NSCI 110: Science Technology and Society Module PDF

Module in NSCI 110: Science, Technology and Society Prof. Richelle O. Tuvillo Team Leader/Coordinator Dr. Larry D. Buban Team Editor Authors/Contributors: Dr....

Module in NSCI 110: Science, Technology and Society Prof. Richelle O. Tuvillo Team Leader/Coordinator Dr. Larry D. Buban Team Editor Authors/Contributors: Dr. Larry D. Buban Dr. Anita Estela M. Monroy Dr. Harlan C. Dureza Ms. Vivien Mei C. Reyes Prof. Eileen L. Loreno Dr. Stephen G. Sabinay Dr. Grace A. Manajero Dr. Agatha Z. Senina College of Arts and Sciences Physical Science Department 1 Physicsal Science Department  Unit 2: General Concepts in Science, Technology and Society NSCI 110 Dr. Agatha Z. Senina Prof. Eileen L. Loreno 2 Physicsal Science Department  Unit 2. General Concepts in Science, Technology, and Society Lesson 1: Historical Antecedents Which Changed the Course of Science and Technology (Week 5) Learning Outcomes At the end of this lesson, the students must have 1. identified discoveries/ inventions in different civilizations over the course of history. 2. explained how these discoveries/ inventions affect the society today. Activate your Prior Knowledge This time relate your prior knowledge to the lesson. Examining science in the historical perspective is beneficial in the study of technology and society. This is expressed by Cassadevall and Fang (2015) in their research paper as follows: A better understanding of history can illuminate social influences on the scientific process, allow scientists to learn from previous errors, and provide a greater appreciation of the importance of serendipity in scientific discovery. Moreover, history can help assign credits where it is due and call attention to evolving ethical standards in science. History can make science better.” 3 Physicsal Science Department  Acquire New Knowledge This part will present the ideas aligned with the objectives of the lesson. 1. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE ANCIENT TIMES SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION Sumer was an ancient civilization founded in the Mesopotamia region of the Fertile Crescent situated between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (Figure 1). Known for their innovations in language, governance, architecture and more, Sumerians are considered the creators of civilization as modern humans understand it. Figure 1: The Sumerian Region The wheel, plow, and writing (a system called cuneiform) are examples of their achievements. The farmers in Sumer created levees to hold back the floods from their fields and cut canals to channel river water to the fields. The use of levees and canals is called irrigation. The Ziggurat of Ur, sailboats, and roads were also the inventions of the Sumerians. A summary of Sumerian inventions are shown in Figure 2. Figure 2: Sumerian Inventions 4 Physicsal Science Department  BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION Located about 60 miles (100 kilometers) south of Baghdad in modern-day Iraq, the ancient city of Babylon served for nearly two millennia as a center of Mesopotamian civilization. One of its early rulers, Hammurabi, created a harsh system of laws, while in later times the Babylonian language would be used across the Middle East as a way of communicating across borders. Another great accomplishment (if the ancient stories are true) was the construction of the Hanging Gardens (Figure 3). This was a wonder of the ancient world, which some believed, was built by the King Nebuchadnezzar II. Figure 3: Hanging Gardens of Babylon l The Babylonians also excelled in the field of science. The priests watched the sun, moon planet and star very carefully and forecast the future. Like the Sumerians, the Babylonians also adopted lunar calendar. They divided one year into 12 months and each month was divided into 30 days. EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION For millennia, Egypt has made significant contributions to the progress of mankind and to the advancement of society. As a cradle of civilization and a beacon of knowledge, Egypt was a leader in scientific discoveries and innovations that defined the foundations of many fields including astronomy, chemistry, medicine, and of course engineering whose supremacy can still be seen today in the majestic architecture of the Pyramids and Karnak. The ancient Egyptians were enterprising people: they left many impressive monuments such as pyramids (Figure 4) and temples; they were among the first nations to develop metallurgy, out of a need for tools; they were the first to extract copper from its ores and to extract gold by melting; they were experts in jewelry and gold working as is seen from the world-famous death mask of Tutankhamun. They also invented hieroglyphics, ink, papyrus, wigs, cosmetics, water clock or clepsydra. 5 Physicsal Science Department  Figure 4: Pyramids in Egypt GREEK CIVILIZATION The Ancient Greeks made many advancements in science and technology. Greek philosophers began to look at the world in different ways. They came up with theories on how the world worked and thought that the natural world obeyed certain laws that could be observed and learned through study. Inventions that are credited to the ancient Greeks include the gear, screw, rotary mills, bronze casting techniques, water clock, water organ, torsion catapult, the use of steam to operate some experimental machines and toys, and a chart to find prime numbers. Figure 5 is an example of their ancient architecture. 6 Physicsal Science Department  Figure 5: Ancient Greek Stadium ROMAN CIVILIZATION The Romans were prodigious builders and expert civil engineers, and their thriving civilization produced advances in technology, culture and architecture that remained unequaled for centuries. Their outstanding inventions were newspaper, bound books or codex, roman architecture, and roman numerals. They were also responsible for contributing aqueducts to the civilization. Figure 6 shows examples of Roman architecture. Figure 6: Concrete Roman Architectures 7 Physicsal Science Department  CHINESE CIVILIZATION A method of making astronomical observation instruments at the time of Qing Dynasty.The history of science and technology in China is both long and rich with science and technological contribution. In antiquity, independent of Greek philosophers and other civilizations, ancient Chinese philosophers made significant advances in science, technology, mathematics, and astronomy. The first recorded observations of comets, solar eclipses, and supernovae were made in China.Traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture and herbal medicine were also practiced.Among the earliest inventions were the abacus, the "shadow clock," and the first flying machines such as kites and Kongming lanterns. The four Great Inventions of ancient China: the compass, gunpowder, paper making, and printing, were among the most important technological advances, only known in Europe by the end of the Middle Ages. The Tang dynasty (618 - 906 C.E.) in particular was a time of great innovation. A good deal of exchange occurred between Western and Chinese discoveries up to the QingDynasty.Popular products of Ancient China which exists until today are silk, and tea. The Great Wall of China (Figure 7) is one of the greatest sights in the world — the longest wall in the world, an awe-inspiring feat of ancient defensive architecture. Its winding path over rugged country and steep mountains takes in some great scenery. Figure 7: The Great Wall of China 8 Physicsal Science Department  2: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES The Middle Ages, far from being miserable and bloody, was a period of great invention and innovation.After the fall of Rome in the West during the 5th Century AD, the power vacuum it created forced its former conquests into centuries of bitter warfare, famine, disease, and strife. Yet despite the constant fear of death, there was enough calm during the Middle Ages with great leaps forward in science and invention. The following inventions of the Middle Ages were so important that they paved the way, ultimately, to the modern world we live in today: 1. The Printing Press The printing press (Figure 8) is probably the most important invention of the Middle Ages. It removed control of information distribution from The State and The Church and laid the path for Protestant Reformation, The Renaissance, and The Enlightenment.Although Johannes Guttenberg's famous press was developed in Germany in the 15th Century it can trace its history back to 3rd Century China. Figure 8: The Printing Press 2. The Microscope A Dutch father-son team named Hans and Zacharias Janssen invented the first so-called compound microscope in the late 16th century when they discovered that, if they put a lens at the top and bottom of a tube and looked through it, objects on the other end became magnified. Figure 9 shows the history of the microscope which paved the way to its usefulness to mankind especially in the field of biology and medicine. 9 Physicsal Science Department  Figure 9: History of the Microscope 3. The Telescope The telescope traces back to early makers of eyeglasses and lenses. In the 1400s, glasses were used widely across Europe. These lenses were not powerful, not polished, and not clear. Due to their imperfections, they were not useful for astronomic observation.By the end of the 1500s and early 1600s, lens makers improved their abilities to cut and polish glasses. It was at this time that Hans Lippershey, who made spectacles in the Netherlands, began experimenting with lenses. Lipperhey put a mask on his telescope that only allowed a small amount of light to enter his telescope. When he reduced the amount of light and focused it, the images became clear but remained dim. No other telescope makers had done this, and Lipperhey’s telescope was the beginning of the telescope’s evolution. In September of 1608, Lipperhey took his telescope to Prince Maurice of Nassau. A week later, Lipperhey applied to patent his new device. Other scientists and glass-makers came forward to claim that they had made similar devices; Lipperhey was denied his patent because of the claims. The telescope spread across Europe after Lipperhey. By the end of May in 1609, the telescope could easily be found and purchased in large cities like Paris. Galileo picked up Lipperhey’s telescope and began to improve it. Galileo’s telescope was the first to be used for space observation. Over time, astronomers began to build telescopes that had more power and clearer images. Thomas Harriot in England managed to build a telescope that could magnify objects six times. Galileo then made a telescope that could magnify objects by eight times. Figure 10 shows Galileo’s telescope (google.com) which made a revolutionary idea in astronomy. 10 Physicsal Science Department  Figure 10: Galileo’s Telescope 4. War Weapons People in the middle ages used weapons for offensive and defensive purposes. The sword was widely used among elite and common soldiers, with some variation between the size of its blade, and how its hilt and pommel were fashioned. Around the thirteenth century we see a change in the sword, where it blades begin to get more narrow and sharper at its point. It was because armour was becoming tougher, and the slashing style of the sword was no longer effective. It now had to be used more as a thrusting weapon, but even with these changes the sword would gradually decline as a part of vital military equipment (https://www.medievalists.net/2020/01/most-important-weapons-middle-ages). Other war weapons were cross bows and long bows to attack enemies at long distances from walls and fortresses. For short ranges, warriors used armors to protect their bodies but these were too heavy. Later, chainmail (Figure 11) was used. War weapons were developed in the medieval ages to acquire dominions and supremacy of power among nations. Figure 11: Chainmail 11 Physicsal Science Department  3. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE MODERN TIMES The article, “Science Overview: Revolutions in Modern Science” summarizes the Science and Technology in the modern times: “The enormous growth of science during the classical period engendered an optimistic attitude on the part of many that all the major scientific discoveries had been made and that all that remained was the working out of minor details. Faith in the absolute truth of science was in some ways comparable to the faith of earlier centuries in such ancient authorities as Aristotle and Ptolemy. This optimism was shattered in the late 19th and early 20th century by a number of revolutionary discoveries. These in turn attracted increasing numbers of individuals into science, so that whereas a particular problem might have been studied by a single investigator a century ago, or by a small group of scientists a few decades ago, today such a problem is attacked by a virtual army of highly trained, technically proficient scholars. The growth of science in the 20th century has been unprecedented. The Impact of Elementary Particles Physics in particular was shaken to the core around the turn of the century. The atom had been presumed indestructible, but discoveries of X rays (1895), radioactivity (1896), and the electron (1897) could not be explained by the classical theories. The discovery of the atomic nucleus (1911) and of numerous subatomic particles i addition to the electron opened up the broad field of atomic and nuclear physics. Atoms were found to change not only by radioactive decay but also by more dramatic processes—nuclear fission and fusion—with the release of large amounts of energy; these discoveries found both military and peaceful applications. Quantum Theory and the Theory of Relativity The explanation of atomic structure required the abandonment of older, commonsense, classical notions of the nature of space, time, matter, and energy in favor of the new view of the quantum theory and the theory of relativity. The first of these two central theories of modern physics was developed by many scientists during the first three decades of the 20th century; the latter theory was chiefly the product of a single individual, Albert Einstein. These theories, particularly the quantum theory, revolutionized not only physics but also chemistry and other fields. Advances in Chemistry Knowledge of the structure of matter enabled chemists to synthesize a sweeping variety of substances, especially complex organic substances with important roles in life processes or with technological applications. Radioactive isotopes have been used as tracers in complicated chemical and biochemical reactions and have also found application in geological dating. Chemists and physicists have cooperated to create many new chemical elements, extending the periodic table beyond the naturally occurring elements. 12 Physicsal Science Department  Biology Becomes an Interdisciplinary Science In biology the modern revolution began in the 19th century. The development of biochemistry and the recognition that most important biological processes take place at the molecular level led to the rapid growth of the field of molecular biology, with such fundamental results as the discovery of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the molecule carrying the genetic code. Modern medicine has profited from this explosion of knowledge in biology and biochemistry, with new methods of treatment ranging from penicillin, insulin, and a vast array of other drugs to pacemakers for weak hearts and implantation of artificial or donated organs. The Abstraction of Mathematics In mathematics a movement toward the abstract, axiomatic approach began early in the 19th cent. with the discovery of two different types of non-Euclidean geometries and various abstract algebras, some of them noncommutative. While there has been a tendency to consolidate and unify under a few general concepts, such as those of group, set, and transformation, there has also been considerable research in the foundations of mathematics, with a close examination of the nature of these and other concepts and of the logical systems underlying mathematics. Astronomy beyond the Visual Spectrum In astronomy ever larger telescopes have assisted in the discovery that the sun is a rather ordinary star in a huge collection of stars, the Milky Way, which itself is only one of countless such collections, or galaxies, that in general are expanding away from each other. The study of remote objects, billions of light-years from the earth, has been carried out at all wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, with some of the most notable results being made in radio astronomy, which has been used to map the Milky Way, study quasars, pulsars, and other unusual objects, and detect relatively complex organic molecules floating in space. Modern Science and Technology The technological advances of modern science, which in the public mind are often identified with science itself, have affected virtually every aspect of life. The electronics industry, born in the early 20th cent., has advanced to the point where a complex device, such as a computer, that once might have filled an entire room can now be carried in an attaché case. The electronic computer has become one of the key tools of modern industry. Electronics has also been fundamental in developing new communications devices (radio, television, laser). In transportation there has been a similar leap of astounding range, from the automobile and the early airplane to the modern supersonic jet and the giant rocket that has taken astronauts to the moon. Perhaps the most overwhelming aspect of modern science is not its accomplishments but its magnitude in terms of money, equipment, numbers of workers, scope of activity, and impact on society as a whole. Never before in history has science played such a dominant role in so many areas.” 13 Physicsal Science Department  Assess your Knowledge 1. Fill inthe following summary matrix of one discovery/invention in ancient civilization, middle ages, and modern times and their impacts on society today. Follow the format below: (56 pts) Civilization One Discovery/ Use of Impact of Invention Discovery/Invention Discovery/Invention (2 pts each) (2 pts each) in the Society Today (3 pts each) 1.Sumerian 2.Babylonian 3.Egyptian 4.Greek 5.Roman 6.Chinese 7. Middle Ages 8. Modern Times 2. Question for Reflection (10 pts): In five (5) sentences, answer the question: If you were born in the ancient civilization in your own place, what could you have invented? Why? (Rubrix for rating: Organization – 4 pts, Relevance – 3 pts, Grammar & Appeal – 3 pts) 14 Physicsal Science Department  Answer Key Let’s check your answers. 15 Physicsal Science Department  Unit 2. General Concepts in Science, Technology, and Society Lesson 2: Intellectual Revolutions (Week 6) Learning Outcomes At the end of this lesson, the students must have 1. discussed the paradigm shifts in history during the: A. Copernican Revolution B. Darwinian Revolution C. Freudian Revolution 2. explained how the Intellectual Revolutions changed the way humans see the world today. Activate your Prior Knowledge This time relate your prior knowledge to the lesson. The Intellectual Revolution which started in the 16 th century was the period where paradigm shifts occurred. It was the time when the existing beliefs about the solar system , the origin of man, and the behavior of man were challenged and opposed. 16 Physicsal Science Department  Acquire New Knowledge This part will present the ideas aligned with the objectives of the lesson. 1: COPERNICAN REVOLUTION The Copernican revolution started the Scientific Revolution. The publication in 1543 of Nicolaus Copernicus of the De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) is often cited as the beginning of the scientific revolution. It radically changed the impression in astronomy, science and religion. It moved the people to look for evidences to prove things around them. The theories about the origin of the earth was changed from the theological view to the empirical view which from geocentrism by the Catholic Church to heliocentrism where the sun is the center of the solar system (Figure 1). The Geocentric Model The geocentric model of the universe, also known as the Ptolemaic model, was widespread beginning in Ancient Greece and holds that the Earth lies at the centre of the universe, with all other objects circling it. This is most intuitively obvious in relation to the Sun and the Moon, which, to an observer on the surface of our planet, do seem to follow regular circular paths over our heads. It is a seemingly empirical conclusion based on the evidence that celestial objects (including stars) circle the sky above us, while the ground beneath our feet appears to be at rest.Plato and Aristotle both wrote extensively about a geocentric universe, but is best known for another advocate, Claudius Ptolemaeus, of the Roman era. According to Ptolemy, objects orbited the Earth in distinct concentric circles, or spheres. Within these spheres, furthermore, they actually followed elliptical paths within another sphere, called an epicycle. This added complexity was necessary to account for the fact that, viewed from Earth, close objects like the planets Venus and Mars sometimes seem to stop and even to move backwards in the sky. The Heliocentric Model Despite the best efforts of geocentric scholars in the medieval and Renaissance worlds to account for these strange perturbations, the geocentric model had serious flaws. These were conclusively exposed beginning in the 1500s by four European astronomers: Johannes Kepler, Tycho Brahe, Nicolaus Copernicus, and Galileo Galilei. These men’s systematic observations of the sky indicated that, if indeed objects followed the orbits prescribed by the geocentrists, they could do so only through the arbitrary random intervention of some outside force. Although Copernicus and Galileo were astronomers and not theologians, it is important to recognize that their period was a deeply religious one and therefore that such theological questions did carry some significance. Galileo is particularly noted for attracting persecution by the church for his beliefs, although in truth he could likely have published his views without retribution had he not chosen to write them as a “dialogue” between a wise and effective debater representing his own views, and an incompetent opponent modelled after the Pope of the day. 17 Physicsal Science Department  In any event, the transition from geocentrism to heliocentrism was not a sudden or smooth one, but the four men were able to demonstrate that the movements of the planets were better explained by a model in which all of them (including the Earth) followed predictable elliptical paths around the central Sun, rather than all of them following the complex Earth-centered circles-within-circles orbits of the Ptolemaic system. Galileo’s further discovery that Jupiter had moons, which orbited Jupiter rather than Earth, was final proof that the Earth was not a special central location around which all other things orbited. Figure 1: Geocentric versus Heliocentric Model of the Solar System Chronologically, the important thinkers in the Copernican Revolution which paved the way to the Scientific Revolution were: 1. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 – 1543) He was the first to prove that the earth was not stationary in space and revolved around the sun. He was a member of the Catholic Church and waited until the year of his death to publish his findings, which started the so-called Copernican Revolution. 2. Paracelsus (1493 – 1541) A doctor who did not treat people’s “imbalance in the humors” with leeches and traditional remedies but looked at the chemical causes behind sicknesses to treat patients. He was a big supporter of Hermetic Doctrine, and also studied alchemy and other ways of getting closer to God through science. 3. Andreas Vesalius (1514 – 1564) He spent years dissecting corpses and drawing detailed illustrations of the human body and has contributed a lot to the study of human anatomy, but eventually got grossed out by all the dead bodies and just became the personal doctor to Charles V, king of the Holy Roman Empire. 18 Physicsal Science Department  4. Tycho Brahe (1546 – 1601) He was the one major Scientific Revolution physicist who believed in a geocentric universe, rejecting Copernicus’ idea that the Earth revolved around the Sun. He had the king of Denmark build him a laboratory that he used to make 20 years of detailed observations, proving that the stars in the sky were not fixed. 5. Giordano Bruno (1548 – 1600) He was an Italian Monk who spread Copernicus’ beliefs about a heliocentric universe governed by science. He was burned at the stake by Catholic authorities for allegedly spreading heresy. 6. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632 – 1723) He was the “Father of Microbiology” who discovered bacteria because he loved playing with microscopes. He observed bacteria as “little animals or animalcules…This was for me, among all marvels that I have discovered in nature, the most marvelous of all”. 7. William Harvey (1578 – 1657) He dissected animal bodies and studied the heart as an important physical and spiritual centerpiece of the body. He discovered that the heart worked like a pump, sending blood throughout the body with valves and heartbeats. 8. Francis Bacon (1561 – 1626) He was an English politician who had an influential philosophy that rejected reliance on authority in favor of developing one’s world view based concrete observations. Bacon became a supporter of the empirical method and inductive reasoning where people piece together truths from their own experience. He was the father of the scientific method. 9. Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642) He promoted experimental physics and observational astronomy by discovering more about inertia and discovering new moons and planetary laws with his telescope. Galileo challenged the Catholic Church by promoting a heliocentric universe where the sun and moon had blemished surfaces. Galileo was ultimately forced to renounce his scientific discoveries in the Roman Inquisition and was house arrested until he died. 10. Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630) He was Tycho Brahe’s assistant, who used his master’s data to confirm that the earth revolved around the sun. He developed the 3 Laws of Planetary Motion: Planets rotate in ellipses, not perfectly divine circles, around the sun (Law of Ellipses) How fast the planets are moving depends on how far they are from the sun (Law of Equal Areas). The orbits of planets can be calculated mathematically (Law of Harmonies) 11. René Descartes (1596 – 1650) He was Mathematician and Philosopher who wrote Discourse on Method (in French, rather than Latin so that more people could read it), where he promoted the practice of deductive reasoning. Descartes principle included not assuming anything unless proven through a chain of reasoning and the scientific method. 19 Physicsal Science Department  – 12. Robert Boyle (1627 1691) He was called the “Father of Modern Chemistry” due to his advanced experiments and use of experimental method. He discovered Boyle’s Law on the relationship of gas pressure to its volume and believed in the existence of atoms. 13. Isaac Newton (1642 – 1726) He discovered the calculus, the 3 Laws of Motion (Inertia, Acceleration, Interaction), and the Universal Law of Gravitation. His vast discoveries in physics, mathematics, and astronomy led to the view of the Newtonian Universe that analyzes matter in motion with the use of mathematics. Newtonian mechanics covers all kinds of motion of material particles. These thinkers have shaped science, technology, and society even today. Along with their revolutionary ideas, scientific method was introduced, new researches were started, familiar phenomena were given explanations, educational approaches were altered, and power structures in the society were changed. 2: DARWINIAN REVOLUTION In 1859, after the Copernican Revolution, the Darwinian Revolution was a groundbreaking revolution in both the scientific and religious realms. This was the time when people started questioning about the origin of man apart from being created by a Divine Being. This idea was pioneered by Charles Darwin who canceled the Divine Theory of Origin in his book, Origin of the Species. The two conflicting ideas about the origin of man during this period are presented as follows: Creationism Creationism is the belief that the universe and the various forms of life were created by God out of nothing. Its basis is the biblical book of Genesis which states that God created the world including humans in a literal six- day creation (Figure 2). The creation of man was in this account: And God said, "Let us make man in our image, after our likeness, and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of the heavens, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps upon the earth." So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he them; male and female he created them (Gen. 1:26-27, RSV). Then the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living being”(Gen. 2:7, RSV). 20 Physicsal Science Department  Figure 2: The Literal Six-Day Creation The Fall of Man is in this account: And he said, “Who told you that you were naked? Have you eaten from the tree that I commanded you not to eat from?”The man said, “The woman you put here with me—she gave me some fruit from the tree, and I ate it.”Then the Lord God said to the woman, “What is this you have done? ”The woman said, “The serpent deceived me, and I ate.”So the Lord God said to the serpent, “Because you have done this,“Cursed are you above all livestockand all wild animals! You will crawl on your bellyand you will eat dustall the days of your life.And I will put enmitybetween you and the woman,and between your offspring[a]and hers;he will crush[b] your head,and you will strike his heel.” (Genesis 3:11- 15) From the aforementioned passages, the following truths about man were considered by creationists: 1. God fashioned man from the substance of creation that preceded him (dust). 2. Man's life-giving essence is the breath of God, or spirit. 3. Man became a living being. 4. God created human beings as male and female. 5. Man was made in God's likeness. 6. Man was made lord of creation. 7. Man fell into sin. 8. Man needs a savior from his sin. 21 Physicsal Science Department  Evolution Darwin published his theory of evolution by natural selection in ‘On the Origin of Species’ in 1859. His theory states that all life, including humanity, is a product of continuing natural processes. Human evolution is the lengthy process of change by which people originated from apelike ancestors (Figure 3). Figure 3: The origin of man according to Darwin The book, in spite of controversies on transformational gaps or missing links from apes to humans, changed how people approached biology, and has fundamental impacts on modern science, religion, and other aspects of the society today. (Stacey,2016) The Big Question: Can Creationism and Evolution Combine? For centuries of conflicts and debates on creationism and evolution, there are key ideas between these two schools of thought which cannot be merged. Creationists claim that their authority is God’s word from the book of Genesis, while evolutionists authority is Darwin’s idea from Origin of the Species. Although both sides agree on the idea of natural selection, creationists limit it only to organisms of the same created kind, while evolutionists apply the survival of the fittest idea where the fittest organism can be transformed from lower to a higher form in the process of transformational modification like man from apes. This leads to the differing view of man in the two cases. In creationism, man is considered a created perfect being who fell into sin and needs a savior for his sin. In evolution, however, man is an evolved animal from the lowest form to the highest form. This gives a main difference in man’s accountability. In the former, man, throughout his life, is accountable to his Creator and Savior while in the latter, man has no accountability because he is just a product of a transformational process in nature. Table 1 is a summary of these key concepts. 22 Physicsal Science Department  Key Concepts Creationism Evolution Authority God: Book of Genesis Darwin: Origin of the Species Natural Selection Within the created kind Transformational only Modification from One Kind to Another Origin of Man God Apes View of Man Created a perfect being, Evolved Animal from the fell into sin, needs a lowest form to the highest Savior from sin. form Accountability of Man Accountable to Creator & No Accountability Savior Table 1: Key Concepts of Creationism and Evolution 3: FREUDIAN REVOLUTION In the late 19 century people started questioning about the behavior of man. th When the behavior of man was discussed previously in philosophy, many wanted a more systematic study of this aspect of man which gave rise to psychology.Sigmund Freud was able to change the people’s perception of the behavior of man with its revolutionary theory of psychoanalysis. According to the theory, Id is the essentially biological element, ego is the essentially sociological element, and superego is the dispenser of reward and punishment. Man’s behavior is fully controlled by these three elements known as the motorway of self (Figure 4). Figure 4: The Motorway of Self The Freudian view further treats man as an instinctive animal (Darwinism), thus, society creates mechanisms to ensure social control of these human instincts. From then on, many psychological theories have emerged such as behaviorism and humanism in the attempt to fully understand human behavior. However, thesetheories, though have a lot of application in learning and education, have met a lot of controversies in the past and even until now. Among the three revolutionary theories, the Copernican Revolution was considered as the most scientific because laws and principles under it were proven in nature and can be expressed in mathematical language. The material world of today is governed by the ideas of the thinkers of the scientific revolution. The Darwinian and Freudian Revolutions, inspite of controversies, have also been affecting peoples actions and beliefs. The changes that these revolutions brought to society are evidences of the link of science and technology to humanity. 23 Physicsal Science Department  Apply your Knowledge Now, let’s check what you have learned. ACTIVITIES: (Choose only 2 ) Activity 1: The Galileo Case Study Study the life and works of Galileo and answer the following questions: 1. What was the conflict between Galileo and the Catholic Church? 2. Give three scientific values demonstrated by Galileo in his struggles for the scientific truth to come out during this conflict. 3. Give three disadvantages of non-separation of church and state in Galileo’s struggles for scientific truth. Activity 2 : View the video on ‘Chaos or Cosmos’ and write three differences of creationism and evolution by filling in the following table: VIDEO TOPICS CREATIONISM EVOLUTION Origin of the Universe Cause of Beauty of Nature Origin of Man Activity 3: Research and give three reasons why Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory is not scientific. Activity 4: Video search for ’ Human Zoos: America's Forgotten History of Scientific Racism’ in youtube.com and do the following: Answer the question: Why are human zoos and racism offshoots of the Darwinian Theory? Cite three examples of (1) from the video. 24 Physicsal Science Department  Assess your Knowledge QUIZ (30 pts): Identify the paradigm shift which happened during the: 1. Copernican Revolution 2. Darwinian Revolution 3. Freudian Revolution Note: Answer in each Revolution should be: from:______(5 pts) to _____(5 pts). 25 Physicsal Science Department  Answer Key Let’s check your answers. 26 Physicsal Science Department  Unit 2. General Concepts in Science, Technology, and Society Lesson 3:Science,Technology,and Nation-Building(Week 7) Learning Outcomes At the end of this lesson, the students must have 1. explained how early Filipinos applied scientific principle in their daily living; 2. presented government policies on science and technology and explained their importance to the nation; and 3. discuss ed the role of science and technology in nation-building. Activate your Prior Knowledge This time relate your prior knowledge to the lesson. The development of science and technology in the Philippines has already come a long way. Many significant inventions and discoveries have been accomplished by or attributed to Filipinos. This chapter tackles how the development of science and technology affect the development of the Philippines as a nation. 27 Physicsal Science Department  Acquire New Knowledge This part will present the ideas aligned with the objectives of the lesson. 1: Pre-Colonial Period Scientific and technological development in the Philippines began in the pre-colonial period. The early inhabitants of the archipelago had their own culture and traditions. Science, in pre-Spanish Philippines is embedded in the way of life of the people. It is observed in the way they plant their crops that provide them food. In taking care of animals to help them in their daily tasks. For food production. Science is observed in the way they interpret the movements of heavenly bodies to predict seasons and climates. They use science in preparing the soil for agricultural purposes; they discovered the medicinal use of plants. 28 Physicsal Science Department  Technology is used by people in building houses, irrigations, and in developing tools that they can use in everyday life. A complicated engineering feat was achieved by the natives of the Cordilleras when they built rice terraces by hand. Through these terraces, the people were able to cultivate crops on the mountainsides in cold temperatures. They incorporated an irrigation system that uses water from the forests and mountain tops to achieve an elaborate farming system. The rice terraces of the Cordilleras, shows the innovative and ingenious way of the native to survive in an otherwise unfriendly environment. 29 Physicsal Science Department  2: Colonial Period Spanish Rule When the Spaniards colonized the Philippines, they brought their own culture and practices. Established schools and introduced the concepts of subjects and disciplines. It was the beginning of the formal science and technology in the country, known now as school of science and technology. Learning of science in schools focuses on understanding different concepts related to the human body, plants, animals and bodies. Technology focuses on using and developing house tools. 30 Physicsal Science Department  Life during the Spanish era became modernized: Filipinos replicated technology brought by the Spaniards using indigenous materials. Medicine and advanced science were introduced in formal colleges and universities. The country became one of the centers of global trade in SEA (one of the most developed places in the region). Superstitious beliefs and Catholic doctrines and practices halted the growth of science in the country. Galleon Trade The Galleon trade was supplied by merchants largely from port areas of Fujian who travelled to Manila to sell the Spaniards spices, porcelain, ivory, processed silk cloth and other valuable commodities. From 1565 to 1815, the galleon trade contributed to the change of culture, language and environment for both Philippines and Mexico. The Galleon trade was a government monopoly. Only two galleons were used: One sailed from Acapulo to Manila with some 500,000 pesos worth of goods, spending 120 days at the sea; the other sailed from Manila to Acapulo with some 250,000 pesos worth of goods spending 90 days at sea. 31 Physicsal Science Department  American Period The Americans have more influence in the development of science and technology in the Philippines compared to Spaniards. They modernized almost all aspects of life in the Philippines. They established a government agency, the Bureau of Science, for the sole purpose of nurturing development in the field of science and technology. They established the following: Public education system. Improved engineering works and health conditions of the people. Established a modern research university, University of the Philippines. Created more hospitals than the former colonial master. Americans did everything to “Americanize” the Philippines. They recognized the learning of science and introduced it in public and private schools. The desire of Americans to develop the human resources of the Philippines is somehow, beneficial in the country. Infrastructure Americans built roads, streets and bridges. The new infrastructure helped make the movement of products and services more efficient. Boulevards, zone districts, and leisure centers were also established. 3: Post- Colonial Period ❖ After achieving independence from the colonizers, the Philippines, under different administrations, continued to pursue programs in science and technology. Each leadership had its own science and technology agenda. ❖ One of the presidents who ushered in advancements in science and technology was former President Ferdinand Edralin Marcos. 32 Physicsal Science Department  Under Pres. Marcos term, many agencies in science and technology were established and strengthened, including the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration(PAGASA) in place of the abolished Weather Bureau; National Academy of Science and Technology(NAST);and the reconstituted National Science and Technology Authority (originally established in 1958 as the National Science and Development and now the Department of Science and Technology),among others. Marcos saw that the key to nation-building is the continued development of science and technology. The progress in science and technology continued after his dictatorial rule and the presidents after him left their own legacies in the field. 33 Physicsal Science Department  Assess your Knowledge Activity 1: President’s Achievement in Science and Technology Divide yourselves into 6 groups Each group will be assigned to a President after Marcos Identify some achievements in the field of science and technology under the assigned administration. Trace how they helped shape the Philippines as a Nation. Show your findings to class through a 5-10-minute creative video presentation Activity 2: Questions for Reflections (5 pts each) 1. Trace the development of science and technology from the pre-colonial times up to the present. What have you observed? 2. What do you think are the major contributions of science and technology to Philippine nation-building? 3. What specific government policy do you like the most in terms of contributing to the development of science and technology in the Philippines? 4. What do you think are the major contributions of the Philippines to the field at present? 5. What policies do you want the government to implement in the near future? Activity 3: Unit Exam: (By pair) Research, present, and make a stand on science and technology issues that currently affect the Philippine society today. Criteria Weight Content and Relevance 30% Analysis 40% Creativity and Teamwork 30% Total 100% 34 Physicsal Science Department  References Ancient Greece for Kids: Science and Technology - Duckstershttps://www.ducksters.com › history › science_and_technology Ancient Greek technology - Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Ancient_Greek_technology biblegateway.com Genesis 1-3. Contributions of the Babylonian Civilization - History Discussion. https://www.historydiscussion.net Babylonian Civilization) Google.com. 2020 (photo credits) Hou,Stacey, web.colby.edu.,2016 https://hendrianusthe.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/heliogeotheor.jpg http://www.actforlibraries.org/Difference between Heliocentric and Geocentric Models of the Universe https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/hanging-gardens-of-babylon.html https://www.chinahighlights.com/greatwall https://interestingengineering.com/18-inventions-of-the-middle-ages -that-changed- the- world https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-middle-east/sumer https://www.history.com/news/10- innovations-that-built-ancient-rome https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/physics/general/science/revolutio ns-in-modern-science https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/History_of_science_and_technologyi in_China https://nineplanets.org/questions/who-invented-the-telescope https://www.penfield.edu/webpages/jgiotto/onlinetextbook.cfm?subpage=1525827 https://www.smithsonianmag.com › science-nature Jaarsma, C. A Christian. Theory of the Person Excerpt from Human Development, Learning and Teach, pp. 40-51, 1961) Lightner, JK. Natural Selection:Assessing the Role It Plays in Our World Answers Research Journal 8 (2015):111–119. www.answersingenesis.org/arj/v8/role- of-natural-selection.pdf. McNamara SJ, DJ et. al. Science Technology and Society. C&E,Phil. 2018. Nawar, Nagwa. Historical Foundations of Science and Technology in Egypt. August 2013. Prezi.com, 2020. Intellectual Revolutions Than, Ker. What is Darwin's Theory of Evolution? February 27, 2018, livescience.com 35 Physicsal Science Department  Midterm Examination and Submission of Outputs (Week 8) A. Examination ☐ Quizzes ☐ Long Exam ☐ Midterm Date of Examination : Click or tap to enter a date. B. Class Outputs ☐ Recitation, Reporting, Debate, Role Play, etc. ☐ Case Study, Reaction Paper, Portfolio, etc. ☐ Community Immersions, STS Camps ☐ Field Trips, Educational Tour, Stargazing, etc. ☐ Others: Project, _________________________________ Due Date : Click or tap to enter a date. 36 Physicsal Science Department