Unit 1 Part 1.pdf

CS 3691 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS AND IOT Microprocessor + A Microprocessor is an important part of a computer architecture without which you will not be able to perform anything on your computer. It is a programmable device that...

CS 3691 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS AND IOT Microprocessor + A Microprocessor is an important part of a computer architecture without which you will not be able to perform anything on your computer. It is a programmable device that takes in input performs some arithmetic and logical operations over it and produces the desired output. In simple words, a Microprocessor is a digital device on a chip that can fetch instructions from memory, decode and execute them and give results. Microcontroller Microcontroller A microcontroller (MCU) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit that is designed to control specific tasks within electronic systems. It combines the functions of a central processing unit (CPU), memory, and input/output interfaces, all on a single chip. Microcontrollers are widely used in embedded systems, such as home appliances, automotive systems, medical devices, and industrial control systems. They are also used in consumer electronics products, such as gaming systems, digital cameras, and audio players. A typical microcontroller consists of a processor core, volatile and non-volatile memory, input/output peripherals, and various communication interfaces. ○ Processor => Computation ○ Memory => Data Storage 8051 Microcontroller CPU: 1. CPU act as a mind of any processing machine. It synchronizes and manages all processes that are carried out in microcontroller. 2. User has no power to control the functioning of CPU. 3. It interprets the program stored in ROM and carries out from storage and then performs it projected duty. 4. CPU manage the different types of registers available in 8051 microcontroller.  INTERRUPT: 8051 Microcontroller 1. Interrupts stop the microcontroller’s current task. 2. Interrupts are caused when some other program has a higher priority request for execution. 3. When an interrupt occurs, the ongoing task stops, the sub-routine for the interrupt is executed, and then the previous job resumes.  Memory: 8051 Microcontroller 1. The next part of the 8051 microcontroller architecture is the memory. 2. For any data manipulation to occur, we require a set of instructions. These programs need to be saved in memory. 3. This memory where the program resides in the controller's memory is called code memory or program memory. 4. It acts as ROM memory for the 8051 microcontroller architecture. 5. In the 8051 microcontroller architecture, the microcontroller has 4KB ROM and 128 bytes of RAM.  Stack: 8051 Microcontroller 1. The stack is a section of RAM used by the CPU to store information such as data or memory address on a temporary basis. 2. The CPU needs this storage area considering the limited number of registers. 3. There are registers inside the CPU to point to the stack. 4. A Stack Pointer register is used to access the stack. This stack pointer is 8 bits wide. 5. The operation of storing the data in a stack is known as PUSH and getting it back into a CPU register is known as POP.  Bus: 8051 Microcontroller 1. A bus is a group of wires. Communication within the microcontroller happens through this bus. 2. There are either 8 or 16 or more wires in the bus. 3. Types of Buses: a. Address Bus b. Data Bus  Bus: 8051 Microcontroller 1. A bus is a group of wires. Communication within the microcontroller happens through this bus. 2. There are either 8 or 16 or more wires in the bus. 3. Types of Buses: a. Address Bus b. Data Bus  Oscillator: 8051 Microcontroller 1. The microcontroller requires a clock to perform operations. In the 8051 microcontroller architecture, we have an oscillator that functions as a clock for the CPU. I/O ports: 1. We connect other input/output peripherals using these ports.  Oscillator: 8051 Microcontroller 1. The microcontroller requires a clock to perform operations. In the 8051 microcontroller architecture, we have an oscillator that functions as a clock for the CPU. I/O ports: 1. We connect other input/output peripherals using these ports. Serial port: 1. communication interface that enables serial data transfer between the microcontroller and external devices. 2. The serial port in the 8051 is implemented using a Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART).  Timers: 8051 Microcontroller 1. They are each 16 bits. We have the timers to generate gaps between two events. 2. The two timers generate two delays(gaps), and the suitable one is chosen. 8051 Microcontroller 128 user-defined flags. Four register banks of 8 bit each. 4 KB on-chip ROM (Program memory). 16-byte bit-addressable RAM. 128 bytes on-chip RAM (Data memory). The general purpose registers are 32 each is The 8-bit data bus (bidirectional). 8-bit. 16-bit address bus (unidirectional). 8051 has two external and three internal Two 16-bit timers. interrupts. 8051 microcontroller specifies some special Instruction cycle of 1 microsecond with 12 function features like UARTs, ADC, Op-amp, MHz crystal. etc. Four 8-bit input/output ports. It has a 16-bit program counter and data pointer. Pin Diagram Pin Diagram