Unit 1- Intro to Physics.pdf

Introduction to Physics Objective In this lesson, you will define physics, consider how it relates to other sciences, and examine how scientists have contributed to our understanding of the physical world. Introduction Modern technology, which enabl...

Introduction to Physics Objective In this lesson, you will define physics, consider how it relates to other sciences, and examine how scientists have contributed to our understanding of the physical world. Introduction Modern technology, which enables people located thousands of miles away from each other to communicate in real time, is rooted in the discovery of rules that govern the movement of heavenly and earthly bodies. Many scientists contributed to our understanding of these rules. Timeline: Pioneers of Physics dispute Nicolaus Copernicus, 1473–1543: He was the first scientist to ______________ the idea that Earth was the center of the universe. Instead, he proposed that the Sun remained stationary in the center and heliocentric Earth revolved around it. This theory was known as the ______________________ model. heliocentric Galileo Galilei, 1564–1642: He supported the _______________________ view stating that Earth and other planets revolve around the stationary Sun located at the center of the solar system. gravitation Isaac Newton, 1643–1727: Newton's conclusions about universal ______________________ and the motion three laws of ______________ were so fundamental to the field of physics that we still describe most of the physical phenomena we experience as "Newtonian mechanics." electricity Benjamin Franklin, 1706–1790: He proved that lightning is a form of ____________________, which could be carried by a conductor into the ground. Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, 1736–1806: In honor of his contributions to the field of electricity and electrical magnetism, the SI unit of _________________ charge, the Coulomb, is named after him. Amedeo Avogadro, 1776–1856: He put forth a hypothesis about gases, stating that equal volumes of molecules gases at the same temperature and pressure must contain the same number of _______________. Marie Curie, 1867–1934: Curie is known for her discovery of two radioactive elements, polonium and radium radium. The discovery of _____________ revolutionized the fields of physics, chemistry, and medicine. Albert Einstein, 1879–1955: He is known for his theory of mass-energy equivalence, a consequence of relativity special ________________. atomic Niels Bohr, 1885–1962: His major contributions to physics are in the fields of _____________ structure quantum and ______________ mechanics. What Is Physics? science Physics is one of the three main fields of ______________, the other two being biology and chemistry. matter Physics is the scientific study of ____________ energy and ____________ and their interactions. motion Classical physics includes the study of ____________, energy electricity, ___________, heat, sound, light, and magnetism _________________. atomic Modern physics deals with topics such as nuclear physics, ____________ physics, astrophysics, and relativity __________________. Mechanics energy Mechanics is the study of _____________ motion and ___________ forces for bodies affected by a system of ___________. forces There are four basic ___________ known in the universe. nuclear Quantum forces and nuclear forces apply only to _____________ interactions. physical Gravitational and electrical forces are the root causes of all the day–to–day ________________ events. Properties of Gases, Liquids, and Heat atomic The laws of mechanics apply all the way down to the ____________ level. Large numbers of molecules behave predictable as a group in ______________________ ways and knowing how they behave is useful. Scientists such as Robert Boyle, Jacques Charles, Joseph Louis Gay–Lussac, John Dalton, and Amedeo Avogadro studied the behavior of gases and the relationships among pressure, volume ______________, and temperature of a sample of gas. They developed various laws that could be gases applied to all ___________. liquids In the same way, scientists have studied the properties of ______________ with respect to their volume, pressure, buoyancy, and flow. heat In physics, heat is studied as thermal energy. The study of how __________ is related to pressure, density, and temperature is known as thermodynamics. Waves, Light, and Sound waves The laws of mechanics apply to ___________ air on a spring, in water, or in ________. frequency Wave properties: amplitude, __________________, and wavelength. sound We study these properties when we study light, ___________, or periodic motion. sound Acoustics is the branch of physics devoted to __________ and sound waves. light Optics is the branch of physics concerned with the behavior and properties of __________. Electricity and Magnetism Physics also includes the study of electricity, which is one of the four basic forces of nature. Electrical charges follow the laws of mechanics. lightning Electricity appears in nature in different forms, the most prominent being _________________. exert Magnetism is the study of the phenomena by which materials __________ an attractive or repulsive force __________ linked on other materials. Electricity and magnetism are fundamentally ____________. Quantum and Nuclear Forces universe Two of the basic forces of the ________________, the "strong" and the "weak" forces, are observed only on the atomic or nuclear scale. Quantum mechanics is the branch of physics that studies the motions and interactions of submicroscopic _______________________ bodies such as atoms, atomic nuclei, and elementary particles. laws Quantum ________ provide formulas and designs for electronic devices, nuclear reactors, and magnets superconductive ______________. contributes Physics not only _______________________ to our technological infrastructure but also forms the basis for future technological advances. Mechanical, civil, aeronautical, electrical, chemical, and hydrological engineers all rely on the principals _____________________ of physics. Medical equipment, ranging from simple blood pressure monitors to complex heart–lung machines, invented pacemakers, and dialysis, were ________________ and improved through our understanding of physics. environmental Physics also enhances our knowledge of other fields, such as agriculture, __________________________ science, and forensics. How Physics Links to Biology and Chemistry life Biology, as we know, is the study of __________. Medical students study how different organs function. functions However, they also need to know the laws of physics to understand body _________________. fluids For example, regulation and circulation of body ____________ follows the laws of physics pressure governing temperature, ________________, volume, and density. elements Physics and Chemistry: The discovery of ________________ and their atomic structure. atoms The theory of __________ was largely developed through experiments in atomic and nuclear physics. compounds Quantum mechanics ultimately explains how elements combine to form ______________. gas chemical Physics also explains ______ laws, _______________ energy changes, the shape of a molecule, and the atoms kinds of bonds formed between ___________. How Physics Links to Earth and Space Science ingredients The tools and laws of physics are essential _________________ for an understanding of space and cosmology. movement The _________________ of heavenly bodies can be explained in terms of the physical phenomena of gravity, mechanics forces relativity, _________________, thermodynamics, electromagnetic ____________, and quantum mechanics. dynamics Earth science also borrows heavily from the laws of physics. The structure and ______________ of mechanics Earth's interiors involve heat, pressure, and __________________. Weather forecasters who work weather with atmosphere and ______________ systems must understand volume, pressure, velocity, density, heat, and electromagnetism. Galileo Galilei modern physicist Galileo is considered to be the first ____________ scientist, as well as the first modern ________________. Newton’s His work became the foundation for _______________ work in defining the field of mechanics. move Most of his research focused on finding out how things __________. As a result, Galileo was the first universe scientist to reveal the basic structure and working rules of the _________________. distance Galileo carried out numerous experiments on the relationship between _______________ and time. Summary What areas of daily life are the effects of the laws of physics seen? Physics permeates our daily lives in many ways. Our reliance on technology underscores the importance of physics every day. All of the technologies and gadgets that we use can be traced back to the laws of physics.