Age of Absolutism Packet PDF

Age of Absolutism Unit Introduction The Hapsburg Monarchy / Dynasty: Time Period and Name: The time period of 1550 – 1800 was a time when The Hapsburg Monarchy had been in place well before the year of 1500, but...

Age of Absolutism Unit Introduction The Hapsburg Monarchy / Dynasty: Time Period and Name: The time period of 1550 – 1800 was a time when The Hapsburg Monarchy had been in place well before the year of 1500, but the world saw the emergence of the “Absolute Monarch”, which is a king or during the age of Absolutism the Hapsburg Monarchy was Europe’s most queen who has complete control over a country. This time period was powerful royal family. The Hapsburg Empire included Spain, Portugal, the preceded by the Age of Exploration and will fade with the Enlightenment, Holy Roman Empire (present day Germany, Netherlands, Austria, ending with the Age of Revolutions. Absolutism originated in Spain when Netherlands, Belgium, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Slovakia Luxembourg, Philip II was in power, and it began to fade out after the rule of Catherine the Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and parts of Poland, France and Italy), and the Great in Russia. Because this 250-year period saw the rise and fall of many empire in the Americas created by the Conquistadors (present day Mexico, absolute monarchs, it is known as the “Age of Absolutism”. Southwestern United States, and Northern South America). Needless to say, at one point in the Hapsburg Empire covered almost half of the known world Absolute Monarch Ideology: The ideology that absolute monarchs follow is at that time. Ruling this huge empire was a tough task that some met and called “absolutism”. All of the mentioned absolute monarchs were others did not. successful because they all followed the ideology, or belief, of absolutism to perfection. Absolutism has three key components. The first is having a Charles V (5th): (1516 – 1556) strong central government so that no one can stand in the way of the monarch’s policy making. The second is having a strong military to deal with The Hapsburg Empire reached its greatest size in 1516 under the rule of war when the country expands its boundaries or if an invasion from another Charles V who was the grandson of King Ferdinand II of Spain and Queen country may occur. The third and final is using the economic theory Isabella I of Spain and the nephew of Henry VIII’s 1st wife Catherine of mercantilism, (the policy of exporting more than is imported) to create a Aragon. This would make Charles V the cousin of Mary I of England strong economy and wealth for the country in order to support the countries (“Bloody” Mary), who would eventually marry Charles V’s son Phillip II. absolutist tendencies. Bloodlines aside, Charles V governed all of the Hapsburg land effectively and with pride. He gained international respect of his people and enemies with Introduction Questions: Answer these questions on a separate sheet of his shrewd use of power and diplomacy. Throughout his reign Spain was paper. constantly at war and constantly trying to create wealth to finance the wars. By 1556 Charles V was exhausted and he decided to abdicate (step down). 1. In what time period did the Age of Absolutism occur? Charles V always thought the Hapsburg Empire was too big to be ruled by just one man. For this reason, Charles V relinquished his thrown and divided 2. Explain what an absolute monarch / monarchy is. it between his brother Ferdinand II and his 29-year old son Philip II. Ferdinand II was given Austria and most of the Holy Roman Empire while 3. What is the name of the ideology that absolute monarchs follow? Philip was given Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands, Milan & Naples (Italian lands), and the newly established American Empire of the New World. 4. What are the three key components of absolutism? Explain each one in detail. Ferdinand I (1st) of Austria: (1556 – 1564) Section # 1 – Spain (1516 – 1598) When Ferdinand I took the Austrian throne in 1556, he became the 1st Austrian Hapsburg monarch and would eventually become the Holy Roman Emperor. Ferdinand I was a devout Catholic who opposed the spread of the Protestant faith. This opposition to Protestantism would bring Austria into 1 many conflicts, and would be a huge reason why Ferdinand could never cannons. The power of the Spanish Armada was well known and well established an absolute monarchy in the Austrian Hapsburg Empire. respected throughout Europe and the world. Ferdinand would eventually die in 1564. Phillip II (2nd): (1556 – 1598) Philip’s Wars: Philip II, a devout Catholic as well, ascended to the Having the goal of expanding the Spanish Empire, Philip II waged many wars Spanish throne in 1556 and did not give it up until his during his time on the Spanish throne. At the battle of Lepanto in 1571, death 42 years later in 1598. Unlike his uncle, which took place in Mediterranean Sea, Spain defeated the Ottoman Ferdinand II, Philip II was able to establish an Empire’s naval fleet. In 1580 Spain overtook Portugal, and united the Iberian absolute monarchy in his Spanish Hapsburg Empire. Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) under Spanish control. Although both of For many reasons, Philip II is remembered as one of these wars were seen as great accomplishments, they both put a strain on the hardest working and most devoted monarchs in Spain’s wealth. The underlying factor to fighting a war is having the money history. Unlike many other monarchs of his time, to fund it. Feeding the soldiers, paying the soldiers, providing ammunition, Philip II devoted much of his time to government work building weapons, and repair of weapons all began to add up. The Spanish and hardly any of his time towards leisure activities. treasury could simply not keep up with Philip II’s spending habits. As you will Philip II was the epitome of an absolute ruler, who ruled with complete power see, one more war will be the final blow for Philip II. over the government and the people. During his rule, Philip II had five objectives on his political agenda; 1) create wealth for himself and Spain, 2) Strengthening the Catholic Faith: create a powerful Spanish military, 3) expand Spain’s borders and its political influence, 4) spread the Catholic religion throughout Europe, 5) make Spain Ultimately Philip II wanted to rid Europe of the Protestant faith, and make the the most powerful country in Europe. Philip II felt that if he achieved the 1st entire continent of Europe Catholic. In his crusade against the Protestant four objectives on his political agenda, then the 5th item would naturally faith, Philip II fought one more war. Unlike the 1st two wars, this war was happen. unsuccessful. The war on the Protestant faith started in 1581 and took place in the Northern Netherlands (Dutch) and England. Philip II’s goal was to Spanish Wealth: drive out all followers of the Protestant faith in Europe. As you will see, the Dutch were successful in fighting off Spain, but only because of the help they During Philip II’s 42-year reign Spain experienced the “siglo de ore”, or what received from England. England became involved in this war in a unique historians call the “Golden Age” of Spain. This time period was labeled the way. Prior to the beginning of this war, Philip II was married to Queen Mary I Golden Age because of Philip II’s devotion to art and literature. Philip II had of England (his cousin) in an attempt to unite Spain and England and help architects build beautiful statues and sculptures throughout Spain, and he spread the Catholic faith all throughout England. Mary I was also a devout established academies of science and mathematics to enrich the knowledge Catholic who opposed the Protestant faith. She is known for burning almost of Spanish people. This was all funded by the Spanish trading empire in the 300 Protestants alive for their religious beliefs, giving her the fitting name Americas (New World). This trading empire consisted of precious metals, “Bloody” Mary. Mary I only ruled England for five years, and could not tobacco, cocoa, indigo, and sugar, all of which were in heavy demand by conceive a child because of the ovarian cysts that caused her death. Philip II other European countries and constantly flowing from the Spanish trading tried to gain the hand of Mary I’s successor, and half sister, Queen Elizabeth empire in the Americas. As other countries bought these materials, the I of England for the same reasons. Elizabeth I, who was a Protestant, Spanish economy grew as well as its wealth. rejected the marriage proposal and secretly joined the Dutch in their fight against Spain. When Elizabeth I openly supported the Dutch in their war Spanish Military: against Spain, Philip II declared war on England. In 1588 the mighty Spanish Armada set sail to conquer England. The smaller and faster English ships Not only did Philip II use the wealth of Spain to enrich Spanish culture, he were too much to handle, and in the end the Spanish Armada was defeated. also used it to build one of the most powerful and most feared militaries in all Philip II never really saw the end of this war. The war ended 13 years after of Europe. At the heart of the Spanish military was the mighty Spanish Philip’s death in the year 1609. The war treaty granted the Netherlands their Armada. This naval fleet consisted of 132 ships, 20,000 men, and 2,400 2 independence from Spain and both the Netherlands and England remained 9. What religion was Philip II? predominantly Protestant. 10. The period that Philip II ruled Spain is given a certain name. What is the name of this time period and why was it given this name? Philip II’s Legacy: 11. What was the strongest part of the Spanish military? Early in Philip II’s reign, it appeared that he was going to achieve all five of 12. What religion was Philip II trying to spread throughout Europe, and what his objectives on his political agenda. But in the end it all came crashing religion was he trying to end? down. Philip II achieved his 1st three objectives by creating wealth for Spain and himself, establishing a strong military, and expanded the borders of 13. Who did Philip II marry and who rejected his marriage proposal? What Spain. Philip II was well on his way to achieving his 5th objective, which was were the goals underlying both marriages? making Spain the most powerful country in Europe. Philip II’s one downfall was his effort to achieve his 4th objective, which was spreading the Catholic 14. Which war ended the dominance of Spain and Philip II? Explain why this faith throughout Europe. Failure to achieve this objective destroyed his war caused Philip II’s downfall in detail. achievement of the other objectives. The war he waged on the Protestant faith drained the wealth of Spain, led to the destruction of the heart of Spain’s Section # 2 – France (1589 – 1715) military (Spanish Armada), and ended Spanish border expansion. This ended any hopes of Spain being recognized as the most powerful country in The Bourbon Monarchy/ Dynasty: Europe. Although Spain was on the decline before Philip II died, after his death in 1598 Spain would never be as powerful or as great as it was during In 1589 the Bourbon Monarchy of France began. Despite a 19-year gap the reign of Philip II. As Spain began to decline, England and France would during the French Revolution and the rule of Napoleon, the Bourbon compete for the recognition of being the most powerful country in the world. Monarchy would rule France until 1848. Henry IV (4th): (1589 – 1610) Section # 1 Questions: Answer these questions on a separate sheet of paper. The first in a long line of Bourbon Monarchs was Henry IV. Although Henry IV was a Protestant, he 1. Who are Charles V’s grandparents? converted to Catholicism because France was and still is a predominantly Catholic country. Because he 2. Who is Charles V’s aunt? was once a Protestant, he did have some sympathy for Protestants. In 1598 he issued the Edict of 3. Who was Charles V’s cousin and whom did she marry? Nantes, which granted Huguenots (French Protestants) religious freedom and let them fortify 4. Who was Charles V’s son and whom did he marry? their towns and cities for protection. Henry IV laid the groundwork for absolute rule by limiting the power of the Estates 5. Why did Charles V give up the Hapsburg throne and divide it? General (French Congress), which made himself the only person who had any influence over French 6. To whom did Charles V give what countries and areas when he divided government. Although Henry IV improved French the Hapsburg Empire? life in every facet and maintained a peaceful atmosphere, he was assassinated in 1610 after 7. Who was the first Austrian Hapsburg ruler? ruling France for 21 years. 8. How long did Philip II rule Spain (include the dates)? Louis XIII (13th) and Cardinal Richelieu: (1610 – 1643) 3  - Jacques Bossuet, Louis XIV’s Leading Church Official After Henry IV’s death in 1610, his 19 year-old son Louis XIII became the 2nd Bourbon monarch to inherit the throne of France. For the first 14 years of Louis XIII’s reign, the Estates General began to gain back some of their power that Henry IV took from them. In 1624 Louis XIII appointed Cardinal Armand Richelieu as his Chief Administer. Cardinal Richelieu’s job was to Palace of Versailles: take the power away from the French nobles and Huguenots and give it all back to King Louis XIII. The goal was to make Louis XIII’s power For protection from a possible civilian uprising, Louis XIV decided to live unquestioned and absolute throughout all of France. Cardinal Richelieu did outside of the capital of France (Paris) where the bulk of the French what he was appointed to do. After all power was returned to Louis XIII, population lived. Louis moved his government to Versailles (12 miles outside Richelieu set out to make France the most powerful country in Europe. He of Paris), where he would construct the Palace of Versailles. No expense strengthened the French Army and built up the French economy. Seeing was spared when building this palace, as it became the symbol of Louis XIV that his death was near, Richelieu did not want everything he had done to and French absolutism. Not only was the palace absolutely beautiful, it was make France a great nation come tumbling down. In an effort to preserve home to nearly 10,000 people. Nearly all of the people that lived in everything he had done for France, he handpicked Cardinal Mazarin to be Versailles were nobles. Instead of using nobles for government service, his successor. After Richelieu’s death in 1642, Cardinal Mazarin stepped in Louis used them to wait on him hand and foot. Although the nobles would to fulfill the duty. One year later in 1643, King Louis XIII’s 33-year reign XIV normally be angry at their power being limited, they remained happy ended with his death. because Louis provided them with a beautiful home, protection, and a huge tax break. As you will see in later units, this tax break would lead to a bigger Louis XIV (14th) and Cardinal Mazarin: (1643 – 1715) problem in years to come. In 1643 Louis XIII’s son became the 3rd third Louis XIV’s Successes: Bourbon monarch to rule France. This new monarch was a five-year old boy named Louis XIV Louis XIV had a lot of great accomplishments during his 72-year reign. He who would rule France until his death 72 years later. turned France’s army into the strongest in Europe, which would help him Because of his famous 72-year reign, Louis XIV is effectively deal with conflicts both foreign and domestic. Louis XIV also recognized as the most powerful and most famous created much wealth for France by strengthening its economy through the Bourbon monarch ever. Due to his young age, promotion of trade and industry. The strength of Louis XIV’s economy lie in Louis was unable to rule France right away. his established trading outposts in America and Canada, which was Cardinal Mazarin, the Chief Administer, assumed collectively known as New France. the responsibility of ruling France up until his death in 1661. In 1661 the now 23-year old Louis XIV Louis XIV’s Failures: announced that he would rule his own government. He claimed that he was given the divine right by god Louis XIV’s 1st failure was his unfair tax system. While Louis XIV was to rule France and named himself the “Sun King”, for he was the light that creating wealth for France, he was trying to create wealth for himself and the shines upon France. Louis XIV is quoted with saying, “Just as the sun French nobles. He did this by not taxing the nobles and church officials stands at the center of the solar system, so the Sun King stands at the center (clergy) and heavily taxing the French peasants. This unjust tax system of France.” Louis XIV epitomized what an absolute monarch is supposed to would remain in place until 1789 when it became one of the leading causes be, and he was not afraid to let people know about his power as he often of the French Revolution. A 2nd failure of Louis XIV was his religious repeated the phrase “L’etat, c’est moi” – “I am the state.” beliefs. In an effort to make his power absolute, Louis had already limited the nobles power, but had not yet limited the power of the Huguenots “What a grandeur that a single man (Louis XIV) should embody so much! (French Protestant). Like many of his predecessors, Louis XIV was a devout Behold this holy power, paternal, and absolute, contained in a single head: Catholic who wanted to crush the Protestant faith wherever it may be. In you see the of God in the King, and you have the idea of royal majesty.” 1685 Louis XIV repealed the Edict of Nantes, which granted Huguenots religious freedom and the right to fortify their towns. Louis XIV also made it a 4 law that Huguenots could no longer practice their religion and their children had to become Catholics. The result of this was the emigration of 200,000 Huguenots to other European countries. As these Huguenots left, so did the wealth that they created. These Huguenots were very active in trade and commerce, and were a huge part of the prosperous French economy. This Section # 2 Questions: Answer these questions on a separate sheet of loss of economic activity destroyed the French economy and the country’s paper. wealth. 1. Who was the first Bourbon monarch, how long did he rule France War of Spanish Succession: (include the dates), and how did he die? Louis XIV 3rd and final failure was his expansion policy. It was well known 2. What was the predominant religion of France? to all European countries that Louis XIV wanted to use his powerful army to expand the borders of France. For fear of French expansion, many countries 3. What are Huguenots? allied in opposition to France. One country that Louis XIV had his eye on was Spain. Current King Charles II of Spain was going to die without and 4. Who issued the Edict of Nantes and what were terms of it? heir to the throne. Both France and Austria had claims to the throne, and much of Europe did not want to see France acquire the Spanish throne. 5. What is the Estates General? When Charles II died he passed his throne to Phillip of Anjou who was Louis XIV’s grandson. All of Europe feared that Louis and Phillip would unite their 6. Who was the second Bourbon Monarch, how long did he rule France countries into one nation, most likely France. From 1701 – 1713 The Great (include the dates), and who was his Chief Administer? Alliance of the Dutch Netherlands, England, and Austria fought Spain and France for the right to the Spanish throne in what is known as the War of 7. Who was the third Bourbon Monarch, how long did he rule France Spanish Succession. The war ended in 1713 with the Treaty of Utrecht, (include the dates), and who was his chief administer? which stated that Phillip of Anjou could remain the king of Spain, but France and Spain could never unite as one country. 8. What is “divine right”? Louis XIV’s Legacy: 9. What did Louis XIV call himself, and what was the idea behind the name? During the reign of Louis XIV, France enjoyed one of its most brilliant time periods, but towards the end of Louis XIV’s reign France’s brilliance began to 10. What phrase did Louis XIV commonly repeat? come unraveled in a number of ways. The tax system Louis XIV created led to an extreme class conflict due the heavy tax burden it placed on the lower 11. What is the name of Louis XIV’s home and why did he build it where he class. The economy was also on the decline because of the emigration of did? the Huguenots to other countries. This economic decline was destroying the wealth of France. This left France with little money to invest in the French 12. Explain in detail how Louis XIV kept the French nobles happy after he culture and the French Army. The War of Spanish Succession was the took away all of their power? downfall of Louis XIV. Due to lack of funding, the French army was not a powerful as it once was. At the end of the war France failed at making Spain 13. What were Louis XIV’s three failures during his reign? part of its country. The war effort depleted French wealth even further leaving France in financial ruins, and it created extreme opposition by the 14. What was the last war that Louis XIV was involved in, and why did it French people towards Louis XIV. When Louis XIV died in 1715, he cause the downfall of Louis XIV? bequeathed his declining empire to his grandson Louis XV who could never make France as great as it once was under Louis XIV. As you will see in later units, Louis XIV laid the seeds of The French Revolution which would come 74 years later and change the entire world. 5  William I was successful at building an army, it was not an easy task. To Section # 3 – Prussia and Austria (1618 – 1786) meet the cost of building this army, Frederick William I raised taxes. This angered the Prussian Nobles, who were also known as “Junkers” (yoon The Thirty Years War: (1618 – 1648) kerz), which created anger towards Frederick William I. Sensing the discontent of the Junkers, Frederick William I didn’t make the Junkers pay In 1618 the Thirty Years War began. The bulk of the war was fought in the taxes which made the Prussian peasants pay more taxes. Not only did he Holy Roman Empire, which consisted of many German states. Calvinism, a free Junkers from taxes; he only permitted Junkers to be landowners and Protestant sect, was beginning to spread rapidly throughout the gave them full power over the Prussian peasants. Frederick knew that these predominantly Catholic Holy Roman Empire. Catholic rulers within the Holy laws would anger the Prussian peasants, but he also knew that there was Roman Empire, and from all over Europe, opposed the spread of Calvinism little the Prussian peasants could do in opposition to the laws. Frederick and sought to destroy it. When the war ended in 1648, the outcome was a William I was most concerned with pleasing the Junkers, because he knew failed attempt a stopping the spread of Calvinism, a weakened and divided that they were the key to him attaining absolute power in Prussia. His plan Germany, which lost one third of its people, and the rise of France as worked to perfection as the Junkers swore allegiance to Frederick William I Europe’s leading power. The official document that ended the war was the making his power absolute. Peace of Westphalia, which stated that Calvinism could be practiced in the German states and it divided the Holy Roman Empire into 300 separate Frederick William I’s Legacy: states. These religious and physical divisions were a main reason why the Hapsburgs could never unite the entire Holy Roman Empire and establish an Frederick William I is known today as one of the hardest working, most absolute monarchy. This inability of the Hapsburgs led to the opportunity of dedicated, and most powerful absolute monarchs in history. He is credited other German states to rise to power in Europe. with bringing absolute rule to Prussia, with building one of the most powerful armies ever, and generating wealth for Prussia by strengthening the Prussian The Hohenzollern Monarchy / Dynasty: (1713 – 1918) economy. When Frederick William I died in 1740 the Prussian Empire was at its height. Frederick William I passed the throne to his son Frederick William One German State in particular that rose to power in Europe was Prussia in II, with the hope that his son would better what he had already done. the early 1700’s. Prussia is no longer a country today, but during the 1700’s it was one of the most powerful countries in Europe. In the 1700’s Prussia’s Frederick William II (2nd): (1740 – 1786) boundaries mainly consisted of what is now present-day northeastern Germany, northwestern Poland, and a small part of Russia. Prussia was Frederick William II took the Prussian throne in 1740 and continued his ruled by the Hohenzollern Family, which had governed the area sine the father’s success. Like his father, Frederick William II ruled as an absolute 1400’s. During the 1700’s the Hohenzollern (Hoh uhn tsahl ern) Monarchy monarch. Frederick gave himself the name “The 1st Servant of Prussia”, and established Prussia as a leading power in Europe by ruling it as an absolute in return for what he did for Prussia, the people gave him the name monarchy. The Hohenzollern Monarchy held power of Prussia and present- “Frederick the Great”. No aspect of the Prussian Government escaped his day Germany up until the end of WWI in 1918 when the last Hohenzollern attention. Frederick William II strengthened the Prussian economy even monarch, Kaiser Wilhelm II (William) was forced to abdicate (step down) further than his father did by exporting a lot of materials and because of his role in starting WWI. food. Frederick William II began to mine valuable natural resources in demand all over Europe. Frederick William II Frederick William I (1st): (1713 – 1740) also improved Prussian farming by encouraging farmers from all over Europe to immigrate to Prussia where Frederick The first Hohenzollern monarch to rule with absolute power was Frederick William II introduced scientific farming techniques and new William I, also known as the “Great Elector”. Frederick William I took the crops for them to grow. With the increase in exports, Prussian throne in 1713, and shrewdly transformed his country into an Prussian wealth under Frederick William II grew out of absolute monarch over the next 27 years of his reign. Because Frederick control. Not only did Frederick generate wealth; he created a fair and lawful William I believed that a strong military was an essential component to the Prussian society. He first extended religious freedom to all people except success of any ruler, he first created a strong and disciplined military, which Jewish people, and torture was eliminated as a form of punishment except in would eventually become the 4th largest in Europe. Although Frederick cases of murder and treason. Frederick William II also raised law judges 6 salaries to reduce the risk of them being bribed. In general, life in Prussian Prussia would be allies and Austria, France and Russia would be allies. All was great under Frederick William II. five countries would fight in Europe, but two countries would mainly fight in North America. With some help from England, Prussia fought against Maria Theresa of Austria: (1740 – 1780) Austria, Russia, and France to defend the newly acquired land of Silesia. England and France fought mostly in North America over the newly Just as Frederick took the throne of Prussia in the discovered land and growing colonies. It is important to know that the Seven year of 1740, a 23-year old woman named Maria Years War fought in North America is also known as the French and Indian Theresa took the throne of Austria and became War. The Treaty of Paris 1763 officially ended the war and stated the the 1st female Hapsburg ruler. The Austrian following; 1) Prussia is to retain almost all of Silesia, while giving a small Empire at the time included Austria, Bohemia, and portion back to Austria, 2) England is to gain most of French Canada and all Hungary. Despite much controversy surrounding French land east of the Mississippi River. As you can see, this war was a her appointment to the throne, Maria Theresa clear-cut victory for Prussia and England. began her reign of Austria in 1740 and would not give up her throne until her death 40 years later in 1st Partition of Poland: 1780. Throughout her reign, Maria Theresa and Frederick William II of Prussia were fierce rivals In 1772 Frederick William II and Maria Theresa had their first peaceful often at war with one another with Frederick agreement in which both stood to gain something. Known as the 1st Partition William II always being the winner. of Poland, Frederick II of Prussia, Maria Theresa of Austria, and Catherine II of Russia peacefully divided up Poland into three parts for each country to Prussian Military: own and rule. This topic will be explored further in the next section. As has already been stated, Frederick William II had success in many areas during his time on the Prussian throne. Frederick William II’s greatest area of Frederick William II’s Legacy: success was the use of the Prussian military to expand Prussia’s territory. During Frederick William II’s reign, Prussia’s army grew to be the 4th largest Frederick truly deserved his nickname “Frederick the Great”. During in Europe, and flexed its muscles quite often. The 1st war under Frederick Frederick’s 46-year reign, Prussian more than doubled its size and William II was the War of Austrian Succession, which began because population. With its efficient government, sound economy, and a superb Frederick William II wanted to annex the Austrian province of Silesia. Both army, Prussia was a dominant power in Europe at the time of Frederick France and Spain backed Prussia, and Austria was by backed England. The William II’s death in 1786. war lasted from 1740 until 1748. After nearly eight years of fighting, the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended the war and Prussia gained the area of Maria Theresa’s Legacy: Silesia as part of their country. Although Austria retained most of its country, Queen Maria Theresa of Austria was angry at losing Silesia to Frederick During her time on the throne Maria Theresa would successfully do what her William II of Prussia. Maria Theresa’s discontent would lead to the Seven two predecessors (Leopold I and Charles VI) couldn’t. By the time of her Years War, which would involve much of Europe and take place in Europe, death in 1780, she established an absolute monarchy, improved the Austrian North America, and India. economy by ending trade barriers between Austria and Bohemia, and reconfigured the Austrian tax system. One knock on Maria Theresa’s reign Seven Years War / French and Indian War: was her inability to defeat Frederick William II and significantly expand the Austrian Empire. Despite her losses, Maria Theresa is still recognized as one The Seven Years War took place from 1754 to 1763 and involved much of of the great leaders in Austrian history. At the time of her death Maria the same countries that fought in the War of Austrian Succession. The Theresa had given birth to 16 children (11 girls and 5 boys), which left plenty Seven Years War was different from the war of Austrian Succession in two of choices for a successor to the Austrian throne. Her oldest son Joseph II ways. The 1st difference was that the country alliances were completely was chosen as Maria Theresa’s successor. Maria Theresa’s most famous opposite. The 2nd difference was that the war would be fought on three child is Marie Antionette who would eventually be the 1st executed queen of continents (Europe, North America, and India). In this war, England and France during the French Revolution. 7  17. In what peaceful agreement did Frederick II and Maria Theresa both gain Section # 3 Questions: Answer the questions on a separate sheet of paper. land? 1. What are the dates of the Thirty Years War, and what was the reason for 18. What was the one knock on Maria Theresa during her reign? the war starting? 19. Who was Maria Theresa’s most famous child? 2. What official document ended the war, and what did it state? 3. Explain how the Thirty Years War contributed to the rise of Prussia. Section # 4 – Russia (1553 – 1796) 4. What family became the ruling monarchy of Prussia? Russian Isolation: 5. In what year did the Hohenzollern Monarchy end? Although Russia is considered part of Europe, it missed out on much of what 6. Who was the last Hohenzollern monarch, and why was he forced to Europe experienced due to its isolated geographical position in Eastern abdicate (step down)? Europe. Russia’s frigid temperatures and lack of a warm-water port, a port that would stay unfrozen year round, kept civilians and traders away. For 7. Who was the 1st Hohenzollern absolute monarch, how long did he rule these reasons Russia missed out on trading goods, the Renaissance, both Prussia (include the dates), and what was his nickname? the Protestant and Catholic Reformation, and the general spread of ideas that were taking place throughout Europe. This was both good and bad for 8. What was the name given to Prussian nobles? Russia. It was good in that Russia never had a Catholic - Protestant debate, like much of Europe had experienced, because all Russians followed the 9. Why did Frederick William I not make the Prussian nobles pay taxes? Eastern Orthodox religion. It was mostly bad because Russia fell way behind in the technology that all other European countries were developing. It would 10. Because the Prussian nobles were not paying taxes, who had to pay take the greatness of one man and one woman to turn all of this around in more taxes to make up for the losses in tax collection? years to come. 11. Who was the 2nd Hohenzollern absolute monarch, how long did he rule Prussia (include the dates), and what was his nickname? 12. Who was the 1st female Hapsburg ruler, what country did she rule, how long did she rule the country (include the dates), and who was her rival? 13. What were the dates of the Austrian War of Succession, what treaty ended the war, and what did Prussia gain form Austria during the war? 14. What were the dates of the Seven Years war, why was it being fought, and where was it being fought? 15. What is another name for the Seven Years War? 16. What treaty ended the Seven Years War, what did the treaty state, and who were the two clear cut winners? 8 Ivan IV (4th): (1533 – 1584) civilian rebellion and revolution attempts for many years to come. Four more Romanov monarchs would try to restore order to Russia, but none were One man responsible for Russian isolation and successful until the year 1682 when one of Russia’s greatest leaders rose to general poor Russian life was Ivan IV, also known as power. “Ivan the Terrible”. Ivan IV became the czar (king) of Russia in 1533 at the age of three. He would rule for Peter I (1st): (1682 – 1725) another 51 years and turn Russia completely upside down. Known for his cruel and highly volatile With the Romanov monarchy in trouble and Russia on the personality, Ivan IV ruled with an iron fist. He brink of revolution, things did not look better when a 10-year arrested, exiled, or executed many Russian people old boy named Peter became czar of Russia in 1682. Peter and many of his closest advisors. He even killed his I was the fifth Romanov monarch and would eventually own son in a fit of rage. Ivan IV’s goal was to be an become one of the greatest leaders in Russian history. absolute monarch. Ivan IV saw the Boyars (boh Known as “Peter the Great”, he took full responsibility of the yahrz), or Russian nobles, as a threat to his absolute Russian throne in 1689 and turned Russia into a true power. In an effort to limit boyar power, Ivan IV took absolute monarchy. Peter I was a huge man, nearly seven all of the boyar’s land and put it under his direct feet tall, poorly educated, uncouth, and often brutal. At the control. Boyar land made up about one half of same time, Peter I was open to new ideas, practical, hard-working and Russia. On this seized land Ivan IV placed the energetic. Both of his bad qualities and good qualities would help Peter Oprichniki (aw preech nee kee), which was a secret police force that achieve absolute power in Russia and lead the Russian society to greatness. terrorized the Russian people. Peter and Western European Thought: Ivan IV’s Legacy: Peter I knew that Russia was far behind the rest of Europe in almost every Although Ivan IV did create an absolute monarchy in Russia, for the most aspect of life. In an effort to gain knowledge about Western European life, part he was a failure who deserved the nickname “The Terrible”. Ivan IV did Peter I toured Western Europe. Upon his return, Peter I tried to incorporate gain some land from the Mongols (Mongolia), and did expand the Russian Western European values into Russian life by instituting many radical economy on a small scale. However, Ivan IV failed to gain a warm-water changes. Peter I named this reform of Russian life “westernization”. Peter I port to enhance Russian trade further, and the persecution of the Boyars and first restored the Boyars and forced them to adopt the beliefs and clothing of the Russian people was unthinkable. When Ivan died in 1584 much of Western Europe. Russian men entering Moscow were forced to shave their Russia rejoiced. Ivan IV would go down in Russian history as one of the beards or pay a fine. Women, who had always been excluded from social worst rulers ever. gatherings, were ordered to attend parties. These changes were opposed at first, but were eventually accepted by all Russian people. Peter I also sent The Romanov Monarchy / Dynasty: Russian government officials to Western Europe to study shipbuilding, naval warfare, mathematics, and foreign languages. He also invited experts from Although much of Russia was happy about the death of Ivan IV, the 29 years foreign countries to come train his Russian people. Peter I’s love of Western following Ivan’s death would be far worse than life under Ivan. This time European culture and technology lead to many changes in Russian life. period, known as the “Time of Troubles”, was characterized by revolution and invasions by the neighboring countries Sweden and Poland. In 1613 a 17- Russian Economy: year old named Michael Romanov was appointed czar of Russia. Michael, who ruled Russia until 1645, became the 1st Romanov monarch. The Peter I needed money to support the changes he was making to the Russian Romanov monarchy would rule Russia until the 1917 Russian Revolution, government and society. The Russian economy was bringing in money, but which would pull Russia out of WWI, see the Czar Nichols II and his family not the amount of money that Peter I needed to support his “Westerization of murdered, have the communist leader Vladimir Lenin rise to power, and see Russia”. In order to strengthen the Russian economy, Russia had to name of Russia be changed to the Soviet Union. Although the Romanov embrace the theory of mercantilism and consistently import goods into monarchy was in place with Michael’s appointment, Russia would experience Russia and export goods to other countries. During the 1700’s goods were 9 transported predominantly by water. The problem here is that much of After a 43-year reign of Russia, Peter I died in 1725. Peter had done more Russia has extremely cold temperatures year round. Surrounding Arctic for Russia than any other Russian leader before him. He expanded Russian Ocean waters of Russia would freeze making it very difficult for wooden territory, gained a warm-water port, created a huge army, strengthened the ships to maneuver and transport goods in and out of Russia. This made it Russian economy, and secured Russia as a respected country to the rest of very difficult for Peter I to build a consistent and strong economy. In order to world for many years to come. Although Peter I did carry Russia to build a strong economy Peter I knew that he had to gain permanent access greatness, the progression of his vision would be lost until the year 1672 to a waterway leading to a major sea or ocean that did not freeze over. The when another great Romanov leader came to the throne and restored the need of this waterway, or “warm-water port”, would be an underlying motive vision of Peter the Great. for much of what Peter would do throughout his reign. Catherine II (2nd): (1762 – 1796) Russian Military: Peter I died without naming a successor to the Peter I knew that he was going to have to go to war to gain a warm-water Russian throne, which set off a series of power port. Peter I also knew that his army was not equipped or trained to fight a struggles among many Romanovs. Eventually war. Peter I poured time, money, and training into the Russian army and Peter III gained some control over the Russian created the largest standing army in Europe. With his new military, Peter I government and married a German princess set out to gain his warm-water port. Peter I first tried to gain a warm-water named Catherine. Peter soon became unpopular port in the Black Sea by defeating the Ottoman Empire, but his effort was a and was assassinated in 1762, leaving the failure. Peter I learned from his mistakes and turned his attention to Russian throne to his wife Catherine II. It is neighboring Sweden, which owned much land along the Baltic Sea. The war believed that Catherine II may have been involved began in 1700 and ended in 1709 with Russia winning land along the Baltic in the assassination plot because of her love affair Sea and finally gaining a warm-water port. with one of the assassin’s brothers, but nothing could be proved. Nonetheless, Catherine II St. Petersburg: gained the throne of Russia and became the 13th Romanov monarch. Catherine II ruled Russia with On the land along Baltic Sea gained from the war with Sweden, Peter I greatness for 34 years earning her the name “Catherine the Great”. decided to build a new city. Peter I would name the city St. Petersburg and make it the new capital of Russia (Moscow being the old capital). During the Catherine’s Policies: Russian Revolution St. Petersburg’s name was changed to Leningrad. After the Russian Revolution was over the name was changed back to St. She continued where Peter I left off by incorporating Western European Petersburg. Peter I chose to build St. Petersburg on a piece of land that was thought into Russian life. Like Peter I, she reorganized the government very swampy. Peter I forced thousands of serfs, or Russian peasants, to under her absolute control, created a strong Russian military, and drain the swampy area. Although many serfs died while doing this, Peter I strengthened the Russian economy. Catherine II also created a government got his city and referred to it as the “Window on the West”. He invited many sponsored education program for Russian boys and girls. Although Western European architects to St. Petersburg to help him design every little Catherine II did great things, she was very ruthless at the same time. Much bit of the city. Just as the Palace of Versailles became a symbol of Louis XIV of her policies and reforms only benefited the Boyars and upper class and French absolutism, St. Petersburg was a symbol of Peter I and Russian citizens of Russia. Russian peasants saw no benefits from Catherine II’s absolutism. Because of the warm-water port built at St. Petersburg, it policies causing many peasant revolts, which Catherine II swiftly crushed. became the biggest and most important trading city in Russia. Goods were constantly being imported and exported at St. Petersburg, which lead to a Catherine II’s Expansions: strong Russian economy and much wealth for Russia and Peter the Great. Like Peter the Great, Catherine the Great also wanted to expand the territory Peter’s Legacy: of Russia and gain a warm-water port. With a warm water port already on the Baltic Sea, Catherine II wanted another warm-water port on the Black Sea. Catherine II achieved this goal by doing something that Peter I could 10 not. She defeated the Ottoman Empire, gained some land along the coast of 5. Who was one czar responsible for Russian isolation, how long did he the Black Sea, and built a second warm water port. This now gave Russia rule Russia (include the dates), and what was his nickname? two warm-water ports for importing and exporting goods, which only made the Russian economy stronger. 6. What was the name given to Russian nobles? The Three Partitions of Poland: 7. What was the name of the 29-year period following the death of Ivan IV? Another place Catherine II had interest in was the unstable country of 8. Who was the 1st Romanov monarch, and how long did he rule Russia Poland. Like Catherine II, Frederick William II of Prussia and Maria Theresa (include the dates)? of Austria wanted the land of Poland as well. In 1772 the three monarchs met and peacefully partitioned, or divided, Poland three separate ways with 9. What year would the Romanov monarchy come to an end, and who each of them gaining significant amounts of land. This event is known as would rise to power in Russia? The 1st Partition of Poland, and two more partitions of Poland would eventually take place in 1793 and 1795. Together these three events are 10. Who was the 5th Romanov monarch, how long did he rule Russia known as The Three Partitions of Poland. (include the dates), and what was his nickname? Catherine II’s Legacy: 11. What values did Peter I try to incorporate into Russian life, and what did he name this reform of Russian life? Today Catherine II is known for her numerous love affairs and her inability to speak the Russian language fluently, but one cannot overlook what she did 12. What people in Russia did Peter I assign to model his reforms of Russia? for her country. When Catherine died in 1796, she had completed the vision of Peter the Great. She restored the Russian military and economy, and 13. What was holding Peter I back from building a consistent and strong achieved Peter I’s most elusive goal of a warm-water port on the Black Sea. economy? Catherine II’s only knock would be her persecution of the Russian peasants, which laid the groundwork for the Russian Revolution in 1917 and officially 14. Why did Peter I build up his military? end the Romanov Monarchy. 15. What land did Peter I gain in the war against Sweden, what was the Section # 4 Questions: Answer these questions on a separate sheet of name of the city he built on this land, and what did Peter I refer to the city paper. as? 1. What made Russia isolated from the rest of Europe, why was this good, 16. Why was St. Petersburg so important to the Russian economy? and why was this bad? 17. What was the name of St. Petersburg during the Russian Revolution? 2. Explain what a warm-water port is. 18. Who was the 13th Romanov monarch, how long did she rule Russia 3. What religion did Russians follow? (include the dates), and what was her nickname? 4. What is the Russian name for king? 19. What ruler’s vision did Catherine II want to carry on? 20. Where did Catherine II establish a 2nd warm-water port for Russia, and how did this help the Russian Economy and whom did she defeat in a war to get this land? 11 21. What country did Catherine II, Frederick II, and Maria Theresa divide 3. Of the two houses that make up the U.K. Parliament, which house is amongst themselves three different times? What were these events completely elected by the U.K. people and which house is partially called? elected and appointed? 4. How long do members of House of Commons serve in office? Section # 5 – England (1603 – 1714) 5. How long to members of the House of Lords serve in office? The U.K. Parliament Today: 6. Who is the leader of the U.K. Parliament and how does he or she come U.K. Parliament started out as the English Parliament. Over the course of to be in that position? history England added neighbors Wales, Scotland, and the northern tip of Ireland (Northern Ireland) to its territory to become what the world knows 7. Who runs the U.K. on a day to day basis? today as the United Kingdom (U.K.). The U.K. Parliament is somewhat similar to the Congress of the U.S. Both are legislative (law) making 8. If the U.K. monarch has virtually no power, why does the U.K. continue government groups that are elected by the people in popular elections. The to even have a king or a queen? Congress of the U.S. consists of two groups, the House of Representatives and the Senate. Both groups are elected to serve for a set amount of time. The U.K. Parliament is a little different in comparison to the U.S. Congress. Like the U.S. Congress the U.K. Parliament consists of two groups, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. One group is completely elected while the other is partially elected and appointed. Members of the House of Commons are all elected by the U.K. people to serve in office for 4 years. Members of House of Lords are both appointed and elected in numerous ways. Members of the House of Lords have the option to serve for life if they choose to do so. The U.K. Prime Minister Today: The leader of the U.K. Parliament is the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister is the leader of the majority (biggest) party in Parliament. Once Parliament is determined based on appointments and the popular vote of the U.K. people, the majority party in Parliament elects a leader. He or she becomes the Prime Minister of the U.K. The Prime Minister is responsible for running the U.K. on a day to day basis. The U.K. still has a monarch (king or queen), but they are only in place for traditional purposes. The only real power the U.K. monarch has today is that he or she can order Parliament to meet. Section # 5 Questions (Part I): Answer these questions on a separate sheet of paper. 1. What four areas presently make up the United Kingdom (U.K.)? 2. What two groups make up the U.K. Parliament? 12  governing process in her 45 years as queen of England. Parliament was Tudor Legacy: very accustomed to this leadership style, but James I would have nothing to do with it. James I was firm believer in absolutism and saw Parliament as a The Tudor monarchy produced some of the greatest, most well known, and bother to him. James I wanted to do whatever he wanted whenever he most controversial monarchs in world history. The most famous and well wanted and did not want Parliament placing limits on his power. After years known is King Henry VIII simply because of his 6 wives. The most of quarreling with Parliament James I finally had had enough with Parliament. controversial of the Tudors is without a doubt Queen Mary I who is more In 1610 James dismissed Parliament after an argument based on raising the popularly known as “Bloody” Mary. Her desire to make England an entirely taxes of the English people. James I wanted to raise taxes and Parliament Catholic country came at the expense of the lives of English Protestants refused to approve the tax raise. For the remainder of his rule James I and (300) whom she saw as enemies of England. Henry VIII’s other daughter, Parliament would be in constant conflict. who was also Mary I’s half sister, is a close second to her father Henry VIII as being the most famous Tudor. History knows her by two names. This first James I’s Problems: is Queen Elizabeth I and the second is the catchy nickname that she gave to herself, the “Virgin Queen”. She ruled England for 45 years, and is arguably At the heart of the conflict between James I and Parliament was obviously the best monarch in world history for a number of reasons. She successfully money. Any English monarch needs money. The group that raises that defended England from invasion on numerous occasions and more money through taxes has always been Parliament. James I managed to importantly she eased the tensions between English Catholics and raise the money himself without Parliament because he had some very Protestants that was started by her father and continued by her siblings. economically gifted advisors. Another factor in James I’s clash with Elizabeth I also mended some fences with Parliament that had been Parliament was religion. James I was a member of the Episcopalian religion, destroyed by her father and siblings. During her rule of England Elizabeth which is a Catholic sect. Just as Mary I wanted to turn England into a always included Parliament in decisions concerning England. She always Catholic country, James I wanted England to be an Episcopalian country. informed Parliament of her intentions and always included Parliament in her This deepened his disagreement with Parliament which consisted of true decisions. Elizabeth I stayed true to her nickname and never married in her Catholics, Protestants, and Puritans who were an emerging Protestant sect lifetime. As a result she never had any children thus producing no heirs to in England. The height of the debate was when James I issued the King her throne when she died in 1603. Because she left no heirs to the throne, James Bible in 1604, just one year after being crowned king of England. her crown was passed to her cousin James Stuart who at the time had been This new bible was James I’s interpretation of the bible with Episcopalian the king of neighboring Scotland for 36 years. additions to it. This is the major contributing factor to the Gun Powder Plot of 1605, which was a failed assassination attempt on the life of James I. 36 James I: (1603 – 1625) barrels of gunpowder were found in the basement of the Parliament, which was intended to be detonated while James I was in session with Parliament. James I was crowned King of Scotland at age 1. Advisors ran Scotland until 1574 when This religious debate also caused many people to leave England. The most James decided he would run the country at a famous occurrences that came out these religious debates are the founding mature age of 8. For another 28 years he of two successful English colonies in North America. The two colonies are would hold the throne of Scotland until he was Jamestown, which was founded in Virginia in 1607, and Plymouth, which was crowned King of England. He would rule founded in Massachusetts in 1620. Both groups that founded these colonies England for 22 years. Combining his time on left England because of religious persecution and conflict. These two the throne in both Scotland and England, he colonies eventually grew to become 13 colonies, which in later years became would be king for 58 years. Although he was the United States of America. James I died in 1625 at age 59. His son related to Elizabeth I, James had the Charles succeeded him as King Charles I of England. complete opposite attitude of Elizabeth I when it came to working with Parliament. Elizabeth Charles I: (1625 – 1649) I had always included Parliament in the 13 Like his dad Charles I was a believer in absolutism. Unlike his dad, Charles I The Long Parliament: (1640 – 1653) did not surround himself with popular advisors nor did he have advisors with a good economic background. Because of this he had to rely on Parliament After not meeting for 11 years the English Parliament came back with an to get things done especially raising money. Charles I repeatedly used agenda and very angry. This Parliament was known as the “Long” Parliament for personal gains which ultimately lead to his death. For the first Parliament because they refused to come out session or be dismissed from three years of his rule Charles I was able to function on the amount of money session for next 13 years. When Charles I asked Parliament to approve his his father has created during his time as king. In 1628 Charles found the tax raise they voted it down. On top of shooting down Charles I’s tax raise English treasury very low. In need of money Charles I called Parliament plan, they threw his top advisor in prison, and publically labeled Charles I a back into session in an effort to raise the taxes on the English people. This tyrant. These three actions by Parliament infuriated Charles I causing him to meeting with Parliament produced a law known as the Petition of Right, send his personal army to Parliament to arrest certain members of which stated that Parliament must approve all tax raises on the English Parliament that he saw as the ring leaders of this opposition. When Charles people proposed by the monarch in the future. In order for an immediate I’s army entered Parliament the ring leaders escaped out the back door. This raise in taxes Charles I agreed to sign the Petition of Right in agreement. event was birth of the English Civil War between King Charles I of England Less than a year after signing the Petition of Right Charles dismissed and the English Parliament. The members of Parliament that evaded Parliament in 1629 just as his father James I did. Parliament, feeling very capture organized an army that would fight Charles I’s army for the next 7 used, was very angry with Charles I. Charles I ruled England for the next 11 years. years never allowing Parliament to meet. English Civil War: (1642 – 1649) Charles I’s Problems: During the English Civil War the supporters of the English Parliament were Charles I was a Catholic. Like many of his known as the Roundheads, while the supporters of King Charles I’s were predecessors he changed the beliefs of the known as the Cavaliers. The Roundhead army was named the New Model Anglican Church (Church of England) to fit his Army, it was lead by Oliver Cromwell, and many of the soldiers in the New personal beliefs. Like many of his Model Army were Puritans. After 7 years of fighting the war came to an end predecessors, this angered many powerful and with the Roundheads being victorious. Charles I was eventually captured ordinary people in England. Charles decided to and placed on trial for crimes against England. He was found guilty and change the Book of Common Prayer, which executed on January 30, 1649, and his family was exiled to Scotland. Never outlines the beliefs of the Anglican Church, to before in the history of the world had a king been executed by the people he reflect his Catholic beliefs. Two Protestant once ruled. This event would be an example for other countries to follow sects, Calvinism and Puritan, were very who were unhappy with their government. angered by this new Book of Common Prayer because they saw this as an effort by Charles I to destroy their religions. Section # 5 Questions (Part I): Answer these questions on a separate They openly opposed and criticized Charles I, and for that reason Charles I sheet of paper. raised and English army in attempt to capture, kill, and silence them. While Charles I was somewhat successful in eliminating these critics, it drained the 1. Thinking along the lines of heredity (family), why was James I crowned English treasury (bank) and angered some members of Parliament who were King of England? Calvinists and Puritans themselves. In order to replenish the English treasury Charles I saw a need to raise the taxes of the English people. 2. Prior to being crowned King of England, what country was James I king Based on the Petition of Right (1629), he needed the approval of Parliament of? to make his proposed tax raise a reality. For the first time in 11 years Charles I called Parliament back into session in an effort to raise taxes. His 3. Explain the relationship between the last Tudor Monarch (Elizabeth I) decision to bring Parliament back into session was a fateful one which ended and the English Parliament. How do you think this contributed to James up being a major contributing factor to his death. I’s problems with the English Parliament? 14 4. Was James I a believer in absolutism? How did the beliefs contribute to 23. Who supported Parliament and who supported King Charles I in the his relationship with Parliament? English Civil War? 24. What was the name of Parliament’s army, who was its leader, what is the 5. Why did James I dismiss Parliament? religion of many of the army members? 6. How did James I rule England without Parliament for so long? 25. Who won the English Civil War? 7. What were the two issues on which James I and Parliament clashed? 26. What was done with King Charles I at the end of the English Civil War? Why is this so historic? 8. What religion is James I and what religion is this a sect of? Section # 6 – England (1603 – 1714) 9. What book did James I release in 1604 which angered members of other religious groups in England? The Commonwealth: (1649 – 1660) 10. What was the newly emerging Protestant sect In England during James With English Civil War over and Charles I gone, England needed a new I’s time on the throne? leader. With the new leader came an entirely new government and lifestyle that English people were not very used to. The new government would be 11. What two successful English colonies were established in North America called the Commonwealth and the new leader would be the leader of during James I’s time on the throne? victorious New Model Army, Oliver Cromwell, who was given the title Lord Protector. Under the Commonwealth there would be no monarchy 12. Why were the people who established these colonies leaving England? whatsoever. England would become a republic, which is a government that is ran by the people not just one person, and the king and queen would be 13. Who became the King of England after James I? abolished. The House of Commons, which consisted of mainly Puritans, remained in place as the only group that would make up the English 14. Was Charles I a believer in absolutism?” Parliament. Just as the monarchy was abolished, so was the House of Lords. The Anglican Church was also abolished. While it was not 15. Why did Charles I call Parliament back into session in 1628? specifically written in any government documents, the Commonwealth was a government that operated on the principles of the Puritan religion. Puritans 16. Explain what the Petition of Right is. derive their name from the idea of being “pure” and lived by a very strict moral code. Cromwell, who was a Puritan, worked with a predominantly 17. What did Charles I do with Parliament after the passage of the Petition of Puritan Parliament to close all theaters, close all taverns (bars), outlaw Right? gambling, and outlaw dancing. Many English people saw these activities as leisurely enjoyment and were angered by it. Although angry, no one 18. What religion is Charles I? challenged Oliver Cromwell because he had the loyalty of the very powerful and ever growing New Model Army. While the Puritans were tolerant of 19. What book did Charles I change and what two religious groups were other Protestant sects and Judaism (Jewish), they were very harsh towards angered by this change? Catholics whom were seen as still loyal to Charles I. Although the Commonwealth was in place for 11 years, it was not very popular amongst 20. Why did Charles I call Parliament back into session in 1640? the English people. Oliver Cromwell died in 1658, less than two years after his death the Commonwealth crumbled due to lack of support by the English 21. Why is the “Long” Parliament given its name? people. 22. What are the three things done by the Long Parliament that angered Charles I? 15 Charles II: (1660 – 1685) a return to the days of “Bloody” Mary and his father Charles I. This began another bitter quarrel between the king and Parliament which became known After his father’s death and his exile from England, Charles II became King of as the Glorious Revolution. Scotland for two years. After a failed attempt to overthrow Oliver Cromwell and the Commonwealth, he fled to mainland Europe for fear of being The Glorious Revolution: (1688) assassinated by supporters of the Commonwealth. He remained in hiding until 1660 when Parliament invited him back to England to become the king Fearful of James II as king Parliament invited after Oliver Cromwell’s death and the collapse of the Commonwealth. James II’s nephew William to become king of Learning from the mistakes of his grandfather (James I), father (Charles I), England. At the time William was living in the and his predecessor (Oliver Cromwell) Charles II made major changes in an Netherlands and was married to James II’s oldest effort to return England to a state of normalcy. Under Charles II England re- daughter Mary. They were supported by established a monarchy government, brought back the House of Lords as the Parliament because they were both Protestants second house of Parliament, and brought back the Anglican Church (Church despite their parents being Catholic. When of England). Charles II was not believer in absolutism therefore he worked William and Mary arrived in England, James II fled very closely with Parliament to bring back all of the things the Puritan based to France because he had no support from the Commonwealth eliminated. Theaters and taverns were re-opened and English army or Parliament. In France James II gambling and dancing were no longer outlawed. While Charles was was taken in by his cousin King Louis XIV (The Catholic, he did not force his religious beliefs on the people of England. All “Sun” King). Since James II had left England, it was declared that he had religions were tolerated while Charles II was king. The only thing that abdicated (stepped down). With a vacant throne William and Mary were Charles II forbid were laws based on Puritan values, which were widespread crowned king and queen of England. Because a change (revolution) of when he took over following the Commonwealth. He also signed the Petition leadership in England had taken place without any fighting or bloodshed, this of Right in agreement stating that he would only raise taxes with the approval event was labeled the Glorious Revolution. There were some attempts by of Parliament. While his time on the throne was not without conflicts or James II to re-take the English throne. The most notable is when he went to issues, England became a much happier place during Charles II’s time as Ireland and tried to raise an army in an effort to invade England and re- king. For the most part the people of England liked him. After sitting on the capture the throne, but it was a massive English throne for 25 years Charles II died in 1685. While Charles II fathered failure as he was easily defeated by an 11 illegitimate children he had no legitimate children with his wife to take his English army personally lead by King William place as king when he died. Having no heir to the throne, the English throne III. passed to Charles II’s brother James English Bill of Rights: (1689) James II: (1685 – 1688) Before being officially named king and queen When James II was crowned king he returned to the of England, William and Mary had to sign the old Stuart ways of grandfather (James I) and father newly written English Bill of Rights in (Charles I). Unlike his brother (Charles II), James II agreement. While it said many important was believer in absolutism just as his grandfather things, the most important thing is that it and father were. He openly too clashed with placed severe limits on the power future Parliament over his absolutist leadership style and English monarchs. England had always been religious beliefs. As a Catholic he began appointing a pure monarchy, but under the English Bill of Right a constitutional many of Catholic friends to positions in the House of monarchy was established in England. A constitutional monarchy is when a Lords. Other members of House of Commons and monarch powers are limited by a constitution. The constitution specifically House of Lords, who were members of various states what the king or queen can and cannot do. In short, the English Bill of Protestant sects, were angered by this and fearful of Right put the king under the control of Parliament. It is important to note that the constitutional monarchy is also known as a limited monarchy. A 16 constitutional monarchy or limited monarchy is the exact opposite of an 2. What type of government would England become under the absolute monarchy. Commonwealth? 3. What three things would be abolished by the Commonwealth? William III and Mary II: (1684 – 1702) 4. What religion was unofficially forced on the English people under the If you are following the Stuart family tree, Commonwealth? William is the son of James II brother Charles II. Since Mary is James II’s daughter, that would 5. Why was the Commonwealth so unpopular amongst the English people? make William and Mary cousins. While this sounds gross it was quite common amongst 6. Why did no one ever attempt to overthrow the Commonwealth? royalty to marry within the family. As king and queen, their time on the throne is the only time 7. What two things contributed to the collapse of the Commonwealth? in English history where the king and queen had equal power. They are more popularly known 8. Who was invited to England to be the new king after the collapse of the for the college that was founded in their honor in Commonwealth? How was this new king related to the Stuart monarchy? Williamsburg, Virginia in 1693 just one year before Mary II died of smallpox. William III and 9. What are 7 things that Charles II either brought back or re-established Mary II never had any children, and William III that were outlawed or abolished by the Commonwealth? never married after Mary II’s death. William III never had any children when he died in 1702 after being seriously injured when thrown from his horse 10. Was Charles II a believer in absolutism? How did this affect his combined with an awful case of pneumonia. With no heirs from either relationship with Parliament? William III or Mary II, the English throne was passed to Mary II’s sister Anne. 11. What were the only types of laws outlawed during Charles II’s time on Anne I: (1702 – 1714) the throne? Anne I’s time on the throne was relatively uneventful except for one important 12. Did the people of England like Charles II for the most part? historical occurrence. In 1707 the Act of Union officially combined England, Wales, and Scotland to become one country which known today as the 13. What was James II’s relation to Charles II? United Kingdom (U.K.). The northern tip of Ireland would be added to the U.K. in 1800. It is pretty safe to say that Anne I’s life was pretty tragic. Her 14. Was James II a believer in absolutism? How did this affect his husband died in 1708 and during her lifetime she was pregnant 18 different relationship with Parliament? times only successfully giving birth to a living baby once, William. In 1700 William died of smallpox at the age of 11. At the time of her death in 1714 15. What was James II’s religion and how did this affect his relationship with there were no heirs to the English throne produced by Anne I. Anne I would Parliament? Explain your answer. be the last Stuart monarch. In a very controversial and complicated process the English throne passed to her cousin George I, who would be the first king 16. Who was invited to be King and Queen of England by Parliament when of the Hanover monarchy. James II was king? Why did Parliament invite these two people? Section # 6 Questions (Part I): Answer these questions on a separate 17. How were the king and queen who replaced James II related to James sheet of paper. II? 1. What is the name of English government that was established at the end 18. Why did James II leave England without a fight even though he was the of the English Civil War, and who was the leader of it? King? 17 19. Why was the Glorious Revolution given its name? 20. Where did James II eventually try to raise an army in an attempt to take back the throne of England? 21. What document did monarchs William III and Mary II have to sign in agreement before they could be crowned King and Queen of England? 22. What type of monarchy was established in England as result of the English Bill of Rights? Explain how this type of monarchy is different from an absolute monarchy? 23. What is another name for a constitutional monarchy? 24. How were King William III and Mary II related? 25. What is unique about the power William III and Mary II had as King and Queen of England. 26. Who became the next monarch after the death of King William III and Mary II? What was the relation of this monarch to King William III and Mary II? 27. What was Anne I’s biggest accomplishment during her time as Queen of England? 28. Who is the last Stuart Monarch? 29. Who did the throne pass to after the last Stuart Monarchy? 18