unit 3.docx

**Absolutism and Constitutionalism** Absolutism - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Post war Spain The text provides an overview of the political landscape in Europe during the era of absolutism, focusing on key figures and...

**Absolutism and Constitutionalism** Absolutism - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Post war Spain The text provides an overview of the political landscape in Europe during the era of absolutism, focusing on key figures and events that shaped the power dynamics in Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, Prussia, Austria, and England. In Spain, the reign of Philip II marked a decline in power, characterized by failed military campaigns, significant debt, and loss of territories. His successors, Philip III and Philip IV, continued this trend, with Philip IV attempting to centralize authority through reforms led by his chief minister, Gaspar de Guzman. However, the lack of a strong centralized court like Versailles hindered his efforts, leading to increased noble opposition and further territorial losses, particularly after the Thirty Years\' War. The eventual ascension of Charles II left Spain in a weakened state, setting the stage for internal conflicts and diminished influence in European affairs. In the Holy Roman Empire, the aftermath of the Thirty Years\' War resulted in a fragmented political structure where the emperor\'s power was significantly reduced. This vacuum allowed new powers to emerge, notably Austria and Prussia. Frederick William of Prussia capitalized on the situation by building a strong standing army and establishing a cooperative relationship with the nobility, which allowed him to consolidate power while ensuring noble support. His policies laid the groundwork for Prussia\'s eventual rise as a kingdom under Frederick I. Austria, under the Habsburgs, expanded its influence following the Spanish War of Succession, inheriting territories previously controlled by the Spanish Habsburgs. This transition positioned Austria as a dominant power in Italy and allowed the Habsburgs to maintain their status as significant players in European politics. In England, the death of Elizabeth I marked the end of the Tudor dynasty and the rise of the Stuart dynasty, beginning with James I. He embraced the concept of the divine right of kings, which led to tensions with Parliament, a unique legislative body that would challenge his authority more than in other European nations. James\'s reign signaled the beginning of renewed colonial ambitions, as he sought to revive England\'s efforts in the New World, contrasting with Elizabeth\'s earlier hesitance following the failure of the Roanoke colony. Overall, the text illustrates the complexities of absolutism in Europe, highlighting the struggles of monarchs to centralize power amidst challenges from nobility, military conflicts, and evolving political structures. Limiting the polish monarchy - - - - - - - -