UCSPOL-UNIT-3 PDF

BIENVENIDOS UNIT 3: HUMAN BIOCULTURAL AND SOCIAL EVOLUTION LESSON 1: BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL EVOLUTION BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION- Is a population-level process guided by selection, and it leads to an increase of the adaptation of the population for the environmental circumstances in which the...

BIENVENIDOS UNIT 3: HUMAN BIOCULTURAL AND SOCIAL EVOLUTION LESSON 1: BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL EVOLUTION BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION- Is a population-level process guided by selection, and it leads to an increase of the adaptation of the population for the environmental circumstances in which the population lives. CULTURAL EVOLUTION- The theory of cultural evolution provides an explanation for how cultures and societies change over time. ANTHROPOLOGY WHICH DEALS WITH THE STUDY OF THE HUMAN ORIGIN, EVOLUTION, AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN SPECIES IS CONCERNED WITH ALL PEOPLES EVERYWHERE PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY IS THE BRANCH THAT DEALS WITH THE BIOLOGICAL ORIGINS AND EVOLUTION OF MAN, AND THE VARIATIONS OF THE HUMAN SPECIES AND THEIR PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS.  DATING METHOD are procedures used by scientists to determine the age of an object or a series of events. The two main types of dating methods are relative and absolute. Relative dating methods are used to determine only if one sample is older or younger than another. TYPES OF DATING METHODS: THE RELATIVE DATING- IS THE DATING METHOD THAT IS NOT PRECISE. WHERE THE SIGHT AND ARTIFACT OR HUMAN REMAINS THAT CANNOT BE DETERMINED IS MEASURED IN COMPARISON WITH THE DATE OF OTHERS DETERMINED ALREADY.  THE ABSOLUTE DATING- IS WHEN THE DATING IS MORE PRECISE CONSIDERING THAT IT CAN BE NARROWED TO A BRACKET OF WITHIN A FEW YEARS RADIO CARBON DATING METHOD- BY NUCLEAR PHYSICIST WILLARD F. LIBBY IS BASED ON MEASURING THE RADIOACTIVE CARBON OR CARBON 14, THAT ALL LIVING BEINGS ABSORB DAILY FROM THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE ATHMOSPHERE. IT REMAINS IN THE HUMAN BODIES UNTIL DEATH. THE POTASSIUM ARGON/ K-AR DATING- IS A RADIOMETRIC DATING METHOD BASED ON MEASUREMENT OF THE PRODUCT OF THE RADIOACTIVE DECAY OF AN ISOTOPE OF POTASSIUM (K40) THAT BREAKS INTO ARGON (Ar40). URANIUM-SERIES DATING- IS THE MOST ACCURATE AND RELIABLE PROCEDURE AT PRESENT. IT IS DONE THROUGH RADIOGENIC ISOTOPE FACILITY. IT WAS USED TO DATE THE AGE OF THE CALLAO MAN OF THE PHILIPPINES (67,000 YEARS OLD) GEOLOGY IS THE SCIENCE THAT COMPRISES THE STUDY OF THE SOLID EARTH. ITS ROCK COMPOSITION AND THE PROCESSES OF CHANGES. GEOLOGIC TIME TELLS THAT THE EARTH BEGAN 6 BILLION YEARS AGO. THREE GEOLOGIC ERAS: PALEOZOIC (ancient life) - The theory of cultural evolution provides an explanation for how cultures and societies change over time. MESOZOIC (age of reptiles) - The era began in the wake of the Permian– Triassic extinction event, the largest well-documented mass extinction in Earth's history, and ended with the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, another mass extinction whose victims included the non- avian dinosaurs. CENEZOIC (current geological era) - third of the major eras of Earth's history, beginning about 66 million years ago and extending to the present. It was the interval of time during which the continents assumed their modern configuration and geographic positions and during which Earth's flora and fauna evolved toward those of the present. PALEONTOLOGY IS THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF LIFE IN THE PAST GEOLOGIC PERIODS. WITH LIFE FORMS KNOWN FROM FOSSILS. DARWIN’S EVOLUTION THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION Darwin and a scientific contemporary of his, Alfred Russel Wallace, proposed that evolution occurs because of a phenomenon called natural selection. In the theory of natural selection, organisms produce more offspring that are able to survive in their environment. THE PRIMATES Primates are relative newcomers on our planet. The earliest ones are found in the fossil record dating to 50-55 million years ago. These first prosimians thrived during the Eocene Epoch.... By the time of the transition to the Oligocene Epoch, monkeys had begun to evolve from prosimians and became the dominant primates. THE EMERGENCE OF MAN THE OLIGOCENE EPOCH PAVED THE WAY TO THE EMERGENCE OF THE MONKEYS AND SOME OF THE EARLY APES LIKE THE OLIGOCENE CATARRHINES AND THE AEGYPTOPHITICUS. MIOCENE HOMINOIDS THE MIOCENE WAS A PERIOD OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS HIGLY FAVORABLE TO THE ARBOREAL PRIMATES. WITH A MILD CLIMATE MOIST AND WETTER THAN AT PRESENT. RAIN FOREST COVERED MOST OF ASIA, AFRICA AND EUROPE. DRYOPHITECUS is found as fossils in Miocene and Pliocene deposits (23 to 2.6 million years old) and apparently originated in Africa. Several distinct forms of Dryopithecus are known, including small, medium, and large, gorilla-sized animals. PLIOPITECUS IT WAS VERY EARLY PROTO-APE AND HAD THE LOOK AND THE SIMILAR FEATURES LIKE THE GIBBON. PROCONSUL ANOTHER MIOCENE FOSSIL APE CLASSIFIED AS DRYHOPITICINE IS WHAT WAS ORIGINALLY CALLED PROCONSUL, AND IT IS CONSIDERED AS VERY EARLY APE. GIGANTOPITHECUS is an extinct genus of ape from the Early to Middle Pleistocene of southern China, represented by one species, G. black. Potential identifications have also been made in Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia. OREOPITHECUS Oreopithecus bambolii was first described by French paleontologist Paul Gervais in 1872. In the 1950s, Swiss paleontologist Johannes Hürzeler discovered a complete skeleton in Baccinello and claimed it was a true hominin—based on its short jaws and reduced canines, at the time considered diagnostic of the hominin family; and claimed it was a bipedal because the short pelvis was closer to those of hominins than those of chimpanzees and gorillas. SILVAPITHECUS/SIVAPITHECUS IT IS A GENIUS OF EXTINCT PRIMATES WITH FOSSIL REMAINS AS 8.5 TO 12 MILLION YEARS AND LIVED IN THE MIOCENE. THE PLIOCENE HOMINIDS- THE HOMINIDS CLOSE RELATIVE TO HUMANS  AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFARENSIS: LUCY- IN AN EXTINCT HOMINID THAT LIVED BETWEEN 2.9-3.9 MILLION YEARS AGO. IT IS MORE RELATED TO HOMO WHETER AS A DIRECT OR INDIRECT ANCESTOR. AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFRICANUS- IT WAS THE SOUTH AFRICAN COUNTERPART OF THE A. AFARENSIS AND WAS GIVEN THE NAME “THE SOUTH APE OF AFRICA”. AUSTRALOPITHECUS ROBUSTUS- FIRST DISCOVERED IN 1938 AND WAS CALLED PARANTHROPUS. AUSTRALOPITHECUS BOISEI- IT IS ALSO CALLED “NUTCRACKER MAN” BECAUSE ITS FACE AND CHEEKS ARE MASSIVE.CLOSE RELATIVE OF ROBUSTUS. SAME BRAIN SIZE. THE RISE OF HOMO MAN ALONE IS A RATIONAL ANIMAL. HE ALONE HAS THE ART OR AESTHETIC APPRECIATION. MAN HAS LANGUAGE, CULTURE, HISTORY AND SELF-CONCIOUS. HOMO HABILIS IS BELIEVED TO BE THE FIRST OF THE GREAT APE. THEY EXISTED 2 MILLION YEARS AGO. THEY ARE ALSO KNOWN AS “HANDY MAN”. HOMO ERECTUS ALSO KNOWN AS “UPRIGHT MAN” IS BELIEVED TO BE THE FIRST UPRIGHT STANDING CREATURE. THEIR FOSSILS FOUND IN AFRICA. HOMO SAPIENS THE PREHISTORIC MAN HOMO- SAPIENS-SAPIENS WHOSE FOSSIL REMAINS IN AFRICA. HAVE EXISTED FROM 400,000 YEARS AGO OR MORE TO BELIEVE AS THE ANCESTOR OF THE MODERN HUMAN CIVILIZATION. END OF LESSON 1 HABILIS ERECTUS SAPIENS LESSON 2: CULTURAL AND SOCIO- POLITICAL EVOLUTION EARLY HUMANS AND THEIR CULTURE  Humans are cultural beings. By culture, we mean the aggregate of the people's ideas, beliefs, traditions, languages, arts, technology and arts that distinguishes him from animals. Early Human depended on the environment. During their time, their means for survival were hunting and gathering. Their society was called foraging societies. In Human societies: An introduction to Macrosociology by American sociologist Gerhard Lenski (1982), foraging societies were described as the oldest and simplest form of society. PALEOLITHIC ERA (OLD STONE) 2.8 million years ago. Early human societies No permanent home Members of such society were nomadic and subsisted mainly by hunting and gathering plants with the use of various stone tools and weapons. Men were in charge of hunting while women were responsible for gathering food. Mobility was one common feature shared by hunters and gathers. Were nomadic , migrating in search of food , water, and shelter, invented the first tools, simple weapons, learned how to make and use of fire, developed oral language and created “cave art”. NEOLITHIC ERA (NEW STONE AGE) From foraging came to agriculture. Humans have permanent homes and they were once again challenged to adapt to a new way of life. The beginning of agriculture, developed agriculture (domestic plants) , domesticated animals, used advanced tools , made pottery, and developed weaving skills. Neolithic Societies or Agricultural Societies use technology in cultivation of crops, a practice which sociologists called Agricultural Revolution. It led to cultivation of crops and raising of farm animals. Because of such advancement, food supplies increased, causing larger population than those societies. BRONZE AGE Bronze, which may have been used as early as 4500 BC, supplied the most useful metal known during third and second millennia B.C. It replace the copper and stone as the metal of choice for tools, weapons, and art. The bronze age , which started with the widespread use of bronze , made from copper and tin, and sea the birth of early great civilizations of the near East and eastern Mediterranean and the Mycenaean civilization of ancient mainland Greece is the period where humanity left pre-history and entered into history with the formation of modern society. LESSON 3: Early Civilization, Rise of the State and Democratization. PROGRESS TOWARDS CIVILIZATION The establishment of a complex form of organization, the state and the development of hierarchical administrative bureaucracies are the central characteristics of all civilizations. The emergence of civilization in human history that took place in Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and India, was characterized by the development of agriculture and sedentary way of life, dated back to about 6,000 years BC. CIVILIZATION IN THE HISTORY HAD THE FOLLOWING IN COMMON: Intensive agricultural techniques, such as crop development and irrigation permitted a surplus of food beyond the subsistence. Those not in agriculture constituted the population of the cites. This institutionalized control of production by a “ruling” class became more complex in time and other formal social institutions such as organized religion, education, permanent army and markets and money as forms of economic exchange developed RISE OF NATION STATE It was developed fairly recently. Prior to the 1500s, in Europe, the nation-sate as we know it did not exist. Back then most people did not consider themselves part of nation; they rarely left their village and knew little of the larger world. If anything, people were more likely to identify themselves with their region or local lord. DEMOCRATIZATION is a concept that encapsulates the expansion of a set of related political ideals with different intellectual vintages that gain public prominence during the emergence of capitalist modernity. Democratization is a process by which democracy expands, within a state or across the world. The intellectual origins of the concept of democracy stretch back to Athenian ideals of city governance and roman republicanism. During 1700s the notion that sovereignty lay with the people’ which emerged from ancient Greece and Rome, become coupled with the modern ideologies of the enlightenment, especially liberalism and socialism. Governments have the power to make, interpret, and enforce the rules and decisions that determine how countries are run. The political system of a nation is closely intertwined with its economic system, refereeing the economic activity of individuals and groups at every level. END OF DISCUSSION…