomiting Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Asthma Recurrent attacks of dyspnea (difficulty in breathing) and wheezing caused by constriction of the bronchi. Large amount of histamine is released and causes Increased mucous production Edema of airway (bronchospasm) Inflammation (swelling and redness) Airway become narrow, muscles around airway tighten, inner lining of bronchi swell, extra mucous clogs the smaller airways. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Bronchodilators MOA: Bronchodilators will open the bronchi and allows more air to enter the lungs. Relieve bronchospasm Therapeutic Uses: To treat bronchospasm, chronic bronchial asthma, bronchitis and emphysema. Adverse reactions: Restlessness Anxiety (unwanted worries) Increased blood pressure Insomnia (cannot sleep) Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Corticosteroids MOA: Act to decrease the inflammation process in airways of patients with asthma. Given by inhalation. Therapeutic Uses: treatment of inflammation associated with chronic asthma or allergic rhinitis. Adverse reactions: Throat irritation Cough Fungal infection of mouth and throat Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Reference Holland, LM and Adams MP. 2007. Core Concepts in Pharmacology. 2nd edition.Pearson. Hitner H and Nagle B. 2002. Basic Pharmacology. 4th edition. McGraw-Hill. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Q&A Session Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Next Topic Drugs that affect the skin and mucous membrane Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. 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