UCSP-G12 Week-2 Human Biocultural and Social Evolution PDF

LOOKING BACK AT HUMAN BIOCULTURAL AND SOCIAL EVOLUTION WEEK-2 OBJECTIVE: 1. Identify the biological and cultural evolution of early to modern humans; 2. differentiate the different types of societies; and 3. appreciate the significance of the different human societies.  H...

LOOKING BACK AT HUMAN BIOCULTURAL AND SOCIAL EVOLUTION WEEK-2 OBJECTIVE: 1. Identify the biological and cultural evolution of early to modern humans; 2. differentiate the different types of societies; and 3. appreciate the significance of the different human societies.  HUMAN ORIGINS Biological and cultural evolution: from Homo habilis (or earlier) to Homo sapiens sapiens in the fossil record HOMO HABILIS known as 'handyman' is a species of the genusHomo which lived from approximately 2.33 to 1.4 million years ago, during the Gelasian Pleistocene period. First to make stone tools. HOMO ERECTUS After Homo habilis came, the Homo erectus who was also upright man. He had a smaller but longer face, less prominent or absent chin, larger brain size, and prominent speech. He knew how to make and use tools, he made a fire and knew how to control it. Homo erectus was carnivorous. He knew the existence of groups and they began spreading from Africa to Asia and Europe. The Java Man and Peking Man had brain capacities similar to the modern man at 1300cc. They were cave dwellers. HOMO SAPIENS After Homo erectus came, the Homo sapiens who separated into two types: 1) Homo sapiens neanderthelensis – Muscular man They had a brain size larger than modern man and were gigantic in size. Also, they had a large head and jaw and were very powerful and muscular. Adapted to winter climates They were carnivores and the tools from the era indicate they were hunters. They were also caving dwellers but their caves were more comfortable and they lived in groups and hunted for food gathering. They lived about 200,00 to 28,000 years ago. 2) Homo sapiens sapiens – Cro-Magnon Also known as ‘modern-day man’ is what we are today. Compared to the Homo sapiens neanderthelensis, they became smaller in size and the brain size reduced to 1300cc. There was also a reduction in the size of the jaw, rounding of the skull and chin. Cro- Magnon was the earliest of the Homo sapiens. They spread wider from Europe, Australia, and the Americas. They were omnivores, had skillful hands, developed the power of thinking, producing art, more sophisticated tools and sentiments.  MAN’S CULTURAL EVOLUTION Cultural Period Time Frame Cultural development Paleolithic Age (Old Traditionally coincided Use of simple pebble tools. Stone Age) with the first evidence of Learned to live in caves tool construction and use Discovered the use of fire by Homosome 2.5 million Developed small sculptures; and monumental years ago painting, incised designs, and reliefs on the walls of caves. Food-collecting cultures. Neolithic Age ( New Occurred sometime Stone tools were shaped by polishing or Stone Age) about 10,000 BCE grinding. Settlement in permanent villages. Dependence on domesticated plants or animals. Appearance of such crafts as pottery and weaving. Food-producing cultures. SIMPLE DIFFERENTIATION OF THE CULTURAL EVOLUTION PALEOLITHIC AGE NEOLITHIC AGE Unpolished Stone Polished stone tools tools Hunting and Domestication of gathering plants and animals Nomadic way of Living in permanent living places CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN SOCIETY 1. It is a social system. 2. A society is relatively large. 3. A society recruits most of its members from within. 4. A society sustains itself across generations. 5. A society’s members share a culture. 6. A society occupies a territory. Cultural and sociopolitical evolution: from hunting and gathering to the agricultural, industrial, and post-industrial revolutions  TYPES OF SOCIETIES TYPE OF HUMAN CHARACTERISTICS SOCIETIES The earliest form of human 1. Hunting and Food society. Gathering Societies People survived by foraging for vegetable foods and small game, fishing, hunting larger wild animals, and collecting shellfish. They subsisted from day to day on whatever was available. They used tools made of stones, woods and bones.  TYPES OF SOCIETIES TYPE OF HUMAN CHARACTERISTICS SOCIETIES People learned to use human 2. Horticultural muscle power and hand-held societies tools to cultivate fields. Classified as subsistence farming and surplus farming. Involves only producing enough food to feed the group. Neighborhood is solid. The community tended to be structured by kinship relations are male dominated.  TYPES OF SOCIETIES TYPE OF HUMAN CHARACTERISTICS SOCIETIES It relied on herding and the 3. Pastoral Societies domestication of animals for food and clothing to satisfy the greater needs of the group. Most pastoralists were nomads who followed their herds in a never- ending quest for pasture and water. It was organized along male- centered kinship groups. It was usually united under strong political figures. However, centralized political leadership did not occur.  TYPES OF SOCIETIES TYPE OF HUMAN CHARACTERISTICS SOCIETIES These societies were characterized by the use of the 4. Agricultural plow in farming. Societies Creation of the irrigation system provided farming enough surplus for the community. Ever-growing populations came together in broad river-valley system. Those who controlled access to arable land and its use became rich and powerful since they could demand the payment of taxes and political support. By taxing the bulk of agriculture surplus, the political leaders could make bureaucracies implement their plans and armies to protect their privileges. Social classes became entrenched, and the state evolved.  TYPES OF SOCIETIES TYPE OF HUMAN CHARACTERISTICS SOCIETIES It is characterized by more than just the use of 5. Industrial mechanical means of production. Society It constitutes an entirely new form of society that requires an immense, mobile diversity specialized, high skilled, and well-coordinated labor force. Creates a highly organized systems of exchange between suppliers of raw materials and industrial manufacture. Industrial societies are divided along class lines. Industrialism brought about a tremendous shift of populations. Kinship plays a smaller role in patterning public affairs. Industrial societies are highly secularized. The predominant form of social and political organization in industrial societies is the bureaucracy.  TYPES OF SOCIETIES TYPE OF HUMAN CHARACTERISTICS SOCIETIES It depends on specialized knowledge to 6. Post- industrial bring about continuing progress in Societies technology. It is characterized by the spread of computer industries. Knowledge and information are the hallmarks of this society. It resulted in the homogenization of social relations among individuals and the interaction between humans and the natural environment. BIBLE VERSE