Energy Resources PDF

ENERGY RESOURCES Energy = Power x time Energy (Watts)= J/s Average house consumption in a city = 500 units= 500 KWh Every year energy usage across world= 1000 MW power plant; 75% capacity 500 Exa joules 1000 x 0.7...

ENERGY RESOURCES Energy = Power x time Energy (Watts)= J/s Average house consumption in a city = 500 units= 500 KWh Every year energy usage across world= 1000 MW power plant; 75% capacity 500 Exa joules 1000 x 0.75 x 365 x 24 h= 6.6 billion KWh in a year Electricity: Coal, With this 6.6 billion KWh in a year, and lignite, Thermal average consumption of electricity= power plants 500 KWh; we can Distribute 1.1 million Transportation: homes per year electricity Petrol, diesel, CNG, Battery Scale of quantities Watts ENERGY Examples RESOURCES Femto 10-15 Lasers: Medical devices Pico 10-12 Lab scale AC/DC source Nano 10-9 Micro 10-6 Artificial pacemakers Milli 10-3 Scientific calculator Kilo 103 House hold bulbs (10-100 W) Mega 106 Submarines; propulsion engines Giga 109 Tera 1012 Peta 1015 Exa 1018 Zetta 1021 Yotta 1024  ENERGY RESOURCES 1) Renewable: Regenerates as fast as they are consumed and are continuously available, Eg: Solar, wind, water, geothermal 2) Non-Renewable: cannot be replenished. Eg:, Fossil Fuel and Nuclear materials. Renewable Energy Installed Capacity Source (MW) as on 2017 Solar 16611 Wind 32746 Biomass 8181 Why focus on renewable energy resources??? Small Hydro Power 4399 ▪ Global warming ▪ Ocean Acidification Waste to Energy 114  SOLAR ENERGY Two ways to utilize 1. Conversion of solar energy into thermal: Solar collectors 2. Photovoltaic cell Solar collector Photovoltaic cell Photo voltaic cells or Solar cells are made of thin wafers of semiconductor materials like silicon and germanium. When solar radiations fall on them, a potential difference is produced, which causes the flow of electrons. The direct current gets converted to alternating current using inverters Typical output of a module (~30 cells) is ≈ 15 V, with 1.5 A current  APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR ENERGY Photovoltaic cells Solar cookers Solar thermal power generation Solar drying system Solar cooler Solar water heater Cooling and refrigeration Solar water heating systems EUREF Campus Berlin  ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY Advantages It is clean, noise-free, renewable energy resources Eco-friendly A typical solar cell can produce about 0.7 W of electricity Low maintenance cost as no moving parts Can be used in remote, inaccessible areas where power transmission is difficult and quite expensive Limitations Solar cells can produce electricity only on sunny days Solar power stations do not match the power output of the conventional stations Mostly used for charging batteries  WIND ENERGY kinetic energy, caused due to the differential heating of the atmosphere (WIND). Can be easily used in the grid, pumping, desalination, and telecommunication Influences more by terrain, water bodies, vegetation, and geographical region Wind Energy conversion system: wind turbine, generator, interconnected apparatus and control system WECS can operate in parallel with public and local grid APPLICATIONS: To lift water from the ground or flooded mines, To grind cereals and grains, to generate electricity  ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF WIND ENERGY Advantages Clean fuel source, No recurring expenses Wind turbines can be built on farms, where most of the best wind sites are found. Farmers can continue to work the land because the wind turbines use only a fraction of the land. Wind power plant owners make rent payments to the farmer for the use of the land. Disadvantages: Wind flowing with sufficient speed is required Speed and direction of the wind is seasonal Installation cost is high Establishment of a wind farm requires a large land area of about 12 hectares for 1 MW Low energy density  Aralvaimozhi, the Muppandal wind farm Structure of Windmill, Germany which the largest in Asia is located near the village of Muppandal 450px-Aralvaimozhy_station  GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Geothermal energy is a renewable thermal/ heat energy found in the rock formation of the earth. Possible manifestation: hot water spring, geysers When the mantle becomes melted, magma is created. The magma reaches the crust and heats nearby rocks and water. The heated water can reach the surface and form hot springs and geysers. Geothermal energy is an underused heat and power resource, reliable (average system availability of 95%), and homegrown (making us less dependent on foreign oil).  GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES Hydrothermal Hot Water : Hot water below 100 degree Celsius. The geothermal aquifer is covered by confining layer that keep hot water under pressure. Wet Steam filed: The water is pressurized at more than 100 degree. (super heated water from highly pressurizes underground reservoir Vapor dominated resource: dry saturated streams above atmospheric pressure and temperature of 350 degree C. Hokkaido in Japan Geopressured resource: moderate temperature brines (160 degrees C) containing dissolved methane. Trapped in impermeable sedimentary formation at high pressure. FUMAROLES RING OF FIRE GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES  ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Advantages Low running cost It is a clean fuel source with no pollution. Easy and modular construction Disadvantages Poor efficiency compared to fossil fuel plants (15 %) Large amount of withdrawal can cause surface subsidence Hot water can contain gases like radon, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide. Large area is needed Available only in some selected areas.  HYDROENERGY Energy of moving water obtained when a descent of Top 5 dams in Power the river is compressed to a single location. India generation Small hydropower: produce electricity upto 25 MW capacity Large hydropower Tehri Dam- 1000 Megawatts Utarakhand Advantages Bhakra Nangal 1000 Megawatts Low operating and maintenance cost Dam- HP Short gestation period Hirakud dam- 347.5 Disadvantages Odisha Megawatts Need areas with sufficient supply of water Nagarjuna sagar 816 Megawatts Floods in low lying area dam- Telangana Emission of Green house gas Sardar Sarovar 1450 Megawatts dam- Gujarat (Narmada Bhacha Andolan!!!)  OCEAN ENERGY Indirect form of solar energy Sources: Tide, Waves, and Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Wave Energy Affected by/ Factor governing: Wind speed Fetch value (the uninterrupted distance on the ocean over which wind can below before reaching the point of reference ): 5-45 km Depth of seawater Wave energy is more efficient than wind energy, as waves are formed by the concentration of wind energy  TIDAL ENERGY Energy is extracted from tides, which are generated due to the gravitational effect of the sun and moon on the Earth. The height of the tide above and below the tidal basin result in the movement of the turbine Need a suitable bay area to store water and release it during low tide. The bay area is defined by tidal range. https://www.offshore-energy.biz/tidal-energy- demonstration-a-worthwhile-endeavor/ ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF WAVE ENERGY AND TIDE ENERGY Advantages Advantage More energy efficient than wind energy 1. No dependent on seasonal variation, Do not require large landmass predictable 2. Low operational cost Disadvantages Capital and operational cost is high Disadvantages 1. Capital is high Limited zone of capture. 2. Silting of the basin is common. Potential to impact marine biodiversity 3. Efficiency depends on turbine and tidal Highly variable. range.  OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION Makes use of the temperature difference between the surface water of the ocean and the depth of the ocean Harnessed in tropical oceans ( 28 to 5 degrees C) A difference of 20o C and more is required to run the OTEC power plants Principle: The warm surface is used to vaporize the liquids like ammonia to run a heat engine, and the deep water is used to condense the vapors The energy carrier, seawater, is free, although it has an access cost associated with the pumping materials and pumps energy costs  FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED WHILE CHOOSING A OTEC SITE Advantages Thermal gradient in the ocean Produces desalinated water Topography of the ocean floor Provides air-conditioning for buildings Meteorological conditions – Provides moderate-temperature refrigeration hurricanes Especially beneficial for small islands Seismic activity Promotes mariculture Floating OTEC can provide power to offshore mining Local electricity and desalinated water demand. and processing Limitations: Cost and availability of Low-grade solar energy with poor energy recovery shoreline sites efficiency Floating plants – navigational hazard Chlorine used for preventing biofouling – hazardous Mixing of warm and cold seawater affects dissolved oxygen  BIOMASS ENERGY Biomass refers to solid carbonaceous material developed from plants and animals. Examples of biomass include wood, leaves, animal waste, crops, and bones. Biomass energy is the utilization of energy stored in organic matter. Considered carbon-neutral energy source Biomass is stored solar energy. Biomass energy is extracted as: By direct burning of dry plants By fermentation: Ethanol, exclusively from corn. Petro crops: Euphorbias and oil palms are rich in hydrocarbons Agri. & urban waste biomass: Crop residue, bagasse, coconut shells, peanut hulls, cotton stalks, animal waste, fishery, and poultry waste used as charcoal, briquetting (3500 kcal/ kg)  BIOMASS POWER CONVERSION 1. Convert biomass into heat and electricity Process similar to fossil fuel: Biomass is burnt to heat a boiler. The steam is directed towards the turbine. The charged magnetic field produced a current 2. Other conversion techniques 1. Densification: bulky biomass is reduced to volume-to-weight ratio by compression at controlled temperature and pressure 2. Combustion 3. Thermochemical conversion: Pyrolysis, Gasification 4. Biochemical Conversion: Anaerobic digestion and Ethanol fermentation  THERMOCHEMICAL CONVERSION PYROLYSIS GASIFICATION Thermal decomposition without oxygen Chemical and thermal conversion of Temperature range 300 and 850°C. carbon-based materials into a primarily Solid: a char-like substance (10–35 MJ/kg) gaseous output air, oxygen, or steam. and 20–50%, Temperature range from 800 to 1100°C : Ash (10–50%). when air as an oxidant, Liquid: a complex mixture of hydrocarbons 1500°C when using oxygen. (5–15 MJ/kg) and 30–50%. Solid: Ashes 30–50% of the input weight. Gas: a mixture of CO, CH4, CO2, H2, and Liquid: Oil or tar, 10–20% other volatile waste constituents. Gas: Higher CO2 fractions (3–12 MJ/Nm3), 30 The heating value and gas yield may be to 60% around 3–12 MJ/Nm3 and 20–50%, respectively.  BIOCHEMICAL CONVERSION Anaerobic Digestion Process through which bacteria break down organic matter in the absence of free oxygen. Primary objective – Energy Production. Major drawback- Sensitive process and need of proper maintenance. Biogas: Methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), moisture Calorific value 5000 to 5500 kCal/ kg Factor affecting: Solid-to-water ratio, Temperature, Seeding, pH, Carbon to nitrogen ratio (30:1), Stirring Ethanol Fermentation Decomposition of biomass containing sugar like sugarcane, potato, etc Schematic of Anaerobic Digestor Source: Internet BIOCHEMICAL CONVERSION Schematic of Anaerobic Digestor Source: Internet  BIOGAS Purified biogas is compressed to create Bio- CBG, a high-energy-density fuel. Bio-CNG or CBG has several benefits: - Renewable and sustainable energy source - Reduces greenhouse gas emissions - Can replace fossil fuels in vehicles and industrial applications - Supports waste management and reduction Largest Bio-CNG or CBG plant in Asia of Bio-CBG can be used as a: 550 TPD capacity (Asia’s largest - Transportation fuel (vehicles) Gobardhan (BioCNG) plant on Zero-waste - Industrial fuel (power generation, heating) discharge model). Madhya Pradesh- - Replacement for LPG and CNG Indore- Clean city GOBAR GAS PLANT  BIO-FUELS Liquid fuel recovered from agricultural and forest crops and residue through fermentation route TYPES OF BIOFUELS GENERATIONS Primary: used in unprocessed form First: conventional biofuels made from sugar or such as fuel wood, chips, etc. starch. Food crop is used directly Secondary: Material resulting from Second: produced from non-food crops such as processing of Biomass waste, woods Third: made from engineered crops such as algae Fourth: produced from hydroprocessing Biodiesel Produced from non-edible oil such as Jatrops, Karanja. Raw oil was subjected to transesterification. Biodegrabale, produce less CO2, and less SO2 emissions., Neat fuel, Higher flash point  URBAN PROBLEM RELATED TO ENERGY Now 50%population lives in Urban areas Urban sprawl: Uncontrollable and unplanned growth Densely populated, consume more resources, NEED MORE ENERGY Energy demanding activities Residential and Commercial lighting- Malls, offices, hotels. Private and Public transport: EV vehicles Modern lifestyle: electronic gadgets. Industries Waste disposal, Prevention and Control of pollution Consequence Unequal distribution of energy Power cuts and load–shedding Economics