Social, Political, Economic, and Cultural Issues in the Philippines Unit 4 Lessons 1 PDF

SOCIAL, POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL ISSUES IN THE PHILIPPINES Rendel Ramos  Learning Objectives: 1. Effectively communicate using various techniques and genres, their historical analysis of a particular event or issue that coul...

SOCIAL, POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL ISSUES IN THE PHILIPPINES Rendel Ramos  Learning Objectives: 1. Effectively communicate using various techniques and genres, their historical analysis of a particular event or issue that could help others understand the topic. 2. Propose recommendations/solutions to present day problems based on their understanding. 3. Analyze social, political, economic, and cultural issues of agrarian reform in the Philippines using the lens of history. 4. Recognize that some problems of today are consequences of the decisions and events that happened in the past. 5. Create an infographic on the salient features of the Constitution. 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 2 LESSON 1. THE AGRARIAN REFORM OF THE PHILIPPINES Rendel Ramos  Click icon to add picture 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 4  What are some of the problems that our farmers are encountering right now? Question CARP, or the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program is the redistribution of public and private agricultural lands to farmers and farmworkers who are landless, irrespective of tenurial arrangement. 6 CARP’s vision is to have an equitable land ownership with empowered agrarian reform beneficiaries who can effectively manage their economic and social development to have a better quality of life CARPS VISION  Land Tenure Improvement seeks to hasten distribution of lands to landless farmers. 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 8 Additional Information's Similarly, the Department offers Support Services to the beneficiaries such as infrastructure facilities, marketing assistance program, credit assistance program, and technical support programs. Furthermore, the department seeks to facilitate, resolve cases and deliver Agrarian Justice. 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 9  The legal basis for CARP is the Republic Act No. 6657 otherwise known as Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL) signed by President Corazon C. Aquino on June 10, 1988. It is an act which aims to promote social justice and industrialization, providing the mechanism for its implementation, and for other purposes. LEGAL BASIS 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 10  History of Agrarian Reform Even before the Spaniard came into these Island, the idea of When the Spaniard came in 1521, private ownership of land was common ownership of land slowly not prevalent. Land was took the backseat, and private commonly owned by the community or barangay, property became dominant, cultivated communally or paving the way to Encomienda individually by members of the system. barangay 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 11 Encomienda System The encomienda was a vehicle used to collect taxes from Filipinos, who tilled the land and surrendered part of their produce to the encomendero as tribute in the form of agricultural crops, poultry, woven mats, etc. Towards the end of the 18th century, there was a mad scramble for wealth thru world trade. Thus, encomienda were replaced by haciendas. 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 12  History Pre-Spanish Period Barangays are ruled by DATUS Maharlikas (Freemen) “This land is Ours Aliping Namamahay (serfs) Aliping Sagigilid ( Slaves) God gave this land Rice as a medium of Exchange to us” 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 13  History Encomienda- Royal Land Grants Spanish Period Encomienderos Protects the land “United we as they collect tribute from the Indios (Native) The tribute soon became land stand, divided rents to a few powerful landlords The Natives becomes shared we fall” tenants 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 14  History When the First Philippine Republic was First Philippine Republic established in 1899, Gen. Emilio “The yoke has Aguinaldo declared in the Malolos Constitution his intention to confiscate large estates, especially the so-called Friar lands. However, as the Republic finally broken” was short-lived, Aguinaldo’s plan was never implemented. 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 15  History American Period: 1. Philippine Bill of 1902 – Set the ceilings on the hectarage of private individuals and “Long live corporations may acquire: 16 has. for private individuals and 1,024 has. for corporations. America” 2.Land Registration Act of 1902 (Act No. 496) – Provided for a comprehensive registration of land titles under the Torrens system 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 16  History American Period: 3. Public Land Act of 1903 – introduced the homestead system “Long live in the Philippines. 4. Tenancy Act of 1933 (Act No. America” 4054 and 4113) – regulated relationships between landowners and tenants of rice (50-50 sharing) and sugar cane lands. 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 17  The Torrens system, which the Americans instituted for the registration of lands, did American not solve the problem completely. Either they were not aware of the law or if they Period did, they could not pay the survey cost and other fees required in applying for a Torrens title. Commonwealth Period “Government for the Filipinos” President Manuel L. Quezon espoused the "Social Justice" program to arrest the increasing social unrest in Central Luzon. 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 19 Significant legislation enacted during Commonwealth Period: 1935 Constitution – "The promotion of social justice to ensure the well-being and economic security of all people should be the concern of the State" Commonwealth Act No. 178 (An Amendment to Rice Tenancy Act No. 4045), Nov. 13, 1936 – Provided for certain controls in the landlord-tenant relationship National Rice and Corn Corporation (NARIC), 1936 – Established the price of rice and corn thereby help the poor tenants as well as consumers. 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 20 Significant legislation enacted during Commonwealth Rural Program Commonwealth Commonwealth Act. No. 461, Administration, Act No. 441 1937 – Specified created March 2, enacted on June Period: reasons for the dismissal of 1939 – Provided the purchase 3, 1939 – Created the tenants and only and lease of National with the haciendas and Settlement approval of the their sale and Administration Tenancy Division lease to the with a capital of the tenants. stock of Department of P20,000,000. Justice 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 21  “The Era of Hukbalahap” The Second World War II started in Unfortunately, the end of war also signaled the end of Europe in 1939 and in the Pacific in gains acquired by the peasants. Upon the arrival of 1941. Hukbalahap controlled whole the Japanese in the Philippines in 1942, peasants and areas of Central Luzon; landlords who workers organizations grew strength. Many peasants supported the Japanese lost their lands took up arms and identified themselves with the anti- to peasants while those who supported Japanese group, the HUKBALAHAP (Hukbo ng the Huks earned fixed rentals in favor of Bayan Laban sa Hapon). the tenants. Japanese Occupation 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 22 Philippine Republic After the establishment of the Philippine The New Independence in 1946, the problems of land tenure remained. These became worst in Republic certain areas. Thus the Congress of the Philippines revised the tenancy law 1.Republic Act No. 34. This established the 70-30 sharing arrangements and regulating share- tenancy contracts. 2.Republic Act No. 55 – This provides for a more effective safeguard against arbitrary ejectment of tenants. President Manuel A. Roxas (1946-1948) enacted the following laws: 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 24 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 25  1. Executive Order No. 355 issued on October 23, 1950 -- Replaced the National Land Settlement Administration with Land Settlement 2. Development Corporation (LASEDECO) which takes over the responsibilities of the Agricultural Machinery Equipment Corporation and the Rice and Corn Production Administration. Elpidio R. Quirino (1948-1953) enacted the following law 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 26  1. Republic Act No. 1160 of 1954 -- Abolished the LASEDECO and established the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) 1. aimed at rebel returnees providing home lots and farmlands in Palawan and Mindanao. 2. Republic Act No. 1199 (Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954) -- governed the relationship between landowners and tenant farmers by organizing share-tenancy and leasehold system. The law provided the security of tenure of tenants. It also created the Court of Agrarian Relations. Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957) enacted the following laws: 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 27  3. Republic Act No. 1400 (Land Reform Act of 1955) -- Created the Land Tenure Administration (LTA) which was responsible for the acquisition and distribution of large tenanted rice and corn lands over 200 hectares for individuals and 600 hectares for corporations. 4. Republic Act No. 821 (Creation of Agricultural Credit Cooperative Financing Administration) -- Provided small farmers and share tenants loans with low interest rates of six to eight percent. Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957) enacted the following laws: 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 28  1.Continued the program of President Ramon Magsaysay. No new legislation passed. President Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961) 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 29  1. Republic Act No. 3844 of August 8, 1963 (Agricultural Land Reform Code) -- Abolished share tenancy, institutionalized leasehold, set retention limit at 75 hectares, invested rights of pre-emption and redemption for tenant farmers, provided for an administrative machinery for implementation, institutionalized a judicial system of agrarian cases, incorporated extension, marketing and supervised credit system of services of farmer beneficiaries. 2. The RA was hailed as one that would emancipate Filipino farmers from the bondage of tenancy. President Diosdado P. Macapagal (1961-1965) enacted the following law: 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 30   Proclamation No. 1081 on September 21, 1972 ushered the Period of the New Society. Five days after the proclamation of Martial Law, the entire country was proclaimed a land reform area and simultaneously the Agrarian Reform Program was decreed. President Ferdinand E. Marcos (1965-1986) 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 31  1. Republic Act No. 6389, (Code of Agrarian Reform) and RA No. 6390 of 1971 -- Created the Department of Agrarian Reform and the Agrarian Reform Special Account Fund. It strengthens the position of farmers and expanded the scope of agrarian reform. 2. Presidential Decree No. 2, September 26, 1972 -- Declared the country under land reform program. It enjoined all agencies and offices of the government to extend full cooperation and assistance to the DAR. It also activated the Agrarian Reform Coordinating Council. 3. Presidential Decree No. 27, October 21, 1972 -- Restricted land reform scope to tenanted rice and corn lands and set the retention limit at 7 hectares. President Ferdinand E. Marcos (1965-1986) 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 32  The Constitution ratified by the Filipino people during the administration of President Corazon C. Aquino provides under Section 21 under Article II that “The State shall promote comprehensive rural development and agrarian reform.” On June 10, 1988, former President Corazon C. Aquino signed into law Republic Act No. 6657 or otherwise known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL). The law became effective on June 15, 1988. Subsequently, four Presidential issuances were released in July 1987 after 48 nationwide consultations before the actual law was enacted. President Corazon C. Aquino (1986-1992) 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 33  The Constitution ratified by the Filipino people during the administration of President Corazon C. Aquino provides under Section 21 under Article II that “The State shall promote comprehensive rural development and agrarian reform.” On June 10, 1988, former President Corazon C. Aquino signed into law Republic Act No. 6657 or otherwise known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL). The law became effective on June 15, 1988. Subsequently, four Presidential issuances were released in July 1987 after 48 nationwide consultations before the actual law was enacted. President Corazon C. Aquino (1986-1992) 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 34  The Constitution ratified by the Filipino people during the administration of President Corazon C. Aquino provides under Section 21 under Article II that “The State shall promote comprehensive rural development and agrarian reform.” On June 10, 1988, former President Corazon C. Aquino signed into law Republic Act No. 6657 or otherwise known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL). The law became effective on June 15, 1988. Subsequently, four Presidential issuances were released in July 1987 after 48 nationwide consultations before the actual law was enacted. President Corazon C. Aquino (1986-1992) 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 35 President Corazon C. Aquino enacted the following laws: Executive Order No. 228, July 16, 1987 – Declared full ownership to qualified farmer-beneficiaries covered by PD 27. It also determined the value remaining unvalued rice and corn lands subject of PD 27 and provided for the manner of payment by the FBs and mode of compensation to landowners. Executive Order No. 229, July 22, 1987 – Provided mechanism for the implementation of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP). Proclamation No. 131, July 22, 1987 – Instituted the CARP as a major program of the government. It provided for a special fund known as the Agrarian Reform Fund (ARF), with an initial amount of Php50 billion to cover the estimated cost of the program from 1987-1992. Executive Order No. 129-A, July 26, 1987 – streamlined and expanded the power and operations of the DAR. 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 36  REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6657, JUNE 10, 1988 (COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. REFORM LAW) – AN ACT WHICH BECAME 405, JUNE 14, 1990 – 407, JUNE 14, 1990 – EFFECTIVE JUNE 15, 1988 AND INSTITUTED VESTED IN THE LAND BANK ACCELERATED THE A COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM OF THE PHILIPPINES THE ACQUISITION AND PROGRAM TO PROMOTE SOCIAL JUSTICE RESPONSIBILITY TO DISTRIBUTION OF AND INDUSTRIALIZATION PROVIDING THE DETERMINE LAND VALUATION AGRICULTURAL LANDS, MECHANISM FOR ITS IMPLEMENTATION AND AND COMPENSATION FOR ALL PASTURE LANDS, FISHPONDS, FOR OTHER PURPOSES. THIS LAW IS STILL LANDS COVERED BY CARP. AGRO-FORESTRY LANDS AND THE ONE BEING IMPLEMENTED AT PRESENT. OTHER LANDS OF THE PUBLIC DOMAIN SUITABLE FOR AGRICULTURE. When President Fidel V. Ramos formally took over in 1992, his administration came face to face with publics who President have lost confidence in the agrarian reform program. His Fidel V. administration committed to Ramos (1992- the vision “Fairer, faster and more meaningful 1998 implementation of the Agrarian Reform Program.  President Fidel V. Ramos enacted the following laws: 1.Republic Act No. 7881, 1995 – Amended certain provisions of RA 6657 and exempted fishponds and prawns from the coverage of CARP. 2.Republic Act No. 7905, 1995 – Strengthened the implementation of the CARP. 3.Executive Order No. 363, 1997 – Limits the type of lands that may be converted by setting conditions under which limits the type of lands that may be converted by setting conditions under which specific categories of agricultural land are either absolutely non-negotiable for conversion or highly restricted for conversion. 4.Republic Act No. 8435, 1997 (Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act AFMA) – Plugged the legal loopholes in land use conversion. 5.Republic Act 8532, 1998 (Agrarian Reform Fund Bill) – Provided an additional Php50 billion for CARP and extended its implementation for another 10 years. 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 39  “ERAP PARA SA MAHIRAP’ Initiated the enactment of During his administration, Executive Order N0. 151, President Estrada launched the September 1999 (Farmer’s Trust Magkabalikat Para sa Kaunlarang Fund) – Allowed the voluntary Agraryo or MAGKASAKA. The consolidation of small farm operation into medium and large DAR forged into joint ventures scale integrated enterprise that can with private investors into agrarian access long-term capital. sector to make FBs competitive. President Joseph E. Estrada (1998-2000 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 40  The agrarian reform program under the Arroyo administration is anchored on the vision “To make the countryside economically viable for the Filipino family by building partnership and promoting social equity and new economic opportunities towards lasting peace and sustainable rural development.” President Gloria Macapacal-Arroyo (2001- 2010) 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 41  Land Tenure Improvement - DAR will remain vigorous in implementing land acquisition and distribution component of CARP. The DAR will improve land tenure President system through land distribution and leasehold. Gloria Provision of Support Services - Macapacal- CARP not only involves the distribution of lands but also included package of support Arroyo (2001- services which includes: credit assistance, 2010) extension services, irrigation facilities, roads and bridges, marketing facilities and training and technical support programs. 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 42 1. Infrastructure Projects - DAR will transform the agrarian reform communities (ARCs), an area focused and integrated delivery of support services, into rural economic zones that will help in the creation of job opportunities in the countryside. President 2.KALAHI ARZone - The KALAHI Agrarian Reform (KAR) Zones were also launched. These zones consist of one or more Gloria municipalities with concentration of ARC population to achieve Macapacal- greater agro-productivity. 3. Agrarian Justice - To help clear the backlog of agrarian cases, Arroyo (2001- DAR will hire more paralegal officers to support undermanned 2010) adjudicatory boards and introduce quota system to compel adjudicators to work faster on agrarian reform cases. DAR will respect the rights of both farmers and landowners. 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 43 President Benigno Aquino III (2010-2016) vowed during his 2012 State of the Nation Address that he would complete before the end of his term the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP), the center piece program of the administration of his mother, President Corazon Aquino. The younger Aquino distributed their family-owned Hacienda Luisita in Tarlac. 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 44 President Benigno Aquino III (2010-2016) Created the Agrarian Reform Community Connectivity and Economic Support Services (ARCCESS) project Agrarian Production Credit Program (APCP) provided credit support for crop production to newly organized and existing agrarian reform beneficiaries’ organizations (ARBOs) and farmers’ organizations not qualified to avail themselves of loans under the regular credit windows of banks. 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 45 President Benigno Aquino III (2010-2016) The legal case monitoring system (LCMS), a web-based legal system for recording and monitoring various kinds of agrarian cases at the provincial, regional and central offices of the DAR to ensure faster resolution and close monitoring of agrarian-related cases, was also launched. 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 46 President Benigno Aquino III (2010- 2016) Aside from these initiatives, Aquino also enacted Executive Order No. 26, Series of 2011, to mandate the Department of Agriculture-Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Department of Agrarian Reform Convergence Initiative to develop a National Greening Program in cooperation with other government agencies. 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 47 President Rodrigo Roa Duterte (2016 – 2022) Under his leadership, the President wants to pursue an “aggressive” land reform program that would help alleviate the life of poor Filipino farmers by prioritizing the provision of support services alongside land distribution. 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 48  The President directed the DAR to launch the 2nd phase of agrarian reform where landless farmers would be awarded with undistributed lands under the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP). Duterte plans to place almost all public lands, including military reserves, under agrarian reform. The President also placed 400 hectares of agricultural lands in Boracay under CARP. Under his administration the DAR created an anti- corruption task force to investigate and handle reports on alleged anomalous activities by officials and employees of the department. 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 49  The Department also pursues an “Oplan Zero Backlog” in the resolution of cases in relation to agrarian justice delivery of the agrarian reform program to fast-track the implementation of CARP. 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 50 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 51 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 52 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 53 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 54 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 55 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 56 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 57 New Agrarian 01 02 03 Emancipatio 610 thousand na magsasaka and 57.56 B – Buburahin under RA 11953 Pagsalo ng Gobyerno sa 206 Million sa VLT n Law ( RA mawawalan ng Agrarian Arrears (utang) (Voluntary Land Transfer Program) 11953) -ARB- Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries July 9, 2023 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 58 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 59 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 60 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 61 The Rice Tariffication Law A law which paved the way for more imported rice to reach the Philippines 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 62 The Rice Tariffication Law A law which paved the way for more imported rice to reach the Philippines 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 63 The Rice Tariffication Law A law which paved the way for more imported rice to reach the Philippines 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 64  Impact 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 65 Impact 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 66 GROUP QUIZ BEE Mechanics The class would be divided into 8 groups The groups would compete to get the highest score and the scores are as follows 25,24,23,22,21 and 20 for the remaining groups You are allowed to open your notes but no using of phones Anyone caught cheating would be deducted 2 to their points in the game 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 68 Q1:He was the former president who continued the program of President Ramon Magsaysay. A. Carlos Garcia B. Diosdado Macapagal C. Cory Aquino D. Manuel Roxas Correct Answer: A. Carlos Garcia 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 69 Q2: Who was the former president that had this vision: “To make the countryside economically viable for the Filipino family by building partnerships and promoting social equity and new economic opportunities towards lasting peace and sustainable rural development.” A. Carlos Garcia B. Rodrigo Duterte C. Cory Aquino D. Gloria Arroyo Correct Answer: Gloria Arroyo 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 70 Q3. This is an act emancipating agrarian reform beneficiaries from financial burden by condoning all principal loans A. RA. 11953 B. RA. 11954 C. RA 11955 D. RA 11956 Correct Answer: RA. 11953 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 71 Q4. What does CARP stands for? A. Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Plight B. Compression Anesthetic Radiology and Pulmonary C. Cordillera Administrative Region Proper D. Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program D.Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 72 Q5. This is law paved the way for more imported rice to reach the Philippines A. Rice Importation Law B. Rice and Corn Law C. Rice Tarrification Law D. Rice Generating Law C. Rice Tarrification Law 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 73 Q6. This law vested in the Land Bank of the Philippines the responsibility to determine land valuation and compensation for all lands covered by CARP A. Executive Order No. 405 B. Executive Order No. 406 C. Executive Order No. 407 D. Executive Order No. 409 A.Executive Order No. 405 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 74 Q7. This law established the 70-30 sharing arrangements and regulated share-tenancy contracts. A. RA. No. 34 B. RA No 35 C. RA No. 36 D. RA No. 37 A.RA. No. 34 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 75 Q8. From 1972 to 2022 what is the estimated number of land distributed to the farmers A. 2M B. 3M C. 4M D. 5M B. 3M 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 76 Q9. They are considered the leaders of the Barangay during the pre-colonial period A. Freemen B. Maharlikas C. Datu D. Apos C. DATU 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 77 Q10. NARRA stands for what A. National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration B. National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Admiration C. National Recreation and Rehabilitation Administration D. National Resettlement and Revitalization Administration A. National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 78 Q11. This law provided a comprehensive registration of land titles under the Torrens system A. Land Registration Act of 1902 B. Land Registration Act of 1903 C. Land Registration Act of 1904 D. Land Registration Act of 1905 A. Land Registration Act of 1902 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 79 Q12. President Aquino signed the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law on? A. June 09, 1988 B. June 10, 1988 C. June 11, 1998 D. June 10, 1998 June 10, 1988 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 80 Q13. This law created the Land Tenure Administration (LTA) which was responsible for the acquisition and distribution of large tenanted rice and corn lands over 200 hectares for individuals and 600 hectares for corporations. A. Republic Act No. 1200 B. Republic Act No. 1401 C. Republic Act No. 1300 D. Republic Act No. 1400 Republic Act No. 1400 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 81 Q14.This law regulated relationships between landowners and tenants of rice (50-50 sharing) and sugar cane lands. A. Tenancy Act of 1929 B. Tenancy Act of 1930 C. Tenancy Act of 1933 D. Tenancy Act of 1934 Tenancy Act of 1933 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 82 Q15. This law was enacted on June 3, 1939 and created the National Settlement Administration with a capital stock of P20,000,000. A. Commonwealth Act No. 441 B. Commonwealth Act No. 442 C. Commonwealth Act No. 443 D. Commonwealth Act No. 444 A. Commonwealth Act No. 441 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 83  Thank you Any Question 9/4/20XX Presentation Title 84