Understanding The Self - Reviewer PDF

**PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE SELF** - **PHILOSOPHY** \- Finding answers to serious questions \- Philo **''love''** Sophia **''wisdom''** \- Love of Wisdom - **PYTHAGORAS** - First to use the term philosophy - **SOCRATES** - ''An unexamined life is not worth living'' - Dual...

**PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE SELF** - **PHILOSOPHY** \- Finding answers to serious questions \- Philo **''love''** Sophia **''wisdom''** \- Love of Wisdom - **PYTHAGORAS** - First to use the term philosophy - **SOCRATES** - ''An unexamined life is not worth living'' - Dualism: physical body and immortal soul - **Body** -- changeable/not perfect - **Soul** -- permanent/perfect - **Physical realm** -- body - **Ideal realm** -- soul - When you die, your body dies but not your soul - **PLATO** - ''The soul is immortal'' - The soul consists of three parts 1. **Rational** **soul** -- thinking soul 2. **Spirited soul** -- basic emotions 3. **Appetitive soul** -- basic biological needs - **ARISTOLE** - ''The soul is the essence of the self'' - Body and soul are one - Three kinds of soul 1. **Vegetative soul** -- plants 2. **Sentient soul** -- animals 3. **Rational soul** -- humans - **ST. AUGUSTINE** - ''Knowledge can only come by seeing the truth that dwells within us'' - The soul is united with the body so that man may be entire and complete. - **RENE DESCRATES** - ''I am doubting therefore I am'' - **Cogito ergo sum** -- I think therefore, I am - Body-mind dualism: **Self as thinking** and **Self as physical body** - **JOHN LOCKE** - ''The self is consciousness'' - The human mind at birth is **tabularasa** or **blank slate** - **IMMANUEL KANT** - ''We construct the self'' - He self-construct its own reality creating a world that is familiar and predictable - **GILBERT RYLE** - ''The self is the way people behave'' - **''I act therefore I am''** - **PAUL CHURCHLAND** - ''The self is the brain'' - All we have is the brain - The mind does not really exist - **MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY** - ''The self is embodied subjectivity'' - All knowledge of ourselves and our world is based on subjective experience. - **SIGMUND FREUD** **(Psychoanalytic Theory)** - Levels of the Mind 1. **Conscious** -- what we're thinking at any moment 2. **Preconscious** -- what we can readily recall 3. **Unconscious** -- thoughts that we're not aware - Provinces of the Mind 1. **Id** -- satisfy our desire. pleasure principle 2. **Ego** -- reality principle, gratify the ID 3. **Super ego** -- moral conscience/judgement **SOCIAL PERSPECTIVE** - **SOCIOLOGY** -- study of groups and group of interaction, societies and social interaction. - **PERSONALITY** -- uniqueness of behaviour - **SOCIALIZATION** -- how we learn the basic skills from society - **JOHN LOCKE** - Tabularasa/blank slate - Born without qualities - **CHARLES HORTON COOLEY** - Developed the idea of social self - **Looking glass theory** -- you are as other people see you. - **GEORGE HERBERT MEAD** - **Significant others** -- people who are important to us because of who we are - **Generalized others** -- people who are important to us because of what they can do to us - Dual Nature of Self 1. **I-self** -- self as subject, self-expression, quite constant 2. **Me-self** -- self as object, conformity, quite predictable - Stages of Development of Self 1. **Preparatory stage** -- language develops self through symbols, gestures, words and sounds 2. **Play stage** -- play develops self through diff. roles, express expectation to others 3. **Game stage** -- develops by allowing individual to understand - **ERVIN GUFFMAN** - Front Stage and Back Stage **ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE** - **ANTHROPOLOGY**-- study of man - **Anthropos** -- man **Logos** -- study/science - **CULTURE** -- system of human behaviour and thoughts - **Material Component** -- tangible material from previous generations - **Cognitive Component** -- ideas, knowledge and beliefs - **Normative Component** 1. **Social norms** -- accepted standards of behaviour 2. **Folkways** -- general rules, customary and habitual ways pattern 3. **Mores** -- special folkways for the welfare of the society - **Mechanism of Cultural Change** - **Cultural change** -- happens: constant society stage - **Cultural lag** -- one ,us take into accounts both a social and cultural - **Cultural borrowing** -- society borrows the culture of others - **Socialization** -- individuals learn to adjust to a group of society - **Agents of Socialization** - Family - School - Religion - Media **PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE** - **WILLIAM JAMES (Concept of Self)** - **I-self** - Knows who he or she is - Thinking, acting and feeling self - **Me-Self** - Empirical self - Material Self, Social Self, and Spiritual Self - **DAVID LESTER (Multiple vs. Unified Self)** - Varies across diff. roles and relationship - **DONALD WINNICOTT (True vs. False Self)** - The function of false self is to hide and protect the true self - People tend to display a false self to impress others - **CARL ROGERS (Self Theory)** - Believed in the inherent goodness of people - Emphasized: free will and psychological growth - **Self Concept** -- refers to the image of oneself - **Self-image** - **Self-esteem** - **Ideal self** - **SIGMUND FREUD (The Importance of the Unconscious)** - Three structures of personality 1. **Id** -- pleasure seeking, immature and impulsive 2. **Ego** -- reality principle, control id and can delay pleasure 3. **Super ego** -- moral conscience/judgement - PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES 1. **Oral Stage -- (0-1).** - Focus: Mouth - KDT: Bottle-feeding - Conflict: Dependence and Independence 2. **Anal Stage -- (1-3)** - Focus: Anus - KDT: Toilet training - Conflict: Control vs. Autonomy 3. **Phallic Stage -- (3-6)** - Focus: Genitals - KDT: Oedipus and Electra complexes - Conflict: Sexual Identity and Gender Roles 4. **Latency Stage -- (6-puberty)** - Focus: Dormant sexual feelings - KDT: Social skills and relationship - Conflict: None 5. **Genital Stage -- (puberty-adulthood)** - Focus: Genitals/ mature sexual intimacy - KDT: Developing mature relationships - Conflict: Balance between love and work - PSYCHOLOGICAL DEFENSE MECHANISM 1. **Denial** -- refusal to recognize situation 2. **Repression** -- pushing threating situations 3. **Rationalization** -- making up acceptable excuses for unacceptable behaviour 4. **Projection** -- placing one's own unacceptable thoughts onto others 5. **Reaction Formation** -- condemns something that has an unconscious appeal 6. **Displacement** -- transfer of emotions or behaviour to another less threating 7. **Regression** -- falling back on childlike pattern 8. **Identification** -- trying to become like someone else to deal with one's anxiety 9. **Compensation** -- trying to make up for areas... 10. **Sublimation** -- turning socially unacceptable urges - **ALBERT BANDURA** (Self as Proactive and Agentic) - Views people as agents of experience not just reactive - Suggest that human have the ability to act and make things happen - FOUR AGENTIC PERSPECTIVE 1. **Intentionally** -- enables us to behave with purpose 2. **Forethought** -- allows us to anticipate outcomes 3. **Self-reactiveness** -- we can be motivated to regulate our actions 4. **Self-reflectiveness** -- we can reflect our thoughts and behaviour - Four steps in observational learning and modelling process 1. **Attention** -- paying attention 2. **Retention** -- ability to store information 3. **Motor Reproduction** -- performed the behaviour you observed 4. **Motivation** -- motivations - **CARL JUNG (Self as the Central Archetype)** - Archetypes -- universal, inborn models of people - JUNG'S PERSONALITY ARCHETYPES 1. **Persona** -- public personality or mask 2. **Shadow** -- dark side, part of our self we dislike 3. **Anima** - female archetypes or feminine side 4. **Animus** -- male archetypes or male side 5. **Self** - central archetypes of personality - JUNG'S PERSONALITY ARCHETYPES 1. The Father 2. The Mother 3. The Child 4. The Wise Old Man 5. The Hero 6. The Maiden 7. The Trickster **WESTERN VERSUS EASTERN PERSPECTIVE** - **Western Thoughts** - Scientific investigations - Emphasis is individuals - **Eastern Thoughts** - Raise questions about ultimate meaning of human life - Developed theories of self - Emphasis rational 1. **BUDDHISM** - ''budh'' means awake - Buddha - Five parts that compose the individual 1. Matter 2. Sensation 3. Perception 4. Mental constructs 5. Consciousness - There is no self or soul - Illusion - No permanent but change - **Anicca** -- impermanence 2. **HINDUISM** - Aryans - Law of karma - Atman 3. **CONFUCIANISM** - System of thoughts and behaviour - Do not do others what you would not want others to do to you - Self-cultivation 4. **TAOSIM** - The self is an extension of the cosmos, not of social relationships - Tao