UNIT 3 PS.pdf

Powered by Beliefs and disease/illness behavior Biopsychosocial model: Health and disease are the result of complex interactions between biological, psychological, and social factors. WHO defines health as the complete state of physical, mental, and social wellness. Disease/illness behavior: Refers...

Powered by Beliefs and disease/illness behavior Biopsychosocial model: Health and disease are the result of complex interactions between biological, psychological, and social factors. WHO defines health as the complete state of physical, mental, and social wellness. Disease/illness behavior: Refers to how individuals attend to and control their body, interpret and act on symptoms, seek relief, and utilize available treatment options. Phases of disease behavior: Perception and interpretation of symptoms: Awareness of signs and symptoms, individual differences, contextual factors, and psychosocial influences play a role. Sick role: Sick individuals are exempt from their usual social roles, not responsible for their condition, and are expected to seek help and cooperate for recovery. Sanitary assistance search: Standard medicine, alternative medicine, self-medication, avoidance, and non-acceptance of disease are different approaches to seeking medical assistance. Patient role: Involves receiving complete and continuous information about the disease and treatment from healthcare authorities. Process and Awareness of Disease Patients have the option to choose between different treatment options. Patients have a duty to comply with general sanitary prescriptions and sign a document for voluntary discharge if they refuse treatment. The phases of disease behavior include perception and interpretation of symptoms, sick role, seeking sanitary assistance, patient role, curation, and rehabilitation. Disease awareness is questioned, including if we know when we get sick, if reactions to symptoms are universal, and what influences our perception and interpretation of symptoms. Illness generates changes in bodily sensations and functions that can be objectively recognized as bodily signs or subjectively interpreted as symptoms. Some diseases have visible symptoms, while others involve subjective bodily responses that cannot be seen. Variability exists in attending to or reporting symptoms, with only a third of individuals seeking medical attention. Disease and illness are differentiated, with illness referring to not feeling quite right compared to one's normal state. Symptom perception is influenced by biological, psychological, and contextual factors, including attention, social context, and individual differences. Notes on Symptoms Perception and Individual Differences Symptoms perception is influenced by attention, with over-exposure leading to increased attention and high sensitivity. Medical students may perceive symptoms related to the pathologies they are studying. The perception of symptoms is also influenced by social context and personal life. Previous experience with a pathology and knowledge about a specific disease can affect symptom detection. Context plays a role in symptom perception, with normal contexts making it easier to detect symptoms compared to exciting or absorbent contexts. Cultural differences also influence symptom perception, with some cultures using more sanitary assistance and reacting more to symptoms. Individual differences, such as sex, life stage, emotions, and cognition/coping style, also affect symptom perception. Women are often educated to show symptoms, while men are educated to hide them. With age, there is an increasing awareness of internal organs and their sensations. Emotions and cognitive styles can impact symptom perception as well. Interpretation of Symptoms as a Disease and Delay Behavior in Seeking Medical Help The content of disease representations can be categorized into five themes: Identity, Consequences, Causes, Time period, and Curation/control capacity. Identity variables include label, concrete signs, and concrete symptoms used to identify illnesses. Consequences refer to the perceived impact of the illness on life, such as physical, emotional, social, and economic effects. Causes of illness may be biological, emotional, psychological, genetic, environmental, or due to individual behavior. Time period refers to the duration and development of the disease, such as chronic, acute, or episodic. Curation/control capacity is a person's ability to control the progression of a specific disease. Once people recognize symptoms, they have the option to ignore them, seek advice, or visit a health professional. Delay behavior refers to the delay in seeking health advice after recognizing symptoms. Delay behavior includes three decision-making stages: Appraisal delay, Illness delay, and Utilization delay. Factors influencing delay behavior include the type of symptoms, economy, cultural influences, age, sex, influence of others, treatment beliefs, fear, and negation. Symptoms that are visible, painful, disruptive, frequent, and persistent generally lead to action. Economy plays a role in delay behavior, as seeking medical help may lead to risks of dismissal, financial issues, and high prices in private healthcare systems. Cultural beliefs about illness causation may also influence delay behavior. Factors Influencing Delayed Health Care-seeking Behavior Cultures with traditional views of illness seek culturally relevant cures, such as herbal or animal-based treatments and faith healing. The young and the elderly use health services more often than other age groups, while adolescents and adults tend to delay seeking help. Women generally use health services more than men, who are socially educated to hide their health problems. People often take action only when encouraged by others in their lay referral network, but not all social networks provide helpful advice. Perception of the benefits of treatment and belief in its efficacy can influence the decision to seek medical help. Fear of doctors, treatment procedures, and medical environments can also delay health care-seeking, as well as trait anxiety and denial. Lack of adherence to treatment is a common problem for health professionals, with difficulty in taking medication and modifying bad habits being common causes. Lack of adherence to treatment can lead to lack of therapeutic response, disease relapse, development of antibiotic resistance, and appearance of new pathologies. Lack of adherence can also interfere with the clinician-patient relationship, leading to distrust and erroneous evaluation of treatment effectiveness. Lack of Adherence to Treatment and Psychosocial Problems of Hospitalization note: Lack of adherence to treatment can lead to accidental intoxications and irresponsible self-medication. note: Lack of adherence to treatment can have economic repercussions such as work absenteeism, lack of productivity, and an increase in national health expenditure. note: Lack of adherence to treatment increases the risk of secondary/side effects, toxicity, and dependence and tolerance. note: Adherence to treatment can be defined as the degree to which a patient's behavior coincides with the clinician's instructions. note: Adherence to treatment can also be defined as the active implication and voluntary collaboration of the patient in an accepted behavior with the purpose of obtaining a preventive or therapeutic result. note: Adherence to treatment is influenced by factors such as the need for direct supervision, registered episodes, chronic diseases, lifestyle changes, and prevention habits. note: Factors that can affect adherence to treatment include disease factors, treatment factors, and clinician-patient relationship factors. note: Disease factors that affect adherence to treatment include the presence of symptoms, constant symptoms over time, and symptoms that can be alleviated with treatment. note: Treatment factors that affect adherence to treatment include complex treatment, interference with the patient's lifestyle, and long-term treatment. note: Clinician-patient relationship factors that affect adherence to treatment include patient satisfaction with the therapeutic relationship, good communication, and respect and cordiality-based relationship. note: The psychosocial problems of hospitalization revolve around the three goals of cure, care, and the core of the hospital. note: Cure is the responsibility of physicians and involves any treatment action that has the potential to restore patients to good health. note: Patient care is the responsibility of nursing staff and involves keeping the patient's emotional and physical state in balance. note: The core of the hospital is responsible for ensuring the smooth functioning of the system and the flow of resources, services, and personnel. note: Psychosocial problems of hospitalization can be reduced by decreasing the perception of threat, increasing resources, and decreasing suffering. Problematic of Hospitalization and Ways to React in Health Recovery The negative experience of hospitalization is influenced by components such as the physical environment, loss of intimacy and privacy, ignorance, dependence, loss of control, loss of social identity, and abandonment of familiar and social roles. In response to health recovery, three theories can be applied: Health Belief Model (HBM), Protection Motivation Theory (PMT), and Theory of Action/Planned Behaviour (TAB). Attitude change and health behavior can be achieved through educational appeals and fear appeals, but persuasive messages that evoke excessive fear may hinder behavior change. The Health Belief Model suggests that a person's adoption of preventive health behavior depends on their perception of personal health threat and belief in the effectiveness of the practice. The Health Belief Model also considers factors such as perceived vulnerability to disease, severity of the disease, general health values, cues to action, benefits and costs of preventive behavior, and self-efficacy. The Protection Motivation Theory adds fear as an essential emotional component in health behavior regulation and considers vulnerability to disease, disease severity, response effectiveness, self-efficacy, and fear in determining preventive behavior adoption. An example of the Health Belief Model is a woman's intense preventive behaviors to reduce the risk of breast cancer if she perceives vulnerability, severe threat, low cost, and has cues to action and trust in the effectiveness of preventive measures. An example of the Protection Motivation Theory is the change in feeding habits influenced by information about the high-risk nature of high-fat diets on heart-related pathologies. The Theory of Action/Planned Behaviour in Health Recovery The Theory of Action/Planned Behaviour states that a person's health behavior is a result of their behavioral intention. An intention is an action plan to achieve specific behavioral goals and is made up of three components. The components of an intention include attitude toward the specific action, subjective norm regarding the action, and perceived behavioral control. Attitude toward the specific action involves evaluating the likely outcomes and the person's evaluation of those outcomes. Subjective norm refers to a person's belief about what others think they should do and their motivation to comply with those beliefs. Perceived behavioral control is the person's self-efficacy in being able to perform the behavior. An example of the Theory of Action/Planned Behaviour is reducing alcohol consumption. If a person believes that reducing alcohol consumption will lead to a more productive and healthier life, that important people in their life want them to do it, and they have the ability to control their drinking based on internal and external factors, they are likely to have a high intention to reduce alcohol consumption. The Theory also suggests that behavioral control can explain behavior without the influence of intentions. Belief in being able to reduce alcohol consumption is a better predictor of behavior than the intention to stop.