Unit 1 Background To Wuthering Heights PDF

11 NIT 1 BACKGROUND TO WUTHERING HEIGHTS I S ructure Objectives Dates Location of Wuthering Heights Industrial Revolution The Changing Society Romanticism Rebellion. Let Us Sum Up...

11 NIT 1 BACKGROUND TO WUTHERING HEIGHTS I S ructure Objectives Dates Location of Wuthering Heights Industrial Revolution The Changing Society Romanticism Rebellion. Let Us Sum Up Glossary Questions Suggested Reading OBJECTIVES unit, we will position the text of Wuthering Heights within a historical and social The socio-economic political and cultural environment of mid-nineteenth century is of immense importance to our study of the novel. It provides us with a for the critical study of the novel as the product of a culture in a particular time is not to suggest that the novel is relevant only within its historical context. the lines and discern how the author is able to question many of the time and how many of these questions are still relevant to us as also introduces us to many of the issues that come up for I, 1 DATES begins with a date. 1801. Dates are important, because they place events historical context. In fiction, dates help in making the story seem real. become more significant when events and people, fictional or otherwise, need to be beyond their historical time. The fact that this novel is worth reading and fter one hundred and fifty years since its publication cannot be overlookgd. In the entieth century we in India are post-colonial readers, studying this novel the English language and was published ten years before the Sepoy 57) and almost ten years after the abolition of Sati. Apparently there seems to be on between these historical events in India and the publication of the novel. But social, political and economic condition of England at the time when iting ,it is evident that the novel reflects, however indirectly, the impact ions of the major social changes that were taking place in the society at that time. lish colonial and imperial interests in India could not have been not affected by those for the Indian reader, the cultural productions (literature holds a primary ) of a colonial and imperial power becomes the stariing point of a critical analysis of of domination and subservience. Though it is only one of the aspects of the novel erest the Indian reader, yet it is an important one. hical perspective, the istorical milieu forming the backdrop to Emily Bronte's ot be ignored. Critics have pointed out that there is a contrast and contradiction the images of Emily Bronte as the extraordinary woman, the Romantic genius, the mily Bronte the self-contained and on the whole, dutiful daughter of an Anglo- an. In many ways, Emily Bronte was a typical nineteenth century woman; Wuthering eights private, domestic and hidden from history. It is the manifestation of her uniquely imaginative mind and her keen and intuitive understanding of the historical significance of her times that in the novel, Emily Bronte is able to look beyond the constraints of the 'typical' Victorian and anticipate the new forms of family and social life that were emerging. Let us make a list of some of the dates that are important for the study of Wuthering Heights. Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of our Ideas ofrhe Sublrme and Beautrfil. Edmund Burke'. I757 summer Hindley Earnshaw is born'. I762 Edgar Linron is born 1764 Heathclrff is born. I765 late Isabella is born I765 summer Catherine is born 1767 James Hargreves invents the spinning Jenney which marks the beginning of dramatic changes that take place in the production, marketing and procurement of raw material in the textile industry. Liverpool and Manchester being the two major industrial cities and textile centres. Heathcliff comes to Wuthering Heights as a child. He is seven years old and Hindley is fourteen years old. Death of Mrs. Earnshaw Wealth ofNations. Adam Smith. American War of Independence. 1777 Death of Mr. Earnshaw 1778 June Hareton is born 1780 autumn: Death of Mr. Linton 1784, Sep. Linton Heathclrff is born 1784, Sep. Death ofHindley 1784, Mar 20 Cathy is born 1784 20 March Death of Catherine 1784 Jan. Heathclrflmarries Isabella 1789 Songs of Innocence. William Blake. 1789 The French Revolution. The beginning of the Republic and the rise of Napoleon. 1791 Boswell's The Life of Samuel Johnson published. 1792 Rights ofMan Tom Paine. Banned. 1797, June Death of Isabella 1798 Lyrical Ballads. William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. In 1800, the second edition was published which contained the celebrated Preface that became the handbook of Romantic poetry. Principle ofPopulation, Robert Malthus. 1801, Sept. Death of Edgar Linton 1801, Aug. Cathy marries Linton Heathclrfl 1802, May Death ofHeathclrfl 1803, Jan. Cathy marries Hareton 1805 Oct. The Battle of Trafalgar. Britain's naval superiority established. Mansjield Park. Jane Austen. Emily Bronte was born at her father's parsonage at Thornton, Bradford. She was the fifth child and Anne was her younger sister, born on 17 Jan. 1820. Frankenstein. Mary Shelley. John Keats wrote the important Odes. Don Juan. Lord Byron. Prometheus Unbound. Percy Bysshe Shelley. Steam Engine named Rocket built by Robert Stevenson reaches a prize-winning speed of 29 kms. per hour. The first Reform Bill.. Abolition of slavery in England. This was soon followed by the Factory Act which prohibite the employment of children under nine in spinning and weaving King William IV was succeeded by his niece, Victoria as the Queen of England Oliver Twist. Cha~les Dickens.  Background To The beginning of the Chartis: Movement. Wubering Heights Famine in Ireland. Anti Corn Law agitation. Repeal tt of Corn Law by Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel in 1846. 1 5 , Aug. Branwell's (Emily's brother) visit to Liverpool and Emily begins to yrite Wuthering Heights in the autumn and winter of the year. 1 47 Dec. Wulhering Heights published along with Anne Bronte's Agnes Grey by T.C. Newby, London. The sisters used pseudonyms. Emily called herself Ellis Bell and Charlotte, Acton Bell. The Communist Man@sto. Karl Marx. Death of Emily Bronte. In Memorium. Lord Alfred Tennyson. On Liberty. John Stuart Mill. Origin of Species. Charles Darwin. e dates and events listed above span a little over hundred years. You could make a more iled list and include many other important events that occurred during this period. I have d only some of the notable events which I feel are directly or indirectly related to the text. dates specifically connected with the story of Wuthering Heights have been intentionally rranged chronologically along with the dates of major events and happenings of the time to licitate a meaningful juxtaposition, Though the novel was written in the year 1845, the ry is placed in the last quarter of the eighteenth century. In 180 1, Lockwood becomes a ant of Heathcliff and stays at Thrushcross Grange. Nelly Dean, the then house-keeper of rushcross Grange, recapitulates to Lockwood the history of Wuthering Heights and rushcross Grange and begins her tale from the arrival of Heathcliff at Wuthering Heights trty years before (187 I). Nelly Dean's story hardly touches upon the social world outside he periphery of Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. She concentrates on the lives of the people who live in these two houses in a tightly defined domestic system. But as our rt will show, many important historical events were taking place at that time, and find no ention in Nelly Dean's recapitulation. Maybe it is because Nelly herself had no experience.the outer world as she spends her entire life within the confines of Wuthering Heights and rushcross Grange. But is there no connection between these historical events and the story Wuthering Heights ? How isolated are the inmates of Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross range from the social history of their times? Was the writer Emily Bronte unaware of ents taking place in her time or during the time period of the novel's setting? These are me questions we will have to answer as we go along. THE LOCATION OF WUTHERING HEIGHTS The story of Wuthering Heights is narrated by Lockwood. But Lockwood is not a detached ' narrator for he shares his opinion about what he sees with his readers. In his opinion, the location of his new accommodation at Thrushcross Grange is 'certainly a beautiful country' but it is also 'so completely removed from the stir of society'. A 'misanthropist's heaven' he I calls it without realising the ironic significance of such an oxymoron. As one reads the story I which is a flashback narration, one is tempted to believe along with Lockwood that such I events could have only taken place in isolation. reading and interpretations of Wuthering Heights reinforced the association of excessive n and its disastrous consequences. This was helped by biographical material about Emily Bronte that stressed her shy, lonely and introverted nature.3 In a review of Wuthering ts that appeared in the Athenaeum on 25 December, 1847, the reviewer is quite clear In spite of its truth to life in remote nooks and comers of England, Wuthering Heights is a disagreeable story.... The brutal master of the lonely house of 'Wuthering Heightsf- a prison which might be pictured from life - has doubtless had his prototype in~hoseuncongenial and remote districts where human beings, like trees, grow gnarled and dwarfed and distorted by the inclement climate;...If the ~ells',singly or collectively, are contemplating future or frequent utterances in Fiction, let us hope that they Wuthering Heights will spare us further interiors so gloomy as the one here elaborated with such dismalness....' Charlotte Bronte in the Preface to the 1850 edition of 'Wuthering Heights' shares with us her perception that her 'sister's disposition was not naturally gregarious; circumstances favoured and fostered her tendency to seclusion....Though her feeling for the people around was benevolent, intercourse with them she never sought; nor, with few exceptions, ever experienced. And yet she knew them: knew their ways, their language, their family histories, she could hear of them with interest, and talk of them with details, minute, graphic and accurate; but with them she rarely exchanged a word.14 Charlotte traces the genesis of the characters in Wuthering Heights by asserting that Emily Bronte's limited but detailed observation of the people around her was 'too exclusively confined to those tragic and terrible traits' which Emily's 'memory is sometimes compelled to receive the impress.' And that Emily's imagination 'which was a spirit more somber than sunny, more powerful than sportive, found in such traits material whence it wrought creations like Heathcliff, like Earnshaw, like Catherine.' Finally in a most impressionistic and memorable manner, Charlotte concludes: Wuthering Heights was hewn in a wild workshop, with simple tools, out of homely materials. The statuary3 found a granite block on a solitary moor; gazing thereon, he saw how from the crag might be elicited a head, savage, swart, sinister; form moulded with at least one element of grandeur-power. He wrought with a rude chisel, and from no model but the vision of his meditations. With time and labour, the crag took human shape; and there it stands colossal, dark, and frowning, half statue, half rock: in the former sense, terrible and goblin like; in the latter, almost beautiful, for its colouring is of mellow grey, and moorland moss clothes it; and heath, with its blooming bells and balmy fragrance, grows faithfully close to the giant's foot." Charlotte's view about the genesis of her sister's novel is apologetic and seeks to monumentalise the work. Charlotte knew that the contemporary Victorian audience may be unsympathetic and hostile towards her sister's novel, so she tried to soften the harsh, wild and disturbing aspects of the novel by presenting the portrait of the author a$ afemale genius that did not seriously disrupt the prevailing notions of.femininity. The Preface nevertheless contains within it the basic tenor of most of the early criticism of the novel. There emerged two distinct types of views about the novel. One was that it was a powerful, dark, intense, sombre, tragic kind of 'fierce poetry' and the other that it was 'action laid in hell' ,brutal, rude, repellent and generally a terrible experience. Many of the early critics found both these qualities intertwined in the novel, one not necessarily canceling the other. At a time when the novel as a literary genre was sought to be interpreted as something more than a form of entertainment, critics began to distinguish the 'serious novel' from the plain entertaining ones. The serious novels were generally thought to be more didactic and celebrated br exemplified orthodox morality which was supposed to have a beneficial effect on the moral sensibility of the reader. Wuthering Heights rudely challenged such neat categories and posed a challenge to the early critics. Both these early critical perspectives, nevertheless, did not question the seeming historical remoteness of the novel. It was accepted that a novel of such kind, that deals primarily with the basic and intuitive aspects of the human heart and soul, necessarily must remain outside historical time. Issues that the novel is primarily concerned with, those of individual right, ethics of love and marriage, inheritance and property, civilisation and nature, may be issues that cut across time and space, but they are not removed from social history or the history of ideas and culture. The novel may be studied against the late 18th century and early 19th , century historical background of England as well as the social and historicbl setting of the time it is being read. There have been dramatic shifts in the readerlcritic response to the novel since its publication. These shifts have not only been marked bv time aeriods but also by society, culture and the gender of the reader. 1.3 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The last quarter of the eighteenth century and the first half of the nineteenth century was a nprlnA nf nraat errrinl arnnrrm;r -nrl rmlltl.rnl -hnnna in Cn.rlonA %are, r-mrarh, G s r a.,so--  Background To the conso~idationof England as the most powerful imperial flation. The English WUther'ng He'ghts anded globally toan eaent that the British came to believe that the sun would never set on is was also the period of rapid industrialism and the development of full s a l e ism with its accompanying cycle of boom and s i ~ m pand of continuous and intens on signaled the end of the 'domestic System' of manufacture and introduced the which displaced the rural population to centres of urban growth which were s was inevitably accompanied by the growth of shms 9 and disease. Cholera, typhoid and tuberculosis were rampant and many oar workers died of these dread diseases. Medicine and health care Systems t and post-natal deaths were quite frequent. Frances, Catherine and Isabella* ed due to illness. Emily ~ r o n t ddied at the age of only fhe end ofthe eighteenth century economic principles of las~ezfaireas advocated by Adam Smith in his book Wealth of Nations, (1776) was being seriously questioned by thinkers like Tom Paine (author of Rights of Man, 1798). Poor wages and dismal working conditions characterised the early factory system. Men, women and even children worked in hatardous conditions as part of a system of production in which the profits went to the 'captains of industry'. This unequal distribution of wealth added to the growing dissatisfaction amongst the poor workers resulting in conflict between the 'haves' and the 'have nots'. This period of English history is marked by violent food riots, protest and demonstrations by the working class. E.P. Thompsom in his book The Making Of the ~ n g l i s h Working Class, (London: Victor Gollancz Ltd. 1963). traces the history of the working class movements during this early phase of industrialisation. If you wish to go into this aspect, you may like to read this book. It is a fairly long book but will provide very useful background material. The Luddite Riots, the struggles and agitation around the First Reform Bill, the growth of Trade Unionism and the fight for improved working conditions in the factories was followed by the agitation against the Poor Law of 1834, and finally culminated in the Chartist movement from 1838 to 1848. The year that Emily Bronte died, 1848, Karl Marx published The Communist Manifesto, a seminal text in which the working class leadership and intelligentsia found a sound theoretical basis for their struggle. The introduction of machines and the cultivation of cash crops resulted in surplus labour in the agrarian sector. People began to migrate from the villages to the cities. By the last quarter of the eighteenth century many lrishrnen had left their peasant homes and immigrated to England and sought work i? the mills and factories in cities like Manchester and Liverpool. They formed the poorest section of the slum dwellers. Emily Bronte' s father, Patrick O'Brunty or O'Prunty, was born in 1777 as the son of a poor peasant in County Down, a picturesque area in Northern Ireland. He too migrated to England, but unlike the others, he did not become a low paid worker but by 1802 was at Cambridge University from where he received a degree. He joined the clergy and rose rapidly from a migrant Irish peasant to a respectable Anglican clergyman. In 182Q,a few months after the birth of his youngest d his residence to Howarth, a big village near Keighley, in e. There was nothing 'so completely removed f ~ o mthe stir of society' than Howarth. It was located near one of the most rapidly growing industrial areas as the centre of many of working class movements and Though connected with the church, Mr. Bronte was not apolitical. He had strong political. views which he often discussed with his intellectually alive children. He got himself actually involved in the riots and lock-outs by assisting the locked-out workers of his parish. Emily and her sister Charlotte did not spend their entire lives in Haworth, They went to school at Halifax, where the Chartist movement was very strong. In 1838, on Hartshed Moor, a few miles away from Hallifax, one of the biggest Chartist torch light rallies took place. Queen Victoria, by an official proclamation in 1938, declared all such torch light meetings as illegal, participation in which meant punishment. Emily and Charlotte also went to Bradford, KeiBhley and Leeds- It is m e that Emily did not write about the social and poljtjeal climate Of her time but it senainl~does not mean that she was not aware ofthe changes lhl Were happening her Or &at these events were a pan Wutllering Heights 1.4 THE CHANGING SOCIETY In real terms, industrialism meant an economic shift fiom the feudal agrarian way of life to the faster paced industrial world of factories and machines, mass production and quick profits. Industrialism also meant the rise of individualism. While trade and production increased and the nation became richer, the national prosperity concealed the wretched condition of the poor. There emerged a class of neo rich enterpreneurs, who had made quick money through industrial production and posed a serious political and economic challenge to the traditional citadels of aristocratic power. Louis Cazamian identifies the polarisation of the old aristocracy with the new bourgeoisie as : A deep antagonism, indeed, divided this new ahd thriving class from the old order. The vehement aggression of these sons who rejected their heritage wounded the peaceful, patriarchal spirit of agricultural England, slumbering in self-satisfied torpor. In the old society everyone knew his place. The great families governed the country; the squires and justices of the peace administered their own localities.... But the demands of the new bourgeoisie and the pressure of the industrial revolution introduced the ideals of liberty and enfranchisement to this society where, hitherto, material and moral ties had chained the individual to his ancestor's station in his own locality.... Men would have to cut themselves off from their native society and become fiee and independent, relying on the strength of their intelligence or wealth, if they had any, and their muscular strength if they had not....The fallen were trodden underfoot: so much the worse for them. 'Each fpr himself and.the law of England for all' was the motto of industrialism. These men were filled with pride when they contemplated the great wealth they had amassed from the products of their own energy. And they were enraged by the ridiculous impediments which still hindered individual freedom. Remainders of feudalism, relics of old institutions, Acts of Settlements, Statutes of Apprentices, and protectionist corn laws were all so many obstacles to be knocked down in the march of progress. Or the march to wealth.- The belief that the individual's success depended on his ability to struggle and survive in a competitive world formed the core of the moral structure of this class of people who were engaged in a ruthless competition for material prosperity. Thus with a shift in the balance of power, a new set of social , moral and ethical values evolved to replace the old order. In 1814, Jane Austen, the daughter of a Tory parson, represented the conflict between the old and the new emerging social order in Mansfield Park. Mansfield Park, located in the idyllic pastoral landscape of rural England is the home of Sir Thomas Bertram who is a resident native gentry, the upper class land owner. Fanny, fiom a lower middle class family, is at first an outsider to Mansfield Park but slowly she not only becomgs an integral part of it but represents intrinsically the real spiritual and moral values of Mansfield Park, those of tradition, continuity and order. In the novel the older feudal value system triumphs and survives symbolically in the union of Fanny and Edmund despite a serious threat to it by outsiders. Propriety, regularity, harmony and above all, peace and tranquillity characterizes Mansjield Park and in Austen's world there is no place for the kind of deviance indulged in by the Crawfords and Mr. Yeats. The security and stability that is provided by the hierarchical set up of a feudal order is threatened only when Sir Thomas Bertram goes to Antigua for purposes of business. (This must be seen in the context of the colonial and imperial expansionism of England at that time.) The political expression of economic and social polarisation was, reflected in the agenda of the two main political parties in England, the Whigs and the Tories. The Tories were the conservatives, supporting the landed class and the feudal economy while the w i g s were the supporters of the industry and its modem methods and masters. 1.5 ROMANTICISM The American War of Independence (1776) and later the French Revolution (1789) fo? the hackdroo to Wuthering Heights though both these important historical events.....seem.r---+.." to have G, , no.*he I ~Pornanticism in many ways was a reaction to industrialism. It was a cry for the return to a Background To ~borldof innocent beauty that seemed to have been sacrificed to the dictates of the machine WufheringHeiglrts d individual liberty was very much the central theme of much of these discourses. The dividual's creative power was located in hisher assertion of imagination and intuition that s to be freed from the limits of mechanical reason and despotic rationality. The 'heroic' was defined by the revolutionary Romantics for they sought the heroic in the commonplace and t le ordinary rather than in the extraordinary. With their radical stance they repositioned the t ero in the society and his social responsibilities and relationships were scrutinised. The i~dustrialrevolution and the accompanying French and American revolution can be seen as the revolutions that freed the individual from the moral ,ethical, cultural structures and clonstraints of the feudal order and left him to define for himself a ncw role. Now the i4dividual was responsible only to himself and to the high standards he set for himself. This \bas now not only true of the man but also of the woman, as we see them emerging with an i dependent individuality in novels of Jane Austen, Charlotte Bronte, Mrs. Gaskell, and later, tlardy and George Eliot. 4.6 REBELLION I' trast to Mansfield Park, Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights is located in the formidable ape of barren heaths and moorlands..There is the intensity of nature in its raw and hostile manifestation. It forms the perfect backdrop for a drama to unfold; in which, ty are seen as edges of a fragile world that is being threatened by s of disruption beyond the comprehension of the people who live in e summer morning' Mr. Earnshaw, kisses his children and s.them gifts and steps out of that world and goes to Liverpool. The breach is made. r three days he brings back with him a 'gift of God', a 'dirty, ragged, black-haired child. of the society' from which Wuthering Heights seems to have been isolated makes its lic entrance through Heathcliff. In Heathcliff and Catherine we identify defiance of propriety and in Edgar we can see a valiant attempt at compliance with the 'l$e defiance of Heathcliff and Catherine to follow prevalent social norms must be seen in the cdntext of individual assertiveness of the industrial-age in the twilight of the great feudal age add its hierarchic power structures. Wuthering ~ e i ~ h and t s ~hrushcossCirange are in ma& I ys symbols of authority and power of the old system which is challenged by Heathcliff and C therine. Those who cannot adapt to the demands of the new age, perish, and only the st ong survive. It is within Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange that the forces of c allenge and subversion grow. According. to Terry Eagleton the Catherine-Heathcliff r ationship is 'pre-social', in the sense that it by passes the society. This according to E gletonXis both the novel's source of strength as well as its weakness. Its strength lies in its for subversion and its 'revolutionary refbsal' to accept the contemporary society which and unequal. Its weakness lies in the author's inability to locate the meaning of in immediate social terms. Eagleton points out that Heathcliff and Catherine in the actual world, they are united only when they leave the real world, that 1.,7 LET US SUM UP gh the events in the novel seem to happen in a remote and isolated place and the with their intense emotions, particularly the Byronic Heathcliff, seem out of the vidently Wuthering Heights is very much situated within a historical context. Since the only novel of the author, early biographical studies created an image of the author use, a shy but intense and brooding personality. A closer look at her life makes it that Emily Bronte was not really cut off from the society around her and was quite of the changes happening around her. The changing character of industry, created new classes with economic interests that came in conflict with each other and broke the the traditional structure of society. The potential of the independent individual was on. The historical background prepares us for analyzing the characters as s caught in a changing society and their responses to it. It also allows us to evaluate WufheringHeights Emily Bronte as a woman writer of the mid-nineteenth century who was asserting her own intellectual position. 1.8 GLOSSARY stereopype something that acquires a specific meaning because of its routine and regular use.(the stereotype of the ideal lover being 'tall dark and handsome') psychopathic psychologically disturbed intenlionalities a term that is often used in criticism when one reads in between the lines and discovers meaning which may not be otherwise apparent.For example What are the 'intentionalities' behind the way Charlotte Bronte read her sister's novel? Polemics the discussion of something in terms of a debate culrural productions literature, painting ,music, films, theater, in fact, any kind of art is seen as a product of a particular culture and not just the creation of an individual. typical like a stereotype, something that acquires meaning because of its specific association oxymoron figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction introverted person who is predominantly concerned with his or her own thoughts and feelings rather than with external things..didactic with the intention to teach or preach class conflict a Marxist term, used to mean the conflict of economic, social and political interests between the working class and the owners of industries, the capitalists. laissez-faire the independence of the individual to own and run industry with out any state1 government interference. apolitical not having any intered in politics; but such a stand could itself be seen as a kind of political position. hierarchical a system of authority in which ranks are placed one above the other; but within the hierarchy women often have rank but not power. ideology in Marxist terminology, ideology is the way society conceals the contradictory character of the essential pattern of social relationships. Ideology is something false, and helps to hide the real nature of things. discourse Here, an academic discussion. Otherwise. discourse can have other connotations as well. Please attempt all the following questions. These will help you to consolidate all the information and ideas that you have encountered in this Unit. Let me add &re that these are not examipation questions. But if you are able to answer these, you can go for the exams with full confidence! 1. What do you understand by the Industrial Revolution.? ln what way do you think it changed the relationship between various social groups. Do you think such changes are inevitable? 2. D6.you think that any text is independent of its historical context. What is the difference between anewspaper story and a novel? 3. What do you understand by the term 'Romanticism'? In the modem world is the term 'Romantic' used in a positive or pejorative sense? WuiheringHeights , 4. How do you think Emily Bronte is able to highlight and challenge many of the prevailing gender prejudices of her times? I 5. Do you think it is the job of the novelist to focus our attention on the many problems I that are there in society? Give reasons for your answer. 6. Study the table of dates in 1. I carefully. Collect 'information about the events, books , and personalities mentioned. Do you think some of the contemporary events have some indirect but significant relation with the novel? j 1.40 SUGGESTED READING I 1 l'ingiving you a fairy long and comprehensive reading list here. Of course I don't exp ct you to go through all these books. But some of these books are easily ava lable in libraries and you will find them very useful for understanding this fas Fnating and complex novel. i All t. Miriam, ed. Emily Bronte : WutheriegHeights. London : Macmillan, 1970, 1992. Case Boo Series. ed. A.E. Dyson. Ben ey, Phyllis. The Brontes. London : Arthur Barker Ltd. 1947. Charlotte & Emily. Complete Novels ofCharlotte and EmilyBronte. Glasgow: Harper 1993. Collins Classic. Introduction to Wuthering Heights by Charlotte Cory. Emily. Wuthering Heights. ed. David Daiches. Hannondsworth : Penguin Books Ltd.. ~ a n b i a nLouis. , The Social Novel In EngIand 1830-1850 :Dickens, Disraeli. Marantz. The Daughter's Dilemma: Family Process and the Nineteenth- Novel. University of Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1991. - Stevie. Emily Bronte, Hertfordshire, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1988. Key Women series ed. Sue Roe. Emily Bronte: A Biogrqhy* Oxford :Oxford University Press, Oweill, on Charlotte and Emily Bronte, Readings in Literary Criticism, London : Unwin Ltd. 1968. Linda H. ed. Emily Bronte: Wuthering Heights, Boston: Bedford Books of St. Lyn. Emily B r o w Women Writers ed Eva Figes & Adele King, Basingstoke: E Smith,lAnne. ed. The Art of Emily Bronte: London: Vision Press, 1976. an, Patsy. Wuthering Heights: Emily Bronte. New CAsebooks. Basingstoke: t Tambl g, Jeremy. Narrative and IdeoIogy, Buckingham: Open University Press, 1991. 1 Toolan Michael J. Narrative: A Critical Lingubtic Introduction, Routledge: London and New Y rk, 1988 Tom. The Bronm and their Background: Romance and Reality, iondon: 13  References Isanger, C.P. 'Remarkable Symmetry in a Tempestuous Book'. Casebook Series. The dates of events in the novel have been meticulously worked out by Sanger who is of the opinion that the novel is very precisely crafted with all the details having been worked out accurately. Wuthering Heights-published along with Anne Bronte's Agnes Grev by T.C. Newby. Wuthering Heights London. The sisters used pseudonyms. Emily Called herself Ellis Bell and Charlotte, Acton Bell. '~ u t h e r i n gHeights. A Case Book. ed. Miriam Allott. Macrnillan. 970, 1992. p.39. I ibid., p.61 5. the statuary': the sculptor. Wuthering Heights. A Case Book. ed. ~ i r i a & Allott. Macmillan. 1970, 1997. pp.63-64 Louis Cazamian The Social tovel In England 1830-1850: Dickens, Disrueli, Mrs. Gu.skc?ll. Kingsley, trans. Martin Fido, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. 1973, p15- 16. "eny Eagleton, ' Myths of Power in Wuthering Heights', in Wuthering,Heighb :Emily Bronte.Patsy Stoneman, ed. New Casebooks. Basingstoke: Macmillan. 1993.