Honors Chemistry Lecture Guide - Nomenclature PDF

**Honors Chemistry** ***Holton-Arms School*** **Student Name** **Date** **Theme: P-table & nomenclature** **Reading Locations** ------------- ---------- ------------------------------------------ **Chapter** **Page** **About** **2** **2.4** Molecu...

**Honors Chemistry** ***Holton-Arms School*** **Student Name** **Date** **Theme: P-table & nomenclature** **Reading Locations** ------------- ---------- ------------------------------------------ **Chapter** **Page** **About** **2** **2.4** Molecular vs Structural **2.5** Layout & Clusters **2.6** Ions, Polyatomic ions **2.7** Nomenclature: Ionic, Hydrates, Molecules +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **P-table: arrangements & periodicity** | | | | a. **Groups=18 columns** | | | | b. **Periods=7 rows** | | | | c. **Clusters** | | | | d. **One graph at right is for Earth's composition, the other is for | | the human body- which is which?** | | | | **Groups** **=18 (columns), "Tall" columns, Roman numeral = \# | | VE** | | --------------- --------------------------------------------------- | | ------- --------------------------------------- | | **GI** | | | | **GII** | | | | **GVII** | | | | **GVIII** | | | | **Periods** **=7 (rows)** | | **= \# of Energy Levels in the atom** | | **Important** **\*Representative elements** | | **All tall columns 1A-8A** | | **Facts** **\*Metals** | | **=83 (majority of table)** | | **\*\*Transition metals** | | **=10 groups, top row essential** | | **\*\*Inner transition metals** | | **=2 sub- rows/embedded** | | **\*Nonmetals** | | **Upper left + H =18** | | **\*Metalloids** | | **=6 (known) on staircase** | +=======================================================================+ | **P-table: elements** | | | | a. What is in each cell in the p-table? \[atomic number (\# p^+^ = | | \# of protons) and mass number = \#p^+^ + \#n^o^ (protons and | | neutrons=all particles in nucleus) | | | | b. Element and its symbol, Notice states of the elements | | | | c. Top 36: symbol, name & | | | | d. Other high profile elements to know: symbol and name Rb, Cs, Sr, | | Ba, Ag, Au, Cd, Hg, Sn, Pb, I, Xe, Ce, U (locate these on table) | | | | e. Atomic masses to know=8 **H, C, N, O, S, Cl, Mg, Cu** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Chemical formulas: molecules, compounds and ions** | | | | **Molecules**: X~n~ a neutral (chargeless) chemical species made by | | groups of atoms | | | | a. Mon-atomic=noble gases + metals | | | | b. Di-atomic=7 | | | | c. Polyatomic=4 | | | | **QQ^HD^**: chemistry funny, what is my chemical formula and name | | this represent**^HD^**? | | | | **O~2~** | | ------- ------------ --------------- ---------------------- ------- | | ---------------------------- | | **Types** **Inclusion** **Example** **QQ^HD | | ^: other examples** | | **a** Monatomic Most elements Au, Kr, P Cu, Ne, | | Pb, Se | | **b** Diatomic 7 nonmetals H~2~, Halogen~2~ etc O~2~, N | | ~2~, F~2~/Cl~2~/Br~2~/I~2~ | | **c** Polyatomic 4 O~3~, As~4~ P~4,~ S | | ~8~ | | | | - **Names/naming** | | | | ------------------------------------------------------------------- | | ----------------------------------------------- --------------------- | | --------------------------------------------- | | **QQ^HD^**: based on your empirical experience, how do we name a fo | | rmula of a molecule as such He, N~2~ and P~4~ Name as a 'singular' | | element aka the same of the element made it | | ------------------------------------------------------------------- | | ----------------------------------------------- --------------------- | | --------------------------------------------- | | | | **Compounds**: neutral, made by at least 2 | | **[different]** elements such as H~2~O and C~6~H~12~O~6~ | | | | +------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+ | | | | **Types** | **Model** | **Example* | **QQ^HD^:* | | | | | | | * | * | | | | | | | | another | | | | | | | | example? | | | +============+============+============+============+============+ | | | **A** | Binary | \[X\]~m~\[ | MgCl~2~ | Li~3~P | | | | | simple | Y\]~n~ | | | | | +------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+ | | | **B** | Binary | \[X+\]~m~\ | Mg~3~(PO~4 | Ca(NO~3~)~ | | | | | complex | [Y+\]~n~ | ~)~2~ | 2~ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ~with\ pol | (NH~4~)~2~ | | | | | | | yatomic\ i | S | | | | | | | ons~ | | | | | +------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+ | | | | **Ions**: charged chemical entity | | | | a. Positive: cations H^+^, Ca^2+^, | | | | b. Negative: anions I^--^, O^2--^, CN^--^ | | | | **Types** **Mon-atomic** **Polyatomic** **QQ^HD^:* | | * another example? | | ------- ------------- ----------------- ---------------- ---------- | | -------------------- | | **A** Cations (+) H^+^, Ca^2+^ NH~4~^+^ H~3~O^+^ | | **B** Anions (--) I^--^, O^2\ --^ PO~4~^3--^ SO~4~^2--^ | | | | +--------------------------------+--------------------------------+ | | | **QQ^HD^**: What the | - Sign, \# = \# e- | | | | superscript means | lost/gained (1 never | | | | | stated) | | | | What happened here: O O^2--^ | | | | +--------------------------------+--------------------------------+ | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Nomenclature: molecules & monatomic ions** | | | | a. What is nomenclature? **^HD^** systematic naming based on rules | | and patterns | | | | b. [IUPAC](https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/) | | ?**^HD^** | | international union of practical and applied chemistry | | | | c. Molecules: name as if a single element | | | | d. Ions: monatomic | | | | - Nonmetal anion -- follow rule above | | | | - Representative Metal cation -- follow rule above | | | | - Transition Metal cation -- charge must be stated with (Roman \#) | | | | - Exceptions- Ag, Cd, Zn | | | | \*\*\*Name this FeCl~2~ and PbO~2~ and BiP | | | | +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | | | **Molecules** | As if a | Fe, H~2~, | Iron, | | | | | single | S~8~ | hydrogen, | | | | | element | | sulfur | | | | | regardless | | | | | +===============+===============+===============+===============+ | | | **Ions** | Monatomic | H^+^, Ca^2+^ | Hydrogen ion, | | | | | cation: | | calcium ion | | | | | \[blah\]\[ion | | | | | | | \] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Transition | | | | | | | Metal: | | | | | | | \[blah\] | | | | | | | (I-VII) | | | | | | | \]ion\] | | | | | +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | | | | Monatomic | I^--^, O^2--^ | Iodide (ion), | | | | | anion: | | oxide (ion) | | | | | \[blah\]\[ide | | | | | | | \] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Replace | | | | | | | ending with | | | | | | | -ide | | | | | +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | | | |  | | | | **QQ**: Notice any patterns what is the charge pattern of ions in the | | p-table? | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Nomenclature: binary compounds** | | | | +---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ | | | **Types** | **Rules** | **Examples** | | | +=====================+=====================+=====================+ | | | \[M\]~\#~\[NM\]~\#~ | - End in --ide |  | | | | ***Ionic*** | - Name metal ion | | | | | | then name | | | | | - Charged ions | nonmetal ion | | | | | combine to form | with -ide | | | | | neutral | ending | | | | | compound | | | | | | | - Know M charge | | | | | - Crystal lattice | patterns | | | | | | | | | | | - Continuous | - State charge on | | | | | sequence of | transition | | | | | ions | metals! | | | | +---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ | | |  | | | | | +---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ | | | Binary Ionic | | | | | | Compound overview: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Binary Covalent | | | | | | Compound overview: | | | | | | | | | | | +---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ | | | \[NM1\]*~x~*\[NM2\] | - Spell out | ![] | | | | *~y~* | numbers in | (media/image12.png) | | | | | Latin prefix | ------------- --- | | | | ***Covalent*** | | ------------------- | | | | | - No spell if | -- | | | | - Shared | *x*=1 | **Formula** **N | | | | electrons | | ame^HD^** | | | | | **QQ**: At right: | NO Nit | | | | | Who am I? | rogen monoxide | | | | | | NO~2~ Nit | | | | - Crystal lattice | | rogen dioxide | | | | | | N~2~O din | | | | - Discrete | | itrogen monoxide | | | | molecules NOT | | N~2~O~3~ din | | | | connected | | itrogen trioxide | | | | | | N~2~O~4~ din | | | | | | itrogen tetraoxide | | | | | | N~2~O~5~ din | | | | | | itrogen pentaoxide | | | | | | | | | | | |  | | | +---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ | | | **QQ**: name these | | | | | | nitrogen oxide | | | | | | compounds N~x~O~y~ | | | | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | +---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ | | | | **QQ:** Which of the following is MgS & HF? Explain! | | | | ------------------------------------------------------------------- | | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | | ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- | | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | | --- | | The figure presents a cubical volume containing molecular models of | | approximately 28 diatomic molecules. Each molecule has two circles c | | onnected by a single stick. The molecules are distributed randomly th | | roughout the volume of the cube.  | | ------------------------------------------------------------------- | | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | | ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- | | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | | --- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **QQ:** I am commonly used for sunscreen | | | | **a** Ionic or Covalent? | | | | ------- ----------------------- ----------------------------------- | | -------- -- | | **b** Describe my structure : S^2--^ (e^--^=18) \> Mg^2+^ (e^-- | | ^ =10) | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Ternary Ionic Compounds- Ionic Compounds containing a Polyatomic | | Ion** | | | | Polyatomic cations=2 | | | | Polyatomic anions: Many oxo-ions (NM (or transition M) and O's that | | results in a - ion) | | | | **Nomenclature: polyatomic ions -- ions made by at least 2 elements** | | | |  | | Polyatomic Ions polyatomic ion: tighlty bonded group of atoms with a | | + or -- charge overall N N P S O OO O O O O O O O O H H H H. - ppt | | download | | | | +---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ | | | **Type** | **Representation** | **Name/naming^HD^** | | | +=====================+=====================+=====================+ | | | Polyatomic cations | 2= | Ammonium | | | | | NH~4~^+^/H~3~O^+^ | | | | | | | Hydronium | | | +---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ | | | Polyatomic anions | Oxo-ions=6 (X=Cl,N, | Generic name: | | | | | C, S, P, AS) | blah-ate | | | | | | | | | | | Model: XO~m~^n--^ | Exceptions: CN^-^, | | | | | | OH^-^ | | | +---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ | | | | \*di-atomic ions: X~2~^±Y^ | | | | - **The 6 important poly-atomic oxoions and their derivations^HD^** | | | | --1 --2 --3 | | | | --------------------- ------------ --------------- ------------ --- | | --------- ------------ ------------- | | **Model** NO~3~^--1^ ClO~3~^--1^ CO~3~^--2^ SO~ | | 4~^--2^ PO~4~^--3^ AsO~4~^--3^ | | **-ate** nitrate chlorate carbonate sul | | fate phosphate arsenate | | **One more O** X ClO~4~^--1^ X X | | X X | | **Per- blah -ate** X per-chlorate X X | | X X | | **One less O** NO~2~^--1^ ClO~2~^--1^ X SO~ | | 3~^--2^ PO~3~^--3^ AsO~3~^--3^ | | **blah-ite** nitrite chlorite X sul | | fite phosphite arsenite | | **Two less O** X ClO^--1^ X X | | X X | | **Hypo- Blah -ite** X hypo-chlorite X X | | X X | | | | **QQ**: related ions from chlorine | | | |  | | | | - Name each | | | | **QQ**: Know how to derive several ion forms from the given -ate | | | | **QQ^HD^**: make formula of the compounds with polyatomic ions | | | | **Cation** **anion** **Flip charge\#** **Simplify** **Name | | ** | | ------------ ------------ ------------------- -------------- ------ | | ---------------- | | NH~4~^+^ S^2--^ | | Al^3+^ PO~3~^3--^ | | Platin | | um (I) nitrate | | Gold ( | | III) nitrite | | | | - **Bi-ions:** polyatomic anions contain a hydrogen ion; they can | | be both acidic or basic in chemical reaction sense (thus bi-) | | | | - **Example** | | | | **Bi-ion** **Part I** **Part II** **Combined** **Name** | | ------------ ------------ ------------- -------------- ------------ | | ------------------------ | | H^+^ CO~3~^2--^ HCO~3~^--^ Bi-carbonate | | or Hydrogen carbonate | | | | **QQ^HD^**: make the following bi-ions | | | | **Bi-ion** **Part I** **Part II** **Combined** **Name** | | ------------ ------------ ------------- --------------- ----------- | | ------------------------- | | H^+^ SO~4~^2--^ HSO~4~^--^ bi-carbonat | | e or Hydrogen carbonate | | H^+^ PO~3~^3--^ HPO~3~^2--^ Hydrogen ph | | osphite | | H^+^ AsO~3~^3--^ H~2~PO~3~^--^ Dihydrogen- | | phosphite | | | |  | | | | **QQ^Textbook^:** chromium contamination & | | | | two forms of polyatomic oxo-chromium ions | | | | **QQ**: check (√) bi-ions out in the table above and make sure the | | formula (charge) make sense | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Nomenclature: acids** | | | | +--------------------------------+--------------------------------+ | | | **Acids** are compounds having | | | | | at least one hydrogen ion | | | | | H^+^=H~3~O^+^ (hydronium ion) | | | | | usually written on the left | | | | | side of the formula such as | | | | | \[H~x~\]\[blah\], except for | | | | | the organic acids | | | | | | | | | | HCl H^+^ + Cl^--^ | | | | +--------------------------------+--------------------------------+ | | | | a. Acid made by simply binary without O in its formula: | | \[hydro-blah-ic acid\] | | | | | | | | b. Acid made by polyatomic ion with O (oxo ion) in its formula: do | | not call out hydrogen | | | | i. model polyatomic oxo ion (-ate ion): \[ceteratom-ic acid\] | | | | | | | | ii. less O less than the model polyatomic oxo ion (-ite ion): | | \[ceteratom-ous acid\] | | | | **QQ^HD^**: for the acids listed below | | | | HCl Hydrochloric ACID | | ------------------------- --------------- ------ | | HBr Hydrobromic | | HI Hydroiodic | | HNO~3~ Nitric | | HClO~3~ Chloric | | HClO~4~ Per-chloric | | H~2~SO~4~ Sulfuric | | HIO~4~ Per-iodic | | HF Hydrofluoric | | H~2~S Hydrosulfuric | | HClO Hypo-chlorous | | HClO~2~ Chlorous | | HNO~2~ Nitrous | | H~2~SO~3~ Sulfurous | | H~2~CO~3~ Carbonic | | H~2~C~2~O~4~ Oxalic | | H~3~PO~4~ Phosphoric | | HC~2~H~3~O~2~/CH~3~COOH Acetic | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Nomenclature: bases** | | | | **Bases** are chemicals releasing OH^--^ in its solution through | | direct ionization or hydrolysis usually with the formula as | | \[blah\]\[OH\]~n:~ NaOH Na^+^ + OH^--^ | | | | a. exception: ammonia is a base without hydroxide ion (NH~4~OH ) | | | |  | | | | **QQ^HD^**: for the bases listed below | | | | 1. 2 common based and the correctness of their formulas | | | | 2. name them | | | | NaOH Sodium HYDROXIDE | | ----------- ----------- ----------- | | KOH Potassium | | LiOH Lithium | | CsOH Cesium | | RbOH Rubidium | | Ba(OH)~2~ Barium | | Sr(OH)~2~ Strontium | | Ca(OH)~2~ Calcium | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Nomenclature: hydrated compound** | | | | +--------------------------------+--------------------------------+ | | | a. hydrated vs. anhydrous | **QQ**: what is this and how | | | | | does it happen? | | | | b. Naming: CaF~2~2H~2~O = | | | | | | CuSO~4~ 5H~2~O  CuSO~4~ | | | | | | | | | |  | | | +--------------------------------+--------------------------------+ | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Formula: X~2~^n+/^**^--^ diatomic ions & their formulas | | | | +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | | | \*List and | | \*the list |  | | | | | | | | | | | **Diatomic | | O~2~^--2^ | | | | | ions** **Na | | | | | | | me** | | ----------- | | | | | ----------- | | -- | | | | | -------- ---- | | O~2~^--1^ | | | | | ------------- | | | | | | | O~2~^--2^ | | Hg~2~^2+^ | | | | | Per- | | | | | | | oxide ion | | C~2~^2--^ | | | | | O~2~^--1^ | | | | | | | Supe | | | | | | | r-oxide ion | | | | | | | Hg~2~^2+^ | | | | | | | Merc | | | | | | | ury (I) ion | | | | | | | C~2~^2--^ | | | | | | | Carb | | | | | | | ide ion | | | | | | +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | | | | **QQ:** | | | | +---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ | | | **1** | **Name H~2~O~2~, | **Hydrogen | | | | | BaO~4~** | peroxide, barium | | | | | | superoxide** | | | +=====================+=====================+=====================+ | | | **2** | **Formula:** | **Fe^3+^/O~2~^--2^ | | | | | | Fe~6~O~2~** | | | | | - **iron(III) | | | | | | peroxide** | **Hg~2~^2+^/Cl^--^ | | | | | | Hg~2~Cl~2~** | | | | | - **mercury (I) | | | | | | choloride** | | | | +---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Organic** | | | | a. Definition: C, H containing covalent compounds | | | | b. Heteroatoms: N CHOPS! | | | | | | | | c. Groups/series and representative | | | | **Series/groups** **Compounds** **Name^HD^** **Usage^HD^** | | ------------------- ---------------- -------------- --------------- | | ------ | | **Hydrocarbons** CH~4~ Methane Natural gas | | C~4~H~10~ Butane Lighter fuel | | C~8~H~18~ Octane Gasoline | | C~2~H~4~ Ethane Plastic basic g | | roup | | C~2~H~2~ Ethane Welding gas | | C~6~H~6~ Benzene Aromatic block | | **Alcohols** CH~3~OH Methanol Wood alcohol | | C~2~H~5~OH Ethanol Liquor alcohol | | **Organic acids** CH~3~COOH Acetic acid Vinegar | | H~2~C~2~O~4~ Oxalic acid Fe cleaner | | C~6~H~8~O~7~ Citric acid Citric fruit | | **Saccharides** C~6~H~12~O~6~ Glucose Blood sugar | | C~12~H~22~O~6~ Sucrose Table sugar | | C~5~H~10~O~5~ Ribose RNA/DNA | | | | d. Molecular formula vs. structural formula | | | | C~4~H~10~ Skeletal formula of butane with all carbon and hydro | | gen atoms shownBall-a | | nd-stick model of the butane molecule | | -------------- ---------------------------------------------------- | | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | | ---------------------------------- | | CH~3~COOH Skeletal formula of acetic acid with all explicit hy | | drogens addedBal | | l and stick model of acetic acid | | C~6~H~6~ Skeletal formula detail of benzene | | C~6~H~8~O~7~ Zitronensäure - Citric acid.svg | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | e. Functional group of organic compounds | | | | **QQ**: identify the similarity and difference of the three organic | | compounds by their structural formulas | | | | +---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ | | | **1** | **Similarities and | **All have CH~3~-- | | | | | differences in the | (methyl group) on | | | | | above molecules** | the left; right | | | | | | different** | | | +=====================+=====================+=====================+ | | | **2** | **Which circled | **RED** | | | | | color | | | | | | differentiates | | | | | | them, thus their | | | | | | functional group?** | | | | +---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ | | | **3** | **To which group of | **--OH alcohols | | | | | organic compound | (ethanol)** | | | | | each belongs to by | | | | | | the functional | **--NH~2~ amines | | | | | group?** | (methyal amine)** | | | | | | | | | | | | **--COOH ^organic^ | | | | | | acids (acetic | | | | | | acid)** | | | +---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ | | | | **Try These** | | | |  Image result for propanol  | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **IUPAC name & common names: HD** | | | | **Compound** **Common** **IUPAC** | | ----------------- --------------------- --------------------------- | | ----- | | NaCl Table salt Sodium chloride | | H~2~O Water Dihydrogen monoxide | | CO~2~ Dry ice Carbon dioxide | | CH~4~ Natural/cooking gas Methane | | NH~3~ Ammonia Nitrogen trihydride | | N~2~O Laughing gas Dinitrogen monoxide | | NaHCO~3~ Baking soda Sodium bicarbonate | | CH~3~COOH Vinegar Ethanoic acid /acetic acid | | H~2~SO~4~ Battery acid Sulfuric acid | | H~2~CO~3~ Carbonated drink Carbonic acid | | HCl Stomach acid Hydrochloric acid | | NaClO Bleach Sodium hypochlorite | | C~6~H~12~O~6~ Blood sugar Glucose | | C~12~H~22~O~11~ Table sugar Sucrose | | MgSO~4~7H~2~O Epsom salt Magnesium sulfate hepta-hyd | | ate | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **QQ**: Bathing-Beauty: List 4 | Baking soda: NaHCO~3~ | | common chemicals and their | | | formulas in your favorite | Citric acid: C~6~H~8~O~7~ | | heavenly bath bomb from the list | | | above (some with slight | Epsom salt: MgSO~4~ 7H~2~O | | modification) | | | | Starch: ~~(~~C~6~H~10~O~5~~~)~~n | |  | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+