Unit 3 Sensors & Actuators (CU 3.0) PDF

Module - 2 Internet of Things Units for Discussion Internet of Things IoT Development Sensors & Boards Actuators Unit - 1 Unit...

Module - 2 Internet of Things Units for Discussion Internet of Things IoT Development Sensors & Boards Actuators Unit - 1 Unit - 2 Unit - 3 Networking & IoT Machine Protocol Concept Learning with IoT Unit - 4 Unit - 5  Unit - 3 Sensors & Actuators  DISCLAIMER The content is curated from online/offline resources and used for educational purpose only. Use Sensors and Build Smart Learning Objectives Sensors and its Applications Electronics Concepts Understanding the Signals Electronics Circuit Tools General Purpose Sensors Principle & Working Digital Sensors Interfacing Analog Sensors Interfacing PWM Sensors Interfacing I2C Sensors Interfacing Source : www.freepik.com/ Introduction to Sensors The sensor can be defined as a device which can be used to sense/detect the physical quantity like force, pressure, strain, light etc. Convert it into desired output like the electrical signal to measure the applied physical quantity Application of Sensors Characteristics of Sensors Less Noise and Disturbance Less power consumption High Sensitivity High Resolution Linearity Sensors and Electronic Concepts A sensor is a device that measures physical input from its environment and converts it into data that can be interpreted by either a human or a machine. Most sensors are electronic (the data is converted into electronic data). Actuators, on the other hand, take an electrical signal and convert it into a physical form. Let's look at Electronic Concepts Source : Reference link Electronics Components An electronic component is a physical entity in an electronic system used to affect movement of electrons. Electronic components have number of electronic terminals or leads which connect to other electronic components over wire to create an electronic circuit. Source : Reference link Electronics Signals AC DC Source : Reference link Analog V/s Digital Signals Analog Digital Source : Reference link Ohm’s Law Ohm’s law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage or potential difference between the two points provided the temperature is constant for a constant length and area. Voltage = Current * Resistance V= I * R Where, V= voltage (Unit: volts or V) I= current (Unit: Amperes or A) R= resistance (Unit: ohms or Ω) Source : Reference link Analog to Digital Converter - ADC Analog-to-Digital converters (ADC) translate analog signals, real world signals like temperature, pressure, voltage, current, distance, or light intensity, into a digital representation of that signal Source : Reference link Analog to Digital Converter - ADC Transform analog signal to digital Signal gets approximate N bit ADC can resolve 2N analog levels Source : Reference link Electronics Circuit Tools Recognize please…….. Source : Reference link Breadboard Solderless board White Plastic Three parts – Top, bottom & center Source : Reference link Breadboard Connections Top as supply line Bottom as ground line Connect devices in center part Source : Reference link Sample Connection Resistors connected in series. How would be parallel connection…..lets try How many maximum series connections are possible ? How many maximum parallel connections are possible ? Source : Reference link Jumper Wires…tool to connect Male-to-male Female-to-male Female-to-female Source : Reference link General Purpose Sensors Source : Reference link  Lab -1 Interfacing Digital Sensors using IoT device Digital LED Conduction takes place in a LED when the free electrons in the conduction band combine with the holes in the valence band. This process of recombination emits light. This process is called as Electroluminescence Source : Reference link Digital Buzzer There are many ways to communicate between the user and a product. One of the best ways is audio communication using a buzzer What is buzzer? An audio signaling device like a beeper or buzzer may be electromechanical or piezoelectric or mechanical type. The main function of this is to convert the signal from audio to sound Source : Reference link Digital Vibration Sensor Type of Piezoelectric device Under vibration generates an electrical signal Due to variations in electronic capacitance Vibration Sensor Source : Reference link Digital Heart Rate Monitor Based on the principle of photoplethysmography Heart pulses changes flow & volume of blood Sense amount of optical absorption by blood Heart rate sensor Source : Reference link Digital Conductivity Sensor Based on variation in observable parameters Includes Voltage drop, current increase, etc Used in application like line fuse detection, etc Conductivity Sensor Source : Reference link Digital Touch Sensor Works on the principle of capacitance Due to pressure, measures change in capacitance May also use thin films Touch Sensor Source : Reference link Digital Inclination Sensor Works on principle ball movement Due to gravity ball may dislocate Movement turns the connection on/off Tilt Sensor Source : Reference link  Lab -2 Interfacing Analog Sensors using IoT device Analog Temperature Sensor DHT 11 (BJT) Thermostat Thermistor Source : Reference link Analog Rotation Sensor Works on moving connection Output voltage changes Measure rotation/ angle Needs an ADC logic Source : Reference link Analog Joystick Sensor Works on principle of moving slider Has three connections – X, Y & Z Measure X, Y shift and action button in Z Needs two ADC logics for X & Y Z is digital signal Source : Reference link Analog Light Sensor LDR Source : Reference link Analog Sound Sensor Uses principle of Microphone Peak detection & Amplification Capable to determine noise levels (variable) Within decibels at 3 kHz to 6 kHz frequencies Sound Sensor Source : Reference link Analog Soil Moisture Sensor Uses the principle of Capacitance Moisture between electrodes varies Dependent of medium permittivity Soil Moisture Sensor Source : Reference link Analog Ultrasonic Sensor Work using Ultrasonic Sound Waves High frequency device (out of human audible range) Account interval of signal reflection Ultrasonic Sensor Source : Reference link  Lab -3 Interfacing PWM Sensors using IoT device PWM Signal for Sensors Needs to vary power for digital sensors Can’t vary amplitude Only option is to vary pulse time Longer high pulse state more power Can vary pulse ON period to control device PWM Signals Source : Reference link PWM Controlled DC Motor Type of Actuator Uses principle of electromotive force Current carry wire in magnetic field Current induces force on shaft Shaft rotates in only one direction DC Motor with Fan Source : Reference link  Lab -4 Controlling of DC motor through Analog Sensors  Lab -5 Interfacing I2C Sensors using IoT device I2C Controlled Liquid Crystal Display Used in screens & displays. Size 16 x 2 LCD 32 Alphanumeric displays Every character of 5x8 pixel size Operating Voltage: 3.3V ~ 5.0V Two Integrated Circuits LCD RGB adjustable backlight Source : Reference link I2C Controlled Liquid Crystal Display Polarizers Source : Reference link Conclusion Have learned about types of sensors Analog sensors needs an ADC cricuitary Role of PWM in actuators Increasing duty cycle feed more power I2C sensors are memory addressable Working of various types of sensors References https://circuitdigest.com/tutorial/different-types-of-sensors-and-their-working https://robu.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Grove-Rotary-Angle-Sensor-User-Manual.pdf https://www.elprocus.com/robot-sensor/ https://robu.in/ultrasonic-sensor-working-principle/ https://www.watelectronics.com/lcd-16x2/ https://www.automate.org/blogs/what-kinds-of-applications-are-best-for-stepper-motors https://circuitdigest.com/article/servo-motor-working-and- basics#:~:text=Servo%20motor%20works%20on%20PWM,(potentiometer)%20and%20some%20gears https://electronicscoach.com/electronic-components.html https://tesckt.com/transistor-application-circuits-and-it-application-in-daily-life/ https://www.elprocus.com/buzzer-working-applications/ https://www.vedantu.com/iit-jee/basic-logic-gates https://www.monolithicpower.com/en/analog-vs-digital-signal https://byjus.com/physics/pulse-width-modulation/ https://circuitglobe.com/relay.html https://www.electronicshub.org/what-is-relay-and-how-it-works/ https://www.seeedstudio.com/blog/2020/06/16/why-do-you-need-an-analog-to-digital-converter-adc-m/ Let’s Start Quiz 1. What is a buzzer primarily used for? a) Producing sound b) Generating light c) Measuring temperature d) Transmitting data Answer: A Producing sound Quiz 2. Which type of signal is commonly used as the carrier signal in PWM? a) Sine wave b) Square wave c) Triangular wave d) Sawtooth wave Answer: B Square wave Quiz 3. What does PWM stand for in electronics? a) Power Wave Modulation b) Pulse Width Modulation c) Positive Width Modulation d) Phase Width Modulation Answer: B Pulse Width Modulation Quiz 4. What is the primary function of an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)? a) Convert digital signals to analog signals b) Convert analog signals to digital signals c) Generate analog signals d) Measure frequency of signals Answer: B Convert analog signals to digital signals Quiz 5. Which of the following sensor combinations is often used to monitor and control indoor climate conditions? a) Pressure sensor and light sensor b) Humidity sensor and ultrasonic sensor c) Temperature sensor and gas sensor d) Temperature sensor and humidity sensor Answer: D Temperature sensor and humidity sensor Thank You